Intelligence and law enforcement: The “spies are not cops” problem

References

• Fishel , Edwin . 1996 . The Secret War for the Union , 27 New York : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Andrew , Christopher . 1995 . For the President's Eyes Only , 147 New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , David . 1992 . Truman , 553 New York : Simon & Schuster . Truman also feared that the FBI could become a secret police. See
   Google Scholar
• Darling , Arthur . 1990 . The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950 , 28 University Park, PA : Penn State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• The scene is described in Christopher Andrew, op, cit., p. 164.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., pp. 165–166.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur Darling, op. cit., pp. 171–183.
   Google Scholar
• Turner , Michael . “CIA‐FBI Non‐Cooperation: Cultural Trait or Bureaucratic Inertia,” . Internationaljournal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence , 8 ( 3 ) 263
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , Loch K. 1989 . America's Secret Power: The CIA In A Democratic Society , 168 – 169 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Turner, op. cit., p. 264. 11Ibid., pp. 263–268.
   Google Scholar
• A statement often made in lectures at Boston University by former FBI Agent Peter Crooks.
   Google Scholar
• Clarridge , Duane and Diehl , Digby . 1997 . A Spy For All Seasons , 323 – 329 . New York : Scribner . The evolution of the CTC is described in
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , Loch K. 1996 . Secret Agencies: U.S. Intelligence In A Hostile World , 37 New Haven, CT : Yale University Press . The National Counterintelligence Center is reported in
   Google Scholar
• Clarridge, op.cit., p. 359.
   Google Scholar
• The author served under Baker during his tenure as CIA Director of Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Hulnick , Arthur S. “Understanding the Ames Case,” . Internationaljournal of Intelligence and Counterlntelligence , 8 ( 2 ) 133 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , David . 1995 . Nightmover , 129 – 131 . New York : Harper Collins . For information on the Howard case, see
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. Jeffrey and Suro , Robert . 1996 . “Waiting to Close the Trap on Suspected Spy” . Washington Post , 24 January : Al For details of the Nicholson Case, see
   Google Scholar
• Buntin , John . 1996 . “Cops And Spies,” . Government Executive , April : 40
   Google Scholar
• Baker , Stewart D. 94–95 . “Should Spies Be Cops?,” . Foreign Policy , Winter : 36 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 37.
   Google Scholar
• See Senate Report #104–258, 30 April 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss , Robert . 1996 . “Spy vs. No‐Spy,” . The New Republic , 23 December : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, op. cit., p. 260.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, op. cit., p. 42.
   Google Scholar
• In A Spy For All Seasons, Duane Clarridge describes an agent recruitment in surprising detail. See pp. 127–148.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, op. cit., p. 44.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 43.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Hall , Charles W. and Pincus , Walter . 1997 . “Spy Suspects Refusing To Go Quietly,” . Washington Post , 23 January : A9
   Google Scholar
• Baker, op. cit., p. 41
   Google Scholar
• Manget , Frederick F. 1996 . “Intelligence and the Rise of Judicial Intervention,” . Studies in Intelligence (Published by the Central Intelligence Agency) , 39 ( 5 ) : 43 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Wise, op. cit, p. 171.
   Google Scholar
• Here Baker is referring to the differences between the demands of the Omnibus Crime Bill of 1968 and the rules of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Dillin , John . 1994 . “Congress Quietly Debates Merits of Warrantless ‘Spy’ Searches,” . Christian Science Monitor , 31 August : 2
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Smith and Suro, op.cit.
   Google Scholar
• See US vs. Harold J. Nicholson, Case #96–941‐M, USDC, Eastern District of Virginia 15 November 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Smith and Suro, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , Tim . 1997 . “CIA Officer Admits Spying For Russians,” . New York Times , 4 March : A14
   Google Scholar
• Clarridge, op. cit, pp. 349–359.
   Google Scholar
• Wittes , Benjamin . 1996 . “Growing FBI‐CIA Ties Please Agencies But Raise Issues Among Some Critics,” . American Lawyer News Service , 13 September
   Google Scholar
• Wittes , Benjamin . 1996 . “Blurring the Line Between Cops and Spies,” . Legal Times , 9 September
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , Paul Schott . 1996 . “An Interview With Former CIA General Counsel Jeffrey H. Smith” . National Security Law Report , 18 ( 6 ) October
   Google Scholar
• McGee , Jim and Duffy , Brian . 1996 . “Someone To Watch Over Us,” . Washington Post Magazine , 23 August : 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar