Comparison of Azithromycin and Oral Hygiene Program in the Treatment of Cyclosporine-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia

REFERENCES

• De Mattos AM, Olyaei AJ, Bennett WM. Pharmacology of immunosuppressive medications used in renal diseases and transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999; 28: 631–637
   Google Scholar
• Boltchi FE, Rees Terry D, Iacopino AM. Cyclosporine A induced gingival overgrowth: A comprehensive review. Quintessence Int. 1999; 30: 775–783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters TG, Spinola KN, West JC, Aeder MI, Danovitch GM, Klintma, et al. Differences in patient and transplant professional perception immunosuppression-induced cosmetic side effects. Transplantation. 2004; 78: 537–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiebiger W, Mitterbauer C, Oberbauer R. Health-related quality of life outcomes after kidney transplantation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004; 2: 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meraw SJ, Sheridan PJ. Medically induced gingival hyperplasia. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998; 73: 1196–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour RA, Smith DG. The effect of a plaque control program on the incidence and severity of cyclosporine-induced gingival changes. J Clin Periodontol. 1991; 18: 107–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somacarrera ML, Hernandez G, Acero J, Moskow BS. Factors related to the incidence and severity of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in transplant patients: A longitudinal study. J Periodontol. 1994; 65: 671–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci A, Cebeci I, Tuncer O, Carin M, Firatli E. Clinical effects of periodontal therapy on the severity of cyclosporin A-induced gingival hyperplasia. J Periodontol. 1999; 70: 587–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlstrom E, Zamora JU, Teichman S. Improvement in cyclosporine associated gingival hyperplasia with azithromycin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 753–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MN, Zaltzman JS. Efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1998; 65: 1611–1615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez ME, Sánchez-Nuñes JE, Sánchez C, Corte S, Aguado C, Baltar PJ, et al. Treatment of cyclosporin-induced gingival hyperplasia with azithromycin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12: 2694–2697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chand DH, Quattrocchi J, Poe SA, Terezhalmy GT, Strife CF, Cunn RJ. Trial of metronidazole vs. azithromycin for treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth. Pediatr Transplant. 2004; 8: 60–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokgoz B, Hi Sari, Yildiz O, Aslan S, Sipahioglu M, Okten T, et al. Effects of azithromycin on cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia in renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc. 2004; 36: 2699–2702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene JC, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964; 68: 7–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeolopoulos AP, Goaz PW. Incidence of diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia. Oral Surg. 1972; 34: 898–906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokenkamp A, Bohnhorst B, Beier C, Albers N, Offner G, Brodehl J. Nifedipine aggravates cyclosporine A-induced gingival hyperplasia. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994; 8: 181–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sefton AM, Maskell JP, Beighton D, Whiley A, Shain H, Foyle D, et al. Azithromycin in the treatment of periodontal disease. Effect on microbial flora. J Clin Periodontol. 1996; 23: 998–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romito GA, Lotufo RF, Saraiva L, Pustiglioni NA, Pustiglioni FE, Stolf NA. Superinfecting microorganisms in patients under treatment with cyclosporin-A and its correlation to gingival overgrowth. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2003; 17: 35–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Worm HC, Wirnsberger GH, Mauric A, Holzer H. High prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in cyclosporin A-induced post-transplant gingival overgrowth tissue and evidence for the possibility of persistent infection despite short-term treatment with azithromycin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004; 19: 1890–1894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong W, Hodge MG, Lewis A, Sharpstone P, Kingswood JC. Resolution of cyclosporin-induced gingival hypertrophy with metronidazole. Lancet. 1994; 343: 986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aufricht C, Hogan EL, Ettenger RB. Oral metronidazole does not improve cyclosporine A-induced gingival hyperplasia. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997; 11: 552–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harikrishnan P, Harden PN. Tacrolimus can resolve cyclosporin-induced gingival hyperplasia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999; 14: 1805–1806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada H, Nishimura F, Naruishi K, Chou H-H, Takashiba S, Albright GM, et al. Phenytoin and cyclosporin A suppress the expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and cathepsin L, but not cathepsin B in cultured gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 2000; 71: 955–960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnaure-Mallet M, Tricot-Doleux S, Godeau GJ. Changes in extracellular matrix macromolecules in human gingival after treatment with drugs inducing gingival overgrowth. Arch Oral Biol. 1995; 40: 393–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora PD, Silvestri L, Ganss B, Sodek J, McCulloch CA. Mechanism of cyclosporin-induced inhibition of extracellular collagen degradation. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276: 14100–14109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut S, Ozdemir BH, Alaaddinoglu EE, Oduncuoglu FB, Bulut OE, Demirhan B. Effect of cyclosporin A on apoptosis and expression of p53 and bcl-2 proteins in the gingiva of renal transplant patients. J Periodontol. 2005; 76: 691–695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito K, Mori S, Iwakura M, Sakamoto S. Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor B, basic fibroblast growth factor and heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan in gingival hyperplasia induced by nifedipine and phenytoin. J Periodontol. 1996; 31: 545–555
   Google Scholar
• Vieira JM, Jr, Noronha IL, Malheiros DMAC, Burdmann EA. Cyclosporine-induced interstitial fibrosis and arteriolar TGF-β expression with preserved renal blood flow. Transplantation. 1999; 68: 1746–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida T, Nagata J, Yamane A. Growth factors and proliferation of cultured rat gingival cells in response to cyclosporin A. J Periodontal Res. 2005; 40: 11–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirnsberger GH, Pfragner R. Comment on “Efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of cyclosporine-induced gingival hyperplasia in renal transplant recipients” by Nash and Zaltzman. Transplantation. 1999; 67: 1289–1291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ianaro A, Ialenti A, Maffia P, Sautebin L, Rombola L, Carnuccio R, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of macrolide antibiotics. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 2000; 292: 156–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe A, Francis J, Rosenthal M, Bush A. Long term azithromycin may improve lung function in children with cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 1998; 351: 420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Equi A, Balfour-Lynn IM, Bush A, Rosenthal M. Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 978–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar