Notes
- Charters , Samuel . 1981 . The Roots of the Blues: African Retentions in the Blues 125 New York
- jazz , Amina and McCloud , Beverly . 1995 . African‐American Islam , 20f New York : Routledge .
- 2000 . “Pimpin’ a classic” . Al‐Ahram Weekly , June 1–7
- 2002 . Los Angeles Times , June 23
- Aidi , Hisham . 2001 . “Hip‐Hop for the Gods,” . Africana.com , April 31
- Nuruddin , Yusuf . 1994 . “The Five Percenters: A Teenage Nation of Gods and Earths,” . In Muslim Communities in North America , Edited by: Hadded , Yvone . 109 – 133 . Albany : SUNY Press .
- Banjoko , Adisa . 2001 . “Hip‐Hop and the New Age of Ignorance,” . FNV Newsletter , June
- Aidi , Hisham . 2001 . “Hip‐Hop for the Gods,” . Africana.com , April 31
- Dannin , Robert . 1996 . “Island in a Sea of Ignorance: Dimensions of the Prison Mosque,” . In Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe , Edited by: Metcalf , Barbara Daly . University of California Press .
- White , Joseph L. and Cones , James H. III . 1999 . Black Man Emerging , New York : W.H. Freeman .
- Silverstein , Paul . 2002 . “'Why Are We Waiting to Start the Fire?’: French Gangsta Rap and the Critique of State Capitalism,” . In Black, Blanc, Beur: Rap Music and Hip‐Hop Culture in the Francophone World , Metuchen, NJ : Scarecrow Press .
- Kitwana , Bakari . 2002 . The Hip‐Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African‐America , New York : Basic Books .
- 2003 . Le Figaro , June 17
- 2002 . “L'argent de l'lslam en France,” . L'Express , November 21
- 2001 . “Les rappeurs Musulmans rejettent la radicalisation de l'lslam,” . Le Monde , September 27
- said , Adedi . 2003 . “The media denigrates the banlieue [ghetto], it's even become a political program, and we're trying to break that negative image.” “Ces marques ‘made in’ banlieue,” . L'Expansion , June 11
- IRR News (Independent Race and Refugee News Network), April 1,2001; https://www.irr.org.uk/cgi‐bin/news/open.pl?id=133 (https://www.irr.org.uk/cgi‐bin/news/open.pl?id=133)
- http://infosuds.free.fr/082001/enquete_bc.htm (http://infosuds.free.fr/082001/enquete_bc.htm) I am grateful to Paul Silverstein for this point.
- 2001 . Ottawa Citizen , December 16
- 2002 . “Young, Male and Angry,” . Jerusalem Report , May 6
- 2003 . “L'insulte décodée,” . L'Express , March 27
- Lepoutre , David . 2001 . Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites et langages , Paris : Coll. Poches .
- 2000 . Le Figaro , June 3
- Belgium . 2002 . Washington Post , December 27
- Nuruddin , Yusuf . “Has Hip‐Hop Replaced the Civil Rights Movement?” . Socialism and Democracy , (this issue)
- 2004 . “Islamic rappers’ message of terror,” . The Observer , February 8
- 2002 . “CORE to discuss terrorists’ wooing of blacks,” . Washington Times , November 13
- 2003 . “A lot of rappers out there talk about pimpin'—is that good?...I'm just talking about part of my religion.” . Seattle Post‐Intelligencer , February 17
- Aidi , Hisham . 2002 . “'Building A New America’: A Conversation with Russell Simmons,” . Africana.com , February 3
- 2004 . “Hip‐hop Hypocrisy,” . Jerusalem Post , March 16
- 2003 . “Beyond DEFinition,” . Newsweek , July 28
- McWhorter , John H. 2003 . “How Hip‐Hop Holds Blacks Back,” . City Journal , Summer
- Kitwana , Bakari . 2003 . “The Hip‐Hop Artist and the Racial Mountain,” . Souls , 5 ( 1 ) Winter : 55
- A‐Quddus , Sister Kalima . 2003 . “Verily This Is a Single Ummah (Brotherhood),” . Muslims In Hip Hop Newsletter , August 7
- This article is based on research published in Middle East Report issues of Fall 2002 and Winter 2003.1 am grateful to MERIP for allowing me to reprint these sections.