Comparison of Higher Dose of Losartan Treatment with Losartan Plus Carvedilol and Losartan Plus Ramipril in Patients with Glomerulonephritis and Proteinuria

REFERENCES

• Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Mosconi L, Pisoni R, Remuzzi G. Urinary protein excretion rate is the best independent predictor of ESRF in non-diabetic proteinuric chronic nephropathies. “Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia” (GISEN). Kidney Int. 1998; 53: 1209–1216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruilope LM. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and renal protection: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers?. Acta Diabetol. 2005; 42: 33–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Lishner M. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A seven-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156: 286–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilek K, Usta M, Ersoy A, et al. Long term effect of losartan on proteinuria and renal function in patient with renal amyloidosis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2003; 36: 443–446
   Google Scholar
• Usta M, Dilek K, Yavuz M, Ersoy A, Gullulu M, Yurtkuran M. Anti proteinuric effect of angiotension II receptor antagonist losartan in cases with glomerular lesions. Clin Nephrol. 2001; 55: 260–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 861–869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 851–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GISEN. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia). Lancet. 1997; 349: 1857–1863
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, Gaspari F, Benini R, Remuzzi G. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1252–1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassbinder W, Quarder O, Waltz A. Treatment with carvedilol is associated with a significant reduction in microalbuminuria: a multicentre randomised study. Int J Clin Pract. 1999; 53: 519–522
   Google Scholar
• Marchi F, Ciriello G. Efficacy of carvedilol in mild to moderate essential hypertension and effects on microalbuminuria: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled study versus atenolol. Adv Ther. 1995; 12: 212–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Differential effects of beta-blockers on albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hypertension. 2005; 46: 1309–1315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JD, Coles GA. Proteinuria—direct cause of renal morbidity?. Kidney Int. 1994; 45: 443–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE. Is the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the renin-angiotensin system?. Kidney Int. 1994; 45: 861–867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell R, Sangalli F, Perticucci E, et al. Effects of combined ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II antagonist treatment in human chronic nephropathies. Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1094–1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylicki L, Rutkowski P, Renke M, Rutkowski B. Renoprotective effect of small doses of losartan and enalapril in patients with primary glomerulonephritis. Short-term observation. Am J Nephrol. 2002; 22: 356–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361: 117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura J, Praga M, Campo C, Rodicio JL, Ruilope LM. Combination is better than monotherapy with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist at recommended doses. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2003; 4: 43–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al. Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group: Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1952–1961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ersoy A, Dilek K, Usta M, et al. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonist losartan reduces microalbuminuria in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2002; 16: 202–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Branden C, Gabriels M, Vamecq J, Vanden Houte K, Verbeelen D. Carvedilol protects against glomerulosclerosis in rat remnant kidney without general changes in antioxidant enzyme status. A comparative study of two beta-blocking drugs, carvedilol and propanolol. Nephron. 1997; 77: 319–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita K, Marumo F. Effect of long-term carvedilol therapy on renal function in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992; 19: 97–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagakawa Y, Akedo Y, Kaku S, Orimo H. Effects of carvedilol on common carotid arterial flow, peripheral hemodynamics, and hemorheologic variables in hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1990; 38: 115–119
   Google Scholar
• Marchi F, Ciriello G. Efficacy of carvedilol in mild to moderate essential hypertension and effects on microalbuminuria: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled study versus atenolol. Adv Ther. 1995; 12: 212–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dupont AG, Van der Niepen P, Taeymans Y, et al. Effect of carvedilol on ambulatory blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, and cardiac function in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987; 10: 130–136
   Google Scholar
• Brooks DP, Short BG, Cyronak MJ, et al. Comparison between carvedilol and captopril in rats with partial ablation-induced chronic renal failure. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 109: 581–586
   Google Scholar
• PROCOPA Study Group. Dissociation between blood pressure reduction and fall in proteinuria in primary renal disease: a randomized double-blind trial. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 729–737
   Google Scholar
• http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00153101?order=1, ONTARGET Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial: A large, simple randomized trial of an angiotensin ii receptor antagonist (telmisartan) and an ace-inhibitor (ramipril) in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events
   Google Scholar