References
- 9 November 1996 . “Hashimoto Seeks New Government Structure by Next Century,” . 9 November , Tokyo English language version at Yomiuri Internet site. For an alternative view on Hashimoto's commitment to reform,
- 1996 . ”Japan: Like Old Times,” . The Economist (London) , 9 November : 42
- The national government bureaucracy is often referred to in the Japanese media as the Kasumigaseki, after the district in Tokyo where many of the ministry buildings are located.
- Richelson , Jeffrey T. and Ball , Desmond . 1985 . The Ties That Bind: Intelligence Cooperation between the UKUSA Countries , 142 London : Allen and Unwin .
- Deacon's , Richard . 1990 . Kempei Tai: A History of the Japanese Secret Service , Tokyo : Charles E. Tuttle Company .
- Richelson's , Jeffrey . 1988 . Foreign Intelligence Organizations , Cambridge, MA : Ballinger Publishing Company .
- Inoguchi , Takashi . 1992 . “Japan's role in International relations,” . Survival (London) , 34 (#2) Summer : 80 87 monitoring of data pertaining to global management and to the improvement of indicators and measurement for such monitoring. Japan's surveillance activities involve wide‐ranging policy areas, detailing economic, technological and social activities.” (p. 80)
- Eftimiades's , Nicholas . 1994 . Chinese Intelligence Operations , Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press . Expectations were raised by the insightful book by another DIA East Asia analyst (also with CIA experience),
- CIA Appeal Release Panel correspondence. Washington, DC. 12 June 1996.
- Asian publications which have carried recent articles on Japanese intelligence and security matters include Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong), AsiaWeek (Hong Kong), and The Hindu (New Delhi). In addition, Jane's Defense Weekly (London) and other military periodicals maintain a close watch on Japanese military affairs. Even the CASIS Intelligence Newsletter (Ottawa) has carried reports on Japanese intelligence developments.
- Sheehan , Darrell C. “The Japanese Intelligence Community,” . National Security Studies Quarterly (Washington D.C.) , 11 (#1)
- The Kantei should not be confused with the Sorifu, [the Prime Minister's Office] which houses the administrative support staff for Cabinet activities.
- For example, these include the “using or losing” of unspent departmental funds (p. 82), the wide‐ranging powers given to department and division heads (p. 46), the constant fear amongst personnel of making an error on the job (pp. 122, 162), and many others. Miyamoto even cites Parkinson's Law that “the number of bureaucrats will go on increasing regardless of the amount of work to be done” as fitting the Japanese system “to a tee.” (p. 51)
- This book is a collection of articles originally published in Japanese between May and December 1992 in the monthly magazine of the Asahi Shimbun newspaper in Tokyo, the largest distribution daily in Japan.
- 1995 . “Japan's security shambles,” . Foreign Report (London) , 27 April : 1 – 3 .
- Asou , Iku . 1996 . “Crisis Management Problems,” . Bungei Shunju magazine (Tokyo) , July : 150 – 160 .
- Watanabe , Teresa . 1996 . “Japanese Firms Lack Adequate Crisis Plans, Critics Say.” . Los Angeles Times , 16 August It appears that Japanese corporations also lack adequate crisis management procedures in the light of the August 1996 kidnapping of a corporate official in Tijuana, Mexico; see
- Often referred to in the foreign international press as the Cabinet Intelligence Research Office.
- 1996 . "PSIA to Reorganize,” . Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo) , 15 January : 1 The PSIA liaises with the small counterespionage unit within the National Police Agency (NPA) which also monitors intrusive foreign intelligence services. In June 1996, the Japanese Diet (national legislature) passed new legislation granting additional surveillance powers regarding wire‐tapping and undercover investigations to the PSIA and the NPA to monitor potential terrorist and intelligence threats.
- 1995 . "Plans for Intelligence Headquarters.” . Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo) , 17 July : 2
- 22 May 1996 . “Diet approves Defense Intelligence Headquarters,” . 22 May , Tokyo : Kyodo News Service .
- 1996 . “Preparatory Office for Intelligence Headquarters,” . Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo) , 25 July : 2
- Moffett , Sebastian . 1996 . “Coming in from the Cold; Japan Strengthens Its Intelligence Capabilities,” . Far East Economic Review (Hong Kong) , 6 June : 21
- 1995 . “Defence Agency Intelligence Headquarters,” . Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo) , 17 July : 2
- 1996 . “Preparatory Office for Intelligence Headquarters,” . Nihon Keizei Shimbun , 25 July : 2
- Khergamvala , F.J. 1996 . “Japan Now Going In for Military Intelligence,” . The Hindu (New Delhi) , 14 August : 10
- 16 May 1996 . "Japan Plans Spy Satellite,” Jiji Press news agency (Tokyo) ” . 16 May ,
- 1996 . “LDP's Spy Satellite Discussion,” . Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo) , 17 May : 2
- Taoka , Shunji . 1996 . “Plan for Domestic Reconnaissance Satellite,” . AERA magazine (Tokyo) , 3 June : 62 – 63 .
- Mecham , Michael and Sekigawa , Elichiro . 1996 . “Japan launches New Eye for Environmental Studies,” . Aviation Week & Space Technology (New York) , 26 August : 68 – 69 . 71
- Japan is also campaigning for a “permanent seat” on an expanded Security Council as part of the expected major restructuring of the organization of the United Nations.
- Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 27 November 1996. But such an upgrade would require legislative approval by the Japanese Diet.
- Taking a step in this direction, Prime Minister Hashimoto in March 1997 reportedly decided to create a special anti‐terrorist unit directly under his authority. Such a move is seen as an overdue response to terrorist acts, particularly the AUM Shinrikyo gas attack in Tokyo and the seizure of Japanese embassy in Lima (Peru), as well as the recent identification of members of the Japanese Red Army terrorist group in Lebanon and possibly Colombia.
- 1996 . Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo) , 23 May Only in early 1996 did the U. S. Defense Department agree to supply the Japanese Defense Agency with downlinks for receiving early warning satellite intelligence on regional missile launches for which the JDA has had a standing request since 1993;
- Erskine , Ralph . 1987 . “U‐Boats, Homing Signals and HFDF,” . Intelligence and National Security , 2 (2) : 327
- Single group signals consisted of 11 letters up to mid‐1943: e.g., “Pp AFV UFRC DF” ‐ a signal (before encipherment) sent by U 632 at 0101 on 6 April 1943, during convoy HX 231. “PP” (beta beta) and “AFV” (the latter of which has been concocted here) were indicators for an enciphered short signal and an Enigma message key, respectively. UFRC meant “I am about to attack with a FAT” ‐ a pattern‐running torpedo), while DF was U 632's radio signature.
- 24 September 1946 . "Admiralty Method of DF Plotting,” . 24 September , 17 Public Record Office (PRO), ADM 219/311.
- Y'Blood , William T. 1983 . Hunter‐Killer: U.S. Escort Carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic , 282 Annapolis : Naval Institute Press .
- Erskine , Ralph . 1988 . “Ultra and Some U. S. Navy Carrier Operations,” . Cryptologia , XIX (l) : 81
- The signal “No enemy traffic. Strong defense. Damage[d]. Return to base. U‐953” (p. 36) would have consisted of at least three four‐letter groups ‐ a minimum of 19 letters (including indicators and signature) and not four letters, as suggested: see the Kurzsignalheft(M. Dv. Nr. 96) (Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, London). Short signals were sent at the slower rate of 70 letters per minute: ibid. para. 15. The signal would therefore have taken 17 seconds or more to transmit ‐ not four.
- Redgment , P. G. 1995 . “High‐Frequency Direction Finding in the Royal Navy: Development of Equipment, 1941–5 ” . In The Applications of Radar and Other Electronic Systems in the Royal Navy in World War II , Edited by: Kingsley , F. A. 229 Basingstoke : Macmillan .
- Rohwer , J. and Hummelchen , G. 1974 . Chronology of the War at Sea , 363 400 London : Ian Allan . "The Destruction of U 202 by Ships of the Second Escort Croup on the 1st/2nd June, 1943” : PRO, ADM 199/2020; U 306 and U 473:
- "ZIP/SAC/S2 ‐May‐June 1945,” 16 October 1945: PRO, ADM 223/505.
- For a review of The Secret World of American Communism, see Albert Glotzer's excellent analysis in the Spring 1996 issue (vol. 9, no. 1) of the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, pp. 116–122.
- 1996 . “Ever Wicked and Witty on the Wing,” . New York Times , 22 May : B – l . An example of the almost non‐stop berating of the anti‐communists of the 1940–1950s is the consistent strike at the most obvious target — Senator Joseph R. McCarthy. An example of the constant plugging of the theme is the John J. O'Connor review of an educational (PBS) documentary on the comedy team of Mike Nichols and Elaine May. See
- McCarthy Years. Everyone wanted to laugh, almost desperately.” Readers are constantly being inculcated with material like that. Many who wanted to purge government of the Communists and their agents of influence recognized McCarthy for exactly what he was — a drunken adventurer who grasped at whatever theme he felt he could ride to fame and reelection. McCarthy had grabbed a legitimate need and bent it beyond recognition.
- Klehr , Harvey and Radosh , Ronald . The Amerasia Spy Case 3 The OSS had actually been tipped off by the British intelligence. The original document and the article in Amerasia can be found in the Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd Session, 1950, 96, pt. 6:7438. Details of the OSS officer's reaction to seeing his document in the journal is related to
- Gentry , Curt . 1991 . J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and The Secrets , 338 New York : W.W. Norton . All too often when reading about the events of yesterday, authors will apply today's standards. Klehr and Radosh instead provide the reader with the standards that then existed. For instance, one could then conduct what would be considered today an illegal search. The courts refused to allow the evidence to be used in the trial, but did not say it couldn't be collected. Also, the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine wasn't as broad then, so any other evidence gained subsequent to and dependent upon the initial illegal search was still admissible if someone else were implicated. For instance, you're overheard on the tap saying something abut “X.” While it's your phone being tapped, any statements you made about “X” could be used against “X.” Also, the expectations of privacy among military personnel during periods of war were far narrower than what they would be today. This would also apply to espionage during war. Yet, many writers, including historians criticize agents of the OSS and FBI in this period by using today's standards. Notice the description used by
- Chute , David . 1978 . The Great Fear , 55 – 56 . New York : Simon & Schuster . Some examples of histories of the period and their reaction, ranging from condemnation to cavalier treatment of Amerasia, are
- Schoenbraun , Thomas J. 1988 . Waging Peace and War , 110 New York : Simon & Schuster .
- Newman , Robert P. 1989 . The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby , 68 Chapel Hill, NC : Univ. of North Carolina Press .
- Reeves , Thomas C. 1982 . The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy , 290 – 291 . New York : Stein and Day .
- Thomas , John N. 1974 . The Institute of Pacific Relations , 49 – 50 . Seattle, WA : U. of Washington Press .
- Newman , Robert P. 1992 . Owen Lattimore and the “Loss” of China , 133 172 Berkeley, CA : Univ. of California Press .
- MacKinnon , Stephen R. 1987 . China Reporting: Oral History of American Journalism in the 1930s and 1940s , 70 Berkeley, CA : Univ. of California Press .
- Schaller , Michael . 1979 . The US Crusade in China, 1938–1945 , 226 New York : Columbia University Press .
- Koen , Ross Y. 1974 . The China Lobby in American Politics , 61 – 67 . New York : Harper and Row .
- Fried , Richard M. 1990 . Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective , 60 – 61 . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Some say that to make something believable one should have some elements of truth in the story. An element of truth was present in the press attack on counterintelligence's investigation in Amerasia. The Asia advisors in the Office of Far Eastern Affairs were of two camps. Fighting between Grew, Dooman, Vincent, et al., was well known. So, many passed off the Amerasia situation as some heavy‐handed play by “bullies” within the State Department. The New York Post had even referred to the former ambassador to Japan, Joseph C. Grew, element as “Grew's State Department Gestapo.” (Klehr and Radosh, op. cit. p. 100).
- Ibid.,p. 106.
- Corcoran was part of the legal team taking care of Lauchlin Currie's problems when Elizabeth Bentley identified Currie as a “friend of the court” to the Comintern network would she knew. The authors show considerable connections between the editors and writers of Amerasia to American communists and Soviet‐leaning groups and publications. So, it can be assumed that Soviet‐led, oriented or leaning people wanted a prostrate Japan on the Soviets’ now secure eastern flank. Like many defeated foes, Japan would possibly turn to radical solutions from its plight and Communism might be its answer. So, elements oriented toward the USSR sought to crush Japan during and after the war. This same outlook was held by many of the anti‐Grew elements in the State Department.
- In one recorded instance, Service tells Jaffe that “What I said about military plans is, of course, very secret...” (Ibid., p. 72).
- Too much of the Comintern file accessed by the authors was blacked out (Ibid., p. 228, fn.31). Since many of the human sources for counterintelligence are still living and active, much of what is unknown may possibly become known later when greater access is allowed.
- Cotton , John . 1989 . Asian Frontier Nationalism , 77 Atlantic Highlands, NJ : Humanities Press Int'l, Inc. . John N. Thomas, op. cit., chap. 3;
- Harper , Alan D. 1969 . The Politics of Loyalty , 144 – 145 . Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
- Cook , Fred J. 1971 . The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy , New York : Random House . chap. 12.