Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases

References

• Barros RP, Gustafsson J. Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network. Cell Metab. 2011;14(3):289–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima Y, Ono Y. Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions. J Endocrinol. 2016;229(3):267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnal J-F, Lenfant F, Metivier R, et al. Membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor alpha actions: from tissue specificity to medical implications. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(3):1045–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Gendy AA, Elsaed WM, Abdallah HI. Potential role of estradiol in ovariectomy-induced derangement of renal endocrine functions. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):507–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan E, Erkoc R, Demir C, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on CD4+ and CD8+ numbers, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and immunoglobulin levels in hemodialysis patients. LRNF. 2005;27(4):421–424.
   Google Scholar
• Jacenik D, Beswick EJ, Krajewska WM, et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in colon function, immune regulation and carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(30):4092–4104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu LH, Chu NM, Kao SH. Estrogen, estrogen receptor and lung cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8):1713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang DP, Lian HY, Fu DP, et al. Relationship between estrogen receptor 1 gene polymorphisms and postmenopausal osteoporosis of the spine in Chinese women. Genet Mol Res. 2016;15(2):gmr8106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Han R, Chen M, et al. Associations of estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(06):469–477.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang Y, Min Z, Xiang X-J, et al. Estrogen-related receptor alpha is involved in Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Exp Neurol. 2018;305:89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muka T, Vargas KG, Jaspers L, et al. Estrogen receptor β actions in the female cardiovascular system: a systematic review of animal and human studies. Maturitas. 2016;86:28–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corradetti C, Jog NR, Cesaroni M, et al. Estrogen receptor α signaling exacerbates immune-mediated nephropathies through alteration of metabolic activity. J Immunol. 2018;200(2):512–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline J, Rachoin JS. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: it's a two-way street. Ren Fail. 2013;35(4):452–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JQ, Delannoy M, Cooke C, et al. Mitochondrial localization of ERalpha and ERbeta in human MCF7 cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286(6):E1011–E1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzaque MA, Masuda N, Maeda Y, et al. Estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma has an exceptionally broad specificity of DNA sequence recognition. Gene. 2004;340(2):275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillaume M, Montagner A, Fontaine C, et al. Nuclear and membrane actions of estrogen receptor alpha: contribution to the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:401–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K, Thu N, Saville B, et al. Domains of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) required for ERalpha/Sp1-mediated activation of GC-rich promoters by estrogens and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2003;17(5):804–817.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sentis S, Le Romancer M, Bianchin C, et al. Sumoylation of the estrogen receptor alpha hinge region regulates its transcriptional activity. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19(11):2671–2684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z, et al. Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature. 1997;389(6652):753–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moras D, Gronemeyer H. The nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain: structure and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10(3):384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosselman S, Polman J, Dijkema R. ER beta: identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor. FEBS Lett. 1996;392(1):49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2019;116:135–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton KJ, Hewitt SC, Arao Y, et al. Estrogen hormone biology. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2017;125:109–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arao Y, Coons LA, Zuercher WJ, et al. Transactivation function-2 of estrogen receptor α contains transactivation function-1-regulating element. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(28):17611–17627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arao Y, Hamilton KJ, Goulding EH, et al. Transactivating function (AF) 2-mediated AF-1 activity of estrogen receptor α is crucial to maintain male reproductive tract function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(51):21140–21145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosden JR, Middleton PG, Rout D. Localization of the human oestrogen receptor gene to chromosome 6q24–q27 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1986;43(3–4):218–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paterni I, Granchi C, Katzenellenbogen JA, et al. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ): subtype-selective ligands and clinical potential. Steroids. 2014;90:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Gong X, Yang X, et al. The roles of estrogen and estrogen receptors in gastrointestinal disease. Oncol Lett. 2019;18(6):5673–5680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Zhang X, Shen P, et al. Identification, cloning, and expression of human estrogen receptor-alpha36, a novel variant of human estrogen receptor-alpha66. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;336(4):1023–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chantalat E, Boudou F, Laurell H, et al. The AF-1-deficient estrogen receptor ERα46 isoform is frequently expressed in human breast tumors. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(16):1056–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riant E, Waget A, Cogo H, et al. Estrogens protect against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice. Endocrinology. 2009;150(5):2109–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu P, Wang Y, Li C, et al. Protective effects of downregulating estrogen receptor alpha expression in cervical cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2018;18(14):1975–1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelekanou V, Anastasiou E, Bakogeorgou E, et al. Estrogen receptor-alpha isoforms are the main estrogen receptors expressed in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Steroids. 2019;142:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein RA, Gaillard S, McDonnell DP. Estrogen-related receptor alpha induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009;114(1–2):106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra S, Tai Q, Gu X, et al. Estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha promotes malignancy and osteoblastic tumorigenesis in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(42):44388–44402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Grandien K, et al. Human estrogen receptor beta-gene structure, chromosomal localization, and expression pattern. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(12):4258–4265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Sareddy GR, Zhou M, et al. Differential effects of estrogen receptor β isoforms on glioblastoma progression. Cancer Res. 2018;78(12):3176–3189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung Y-K, Mak P, Hassan S, et al. Estrogen receptor (ER)-beta isoforms: a key to understanding ER-beta signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(35):13162–13167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitts JM, Klein RM, Powers CA. Tamoxifen regulation of bone growth and endocrine function in the ovariectomized rat: discrimination of responses involving estrogen receptor α/estrogen receptor β, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, or estrogen-related receptor γ using fulvestrant (ICI 182780). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;338(1):246–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younes M, Honma N. Estrogen receptor β. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135(1):63–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponnusamy S, Tran QT, Harvey I, et al. Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor β increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue. Faseb J. 2017;31(1):266–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varshney MK, Inzunza J, Lupu D, et al. Role of estrogen receptor beta in neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114(48): E10428–E10437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstathiadou ZA, Sakka C, Polyzos SA, et al. Associations of estrogen receptor alpha and Beta gene polymorphisms with lipid levels and insulin resistance in men. Metabolism. 2015;64(5):611–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvardsson K, Ström A, Jonsson P, et al. Estrogen receptor β induces antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic networks in colon cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2011;25(6):969–979.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J, Viswanadhapalli S, Garcia L, et al. Therapeutic utility of natural estrogen receptor beta agonists on ovarian cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(30):50002–50014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu C-P, Ho J-Y, Huang Y-T, et al. Estrogen inhibits renal cell carcinoma cell progression through estrogen receptor-β activation. PLOS One. 2013;8(2):e56667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao L, Luo Y, Tai R, et al. Estrogen receptor β suppresses inflammation and the progression of prostate cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19(5):3555–3563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song P, Li Y, Dong Y, et al. Estrogen receptor β inhibits breast cancer cells migration and invasion through CLDN6-mediated autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson JA, Strom A, Warner M. Update on ERbeta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;191:105312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prossnitz ER, Barton M. Estrogen biology: new insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;389(1–2):71–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Prossnitz ER. Roles of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER in metabolic regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;176:31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton M, Filardo EJ, Lolait SJ, et al. Twenty years of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: historical and personal perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;176:4–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudet HM, Cheng SB, Christensen EM, et al. The G-protein coupled estrogen receptor, GPER: the inside and inside-out story. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418 Pt 3(Pt 3):207–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olde B, Leeb-Lundberg LM. GPR30/GPER1: searching for a role in estrogen physiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009;20(8):409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman MA, Budish RA, Kashyap S, et al. GPER-novel membrane oestrogen receptor. Clin Sci. 2016;130(12):1005–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer MR, Prossnitz ER, Barton M. GPER/GPR30 and regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Immunol Endocr Metab Agents Med Chem. 2011;11(4):255–261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krejčířová R, Maňasová M, Sommerová V, et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in adult boar testes, epididymis and spermatozoa during epididymal maturation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;116:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma G, Hu C, Brigman JL, et al. GPER deficiency in male mice results in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and a proinflammatory state. Endocrinology. 2013;154(11):4136–4145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-López L, Maycotte P, Liñán-Rico A, et al. Tamoxifen induces toxicity, causes autophagy, and partially reverses dexamethasone resistance in Jurkat T cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2019;105(5):983–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas E, Bhattacharya I, Brailoiu E, et al. Regulatory role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor for vascular function and obesity. Circ Res. 2009;104(3):288–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Balhuizen A, Amisten S, et al. Insulinotropic and antidiabetic effects of 17β-estradiol and the GPR30 agonist G-1 on human pancreatic islets. Endocrinology. 2011;152(7):2568–2579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balhuizen A, Kumar R, Amisten S, et al. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 modulates hormone secretion and counteracts cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic islets of female mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;320(1–2):16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman RD, Limbird LE. GPER (GPR30): a nongenomic receptor (GPCR) for steroid hormones with implications for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;57:567–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrtačnik P, Ostanek B, Mencej-Bedrač S, et al. The many faces of estrogen signaling. Biochem Med. 2014;24(3):329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q, Chambliss K, Umetani M, et al. Non-nuclear estrogen receptor signaling in the endothelium. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(17):14737–14743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty K, Kim KH, Bender JR. Minireview: estrogen receptor-mediated rapid signaling. Endocrinology. 2006;147(12):5557–5563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander A, Irving AJ, Harvey J. Emerging roles for the novel estrogen-sensing receptor GPER1 in the CNS. Neuropharmacology. 2017;113(Pt B):652–660.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Björnström L, Sjöberg M. Mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling: convergence of genomic and nongenomic actions on target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19(4):833–842.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deroo BJ, Korach KS. Estrogen receptors and human disease. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(3):561–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson S, Koehler KF. Oestrogen receptors and selective oestrogen receptor modulators: molecular and cellular pharmacology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;96(1):15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan VC. Tamoxifen: catalyst for the change to targeted therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(1):30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen MD, Keating GM. Raloxifene: a review of its use in the prevention of invasive breast cancer. Drugs. 2008;68(14):2059–2083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardell SE, Nelson ER, Chao CA, et al. Bazedoxifene exhibits antiestrogenic activity in animal models of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: implications for treatment of advanced disease. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(9):2420–2431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negi S, Koreeda D, Kobayashi S, et al. Acute kidney injury: epidemiology, outcomes, complications, and therapeutic strategies. Semin Dial. 2018;31(5):519–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii T, Uchino S, Takinami M, et al. Subacute kidney injury in hospitalized patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(3):457–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellum JA, Lameire N, KDIGO AKI Guideline Work Group. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17(1):204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koza Y. Acute kidney injury: current concepts and new insights. J Inj Violence Res. 2016;8(1):58–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neugarten J, Golestaneh L. Female sex reduces the risk of hospital-associated acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neugarten J, Sandilya S, Singh B, et al. Sex and the risk of AKI following cardio-thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. CJASN. 2016;11(12):2113–2122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diptyanusa A, Phumratanaprapin W, Phonrat B, et al. Characteristics and associated factors of acute kidney injury among adult dengue patients: a retrospective single-center study. PLOS One. 2019;14(1):e0210360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien Z, Cass A, Cole L, et al. Sex and mortality in septic severe acute kidney injury. J Crit Care. 2019;49:70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallabhajosyula S, Ya'Qoub L, Dunlay SM, et al. Sex disparities in acute kidney injury complicating acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. ESC Heart Fail. 2019;6(4):874–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, et al. Superior intrinsic mitochondrial respiration in women than in men. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrás C, Sastre J, García-Sala D, et al. Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34(5):546–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhargava P, Schnellmann RG. Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(10):629–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed DK, Arany I. p66shc and gender-specific dimorphism in acute renal injury. In Vivo. 2014;28(2):205–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang KP, Lee JE, Lee AS, et al. Effect of gender differences on the regulation of renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation in mice. Mol Med Rep. 2014;9(6):2061–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka R, Yazawa M, Morikawa Y, et al. Sex differences in ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury depends on the degradation of noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017;44(3):371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodeify R, Megyesi J, Tarcsafalvi A, et al. Gender differences control the susceptibility to ER stress-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013;304(7):F875–F882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman AG, Mah R, Keddie D, et al. Prenatal iron deficiency causes sex-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in fetal rat kidneys and liver. Faseb J. 2018;32(6):3254–3263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morigi M, Perico L, Benigni A. Sirtuins in renal health and disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(7):1799–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Gao Y, Zhang Q, et al. SIRT1/3 activation by resveratrol attenuates acute kidney injury in a septic rat model. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang J, Zeng Z, Fang H, et al. SIRT3 inactivation promotes acute kidney injury through elevated acetylation of SOD2 and p53. J Surg Res. 2019;233:221–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugur S, Ulu R, Dogukan A, et al. The renoprotective effect of curcumin in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail. 2015;37(2):332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei S, Gao Y, Dai X, et al. SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation suppresses sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2019;316(1): F20–F31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Q, Zhu H. The overexpression of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) via inhibiting the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:2718–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan M, Ullah R, Rehman SU, et al. 17β-estradiol modulates SIRT1 and halts oxidative stress-mediated cognitive impairment in a male aging mouse model. Cells. 2019;8(8):928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J-M, Shu H, Wang L, et al. SIRT1-dependent AMPK pathway in the protection of estrogen against ischemic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2017;23(4):360–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Li H, Gu Y, et al. Inhibition of SIRT1 deacetylase suppresses estrogen receptor signaling. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(3):382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek M, Nematbakhsh M. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; from pathophysiology to treatment. J Renal Inj Prev. 2015;4(2):20–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Tang C, Cai J, et al. Rodent models of AKI-CKD transition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;315(4):F1098–F1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packialakshmi B, Stewart IJ, Burmeister DM, et al. Large animal models for translational research in acute kidney injury. Ren Fail. 2020;42(1):1042–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegues MA, McCrory MA, Zarjou A, et al. C-reactive protein exacerbates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013;304(11): F1358–F1365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipponnet C, Aniort J, Garrouste C, et al. Ischemia reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation: a case report. Medicine. 2018;97(52):e13650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C, et al. Acute kidney injury in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(6):816–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandroni C, Dell'anna AM, Tujjar O, et al. Acute kidney injury after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016;82(9):989–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Z-Y, Wu Z-J, Zheng J-H, et al. The incidence of acute kidney injury following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a rat model. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfield RR, Scalea JR, Zens TJ, et al. Predictors and outcomes of delayed graft function after living-donor kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2016;29(1):81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damodaran S, Bullock B, Ekwenna O, et al. Risk factors for delayed graft function and their impact on graft outcomes in live donor kidney transplantation. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(3):439–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepeytre F, Dahhou M, Zhang X, et al. Association of sex with risk of kidney graft failure differs by age. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(10):3014–3023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeier M, Döhler B, Opelz G, et al. The effect of donor gender on graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(10):2570–2576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aufhauser DD, Wang Z, Murken DR Jr, et al. Improved renal ischemia tolerance in females influences kidney transplantation outcomes. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(5):1968–1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Ohkita M, et al. Sex differences in ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury are dependent on the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;714(1–3):397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, Kobuchi S, et al. Protective effect of 17β-estradiol on ischemic acute kidney injury through the renal sympathetic nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;683(1–3):270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M, Swide T, Vayl A, et al. Estrogen administered after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ameliorates acute kidney injury in a sex- and age-specific manner. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchens MP, Nakano T, Kosaka Y, et al. Estrogen is renoprotective via a nonreceptor-dependent mechanism after cardiac arrest in vivo. Anesthesiology. 2010;112(2):395–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park KM, Kim JI, Ahn Y, et al. Testosterone is responsible for enhanced susceptibility of males to ischemic renal injury. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(50):52282–52292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AP, Singh N, Pathak D, et al. Estradiol attenuates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through PPAR-γ stimulated eNOS activation in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2019;453(1–2):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AP, Singh N, Singh Bedi PM. Estrogen attenuates renal IRI through PPAR-γ agonism in rats. J Surg Res. 2016;203(2):324–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Tan P. PPAR γ/TLR4/TGF-β1 axis mediates the protection effect of erythropoietin on cyclosporin A-induced chronic nephropathy in rat. Ren Fail. 2020;42(1):216–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Žeravica R, Čabarkapa V, Ilinčić B, et al. Plasma endothelin-1 level, measured glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow in diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2015;37(4):681–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Andress D, et al. Progressive endothelin-1 gene activation initiates chronic/end-stage renal disease following experimental ischemic/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int. 2013;84(4):703–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfian N, Emoto N, Vignon-Zellweger N, et al. ET-1 deletion from endothelial cells protects the kidney during the extension phase of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;425(2):443–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaoka M, Yuba M, Fujii T, et al. Oestrogen protects against ischaemic acute renal failure in rats by suppressing renal endothelin-1 overproduction. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002;103 Suppl 48(Suppl 48):434S–437S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ba ZF, Chaudry IH. Role of estrogen receptor subtypes in estrogen-induced organ-specific vasorelaxation after trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(5):H2061–H2067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohar EY, Daugherty EM, Aceves JO, et al. Evidence for G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor as a pronatriuretic factor. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(10):e015110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C-C, Chang C-Y, Chang S-T, et al. 17β-Estradiol accelerated renal tubule regeneration in male rats after ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Shock. 2016;46(2):158–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satake A, Takaoka M, Nishikawa M, et al. Protective effect of 17beta-estradiol on ischemic acute renal failure through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. Kidney Int. 2008;73(3):308–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AP, Singh N, Bedi PMS. Estradiol mitigates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute renal failure through NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2017;434(1–2):33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchens MP, Fujiyoshi T, Komers R, et al. Estrogen protects renal endothelial barrier function from ischemia-reperfusion in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;303(3):F377–F385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Han Z, Zhang Y, et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activation improves contractile and diastolic functions in rat renal interlobular artery to protect against renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;112:108666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen PL. Structure, function and regulation of Na,K-ATPase in the kidney. Kidney Int. 1986;29(1):10–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L-M, Jiang L-J, Zhao Z-G, et al. Mesenteric lymph duct ligation after hemorrhagic shock enhances the ATP level and ATPase activity in rat kidneys. Ren Fail. 2014;36(4):593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinas SM, Trumper L, Serra E, et al. Evolution of renal function and Na+, K +-ATPase expression during ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidney. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;287(1–2):33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaş M, Eşrefoğlu M, Karataş E, et al. Investigation of dose-dependent effects of berberine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental diabetic rats. Nefrologia. 2019;39(4):411–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekete A, Vannay A, Vér A, et al. Sex differences in the alterations of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase following ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney. J Physiol. 2004;555(Pt 2):471–480.
   Google Scholar
• Gracelli JB, Souza-Menezes J, Barbosa CML, et al. Role of estrogen and progesterone in the modulation of CNG-A1 and Na/K+-ATPase expression in the renal cortex. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2012;30(1):160–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buléon M, Cuny M, Grellier J, et al. A single dose of estrogen during hemorrhagic shock protects against kidney injury whereas estrogen restoration in ovariectomized mice is ineffective. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J, Zhang J, Tian J, et al. Mitochondria in sepsis-induced AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30(7):1151–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent J-L, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(2):344–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Nie S, Liu Z, et al. Epidemiology and clinical correlates of AKI in Chinese hospitalized adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(9):1510–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng J-Y, Liu K-T, Abraham E, et al. Serum estradiol levels predict survival and acute kidney injury in patients with septic shock–a prospective study. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e97967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trentzsch H, Nienaber U, Behnke M, et al. Female sex protects from organ failure and sepsis after major trauma haemorrhage. Injury. 2014;45(Suppl 3):S20–S28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung M-T, Lee Y-M, Shen H-H, et al. Activation of autophagy is involved in the protective effect of 17β-oestradiol on endotoxaemia-induced multiple organ dysfunction in ovariectomized rats. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21(12):3705–3717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H-H, Huang S-Y, Cheng P-Y, et al. Involvement of HSP70 and HO-1 in the protective effects of raloxifene on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome by endotoxemia in ovariectomized rats. Menopause. 2017;24(8):959–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong L, Zhou X-L, Liu Y-S, et al. Estrogen receptor α mediates the effects of notoginsenoside R1 on endotoxin-induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(1):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuk J-M, Kim TS, Kim SY, et al. Orphan nuclear receptor ERRα controls macrophage metabolic signaling and A20 expression to negatively regulate TLR-induced inflammation. Immunity. 2015;43(1):80–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christaki E, Opal SM, Keith JC, et al. Estrogen receptor beta agonism increases survival in experimentally induced sepsis and ameliorates the genomic sepsis signature: a pharmacogenomic study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(8):1250–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bösch F, Angele MK, Chaudry IH. Gender differences in trauma, shock and sepsis. Mil Med Res. 2018;5(1):35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawasaki T, Chaudry IH. The effects of estrogen on various organs: therapeutic approach for sepsis, trauma, and reperfusion injury. Part 2: liver, intestine, spleen, and kidney. J Anesth. 2012;26(6):892–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisawat N, Kulvichit W, Mahamitra N, et al. The epidemiology and characteristics of acute kidney injury in the Southeast Asia intensive care unit: a prospective multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019; 35(10):1729–1738.
   Google Scholar
• Goswami S, Pahwa N, Vohra R, et al. Clinical spectrum of hospital acquired acute kidney injury: a prospective study from Central India. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2018;29(4):946–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int. 2004;66(4):1613–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perazella MA. Pharmacology behind common drug nephrotoxicities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(12):1897–1908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perazella MA. Drug-induced acute kidney injury: diverse mechanisms of tubular injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25(6):550–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosohata K. Role of oxidative stress in drug-induced kidney injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(11): 1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, et al. Biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis, 1993–2011: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(4):558–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muriithi AK, Leung N, Valeri AM, et al. Clinical characteristics, causes and outcomes of acute interstitial nephritis in the elderly. Kidney Int. 2015;87(2):458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweileh WM. Gender differences in aminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity: a prospective, hospital-based study. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2009;4(3):229–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen W-Y, Hsiao C-H, Chen Y-C, et al. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity might have a sex difference. An analysis based on women's sex hormone changes. J Cancer. 2017;8(19):3939–3944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neugarten J, Golestaneh L. The effect of gender on aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity. Clin Nephrol. 2016;86(10):183–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zajjari Y, Montasser D, Sobhi A, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis in the military hospital of Morocco: clinical features and renal outcomes. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30(6):1407–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph S, Nicolson TJ, Hammons G, et al. Expression of drug transporters in human kidney: impact of sex, age, and ethnicity. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6(1):4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oswald S, Müller J, Neugebauer U, et al. Protein abundance of clinically relevant drug transporters in the human kidneys. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(21):5303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CY, Hosey-Cojocari C, Basit A, et al. Optimized renal transporter quantification by using Aquaporin 1 and Aquaporin 2 as anatomical markers: application in characterizing the ontogeny of renal transporters and its correlation with hepatic transporters in paired human samples. Aaps J. 2019;21(5):88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwekel JC, Desai VG, Moland CL, et al. Sex differences in kidney gene expression during the life cycle of F344 rats. Biol Sex Differ. 2013;4(1):14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazelhoff MH, Bulacio RP, Chevalier A, et al. Renal expression of organic anion transporters is modified after mercuric chloride exposure: gender-related differences. Toxicol Lett. 2018;295:390–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljubojević M, Balen D, Breljak D, et al. Renal expression of organic anion transporter OAT2 in rats and mice is regulated by sex hormones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;292(1): F361–F372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nematbakhsh M, Ebrahimian S, Tooyserkani M, et al. Gender difference in Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model: greater intensity of damage in male than female. Nephro Urol Mon. 2013;5(3):818–821.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boddu R, Fan C, Rangarajan S, et al. Unique sex- and age-dependent effects in protective pathways in acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;313(3): F740–F755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt AH, Bozkus F, Uremis N, et al. The protective role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in human renal epithelium cells. Ren Fail. 2016;38(5):686–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Esquivel L, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, et al. Protective behavior of tamoxifen against Hg2+-induced toxicity on kidney mitochondria: in vitro and in vivo experiments. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011;127(3–5):345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd El-Lateef SM, El-Sayed E-SM, Mansour AM, et al. The protective role of estrogen and its receptors in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Life Sci. 2019;239: 117082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CI, Goodwin A, Wilcken N. Fulvestrant for hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD011093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghane Shahrbaf F, Assadi F. Drug-induced renal disorders. J Renal Inj Prev. 2015;4(3):57–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med (Lond). 2016;16(Suppl 6):s104–s109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danese E, Montagnana M, Favaloro EJ, et al. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanisms and laboratory diagnostics. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(03):264–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Luo M, Dong C, et al. Pathological spectrum of glomerular disease in patients with renal insufficiency: a single-center study in Northeastern China. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):473–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Chen X. Epidemiology, major outcomes, risk factors, prevention and management of chronic kidney disease in China. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbesma N, Brantsma AH, Bakker SJL, et al. Gender differences in predictors of the decline of renal function in the general population. Kidney Int. 2008;74(4):505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC. The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age. Kidney Int. 2006;69(2):375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattah AG, Smith CY, Gazzuola Rocca L, et al. CKD in patients with bilateral oophorectomy. CJASN. 2018;13(11):1649–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecking M, Bieber BA, Ethier J, et al. Sex-specific differences in hemodialysis prevalence and practices and the male-to-female mortality rate: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). PLoS Med. 2014;11(10):e1001750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrero JJ, Hecking M, Chesnaye NC, et al. Sex and gender disparities in the epidemiology and outcomes of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(3):151–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Skorzewska K, Radowicki S, et al. Endometrial morphology and pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction in women of reproductive age undergoing chronic haemodialysis–a multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(8):2074–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YJ, Kim JM. Klotho and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy in women with chronic kidney disease. J Menopausal Med. 2018;24(2):75–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji H, Pesce C, Zheng W, et al. Sex differences in renal injury and nitric oxide production in renal wrap hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(1):H43–H47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji H, Zheng W, Menini S, et al. Female protection in progressive renal disease is associated with estradiol attenuation of superoxide production. Gend Med. 2007;4(1):56–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flyvbjerg A. The role of the complement system in diabetic nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(5):311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möllsten A, Svensson M, Waernbaum I, et al. Cumulative risk, age at onset, and sex-specific differences for developing end-stage renal disease in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Diabetes. 2010;59(7):1803–1808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goñi MJ, Forga L, Ibañez B, et al. Incidence and risk factors involved in the development of nephropathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: follow up since onset. Can J Diabetes. 2016;40(3):258–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costacou T, Orchard TJ. Cumulative kidney complication risk by 50 years of Type 1 diabetes: the effects of sex, age, and calendar year at onset. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(3):426–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric-Bilkan C. Sex differences in diabetic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(3):587–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric C, Forsblom C, Thorn L, et al. Association between testosterone, estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin levels in men with type 1 diabetes with nephropathy. Steroids. 2010;75(11):772–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonia A, Lanzi R, Scavini M, et al. Sexual function and endocrine profile in fertile women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inada A, Inada O, Fujii NL, et al. Adjusting the 17β-estradiol-to-androgen ratio ameliorates diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(10):3035–3050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankhey RW, Bhatti F, Maric C. 17beta-Estradiol replacement improves renal function and pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288(2):F399–F405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riazi S, Maric C, Ecelbarger CA. 17-beta Estradiol attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes and regulates the expression of renal sodium transporters. Kidney Int. 2006;69(3):471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon A, Wells CC, Singh S, et al. Renoprotective effects of a selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, in an animal model of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol. 2007;27(2):120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulas M, Cay M. 17β-Estradiol and vitamin E modulates oxidative stress-induced kidney toxicity in diabetic ovariectomized rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;144(1–3):821–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomiyoshi Y, Sakemi T, Aoki S, et al. Different effects of castration and estrogen administration on glomerular injury in spontaneously hyperglycemic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Nephron. 2002;92(4):860–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankhey RW, Wells CC, Bhatti F, et al. 17beta-Estradiol supplementation reduces tubulointerstitial fibrosis by increasing MMP activity in the diabetic kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292(2):R769–R77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon A, Maric C. 17beta-Estradiol attenuates diabetic kidney disease by regulating extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-beta protein expression and signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;293(5):F1678–F1690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin M, Isono M, Isshiki K, et al. Estrogen and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, ameliorate renal damage in db/db mice. Am J Pathol. 2005;166(6):1629–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene KL, Mychaleckyj JC, Smith SG, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the estrogen receptor alpha gene reveals further evidence for association with type 2 diabetes enriched for nephropathy in an African American population. Hum Genet. 2008;123(4):333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Rybarczyk-Kapturska K, Brandt A, et al. IVS1 -397T > C estrogen receptor α polymorphism is associated with low-grade systemic inflammatory response in type 1 diabetic girls. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:839585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irsik DL, Romero-Aleshire MJ, Chavez EM, et al. Renoprotective impact of estrogen receptor-α and its splice variants in female mice with type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;315(3):F512–F520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XX, Wang D, Luo Y, et al. FXR/TGR5 dual agonist prevents progression of nephropathy in diabetes and obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(1):118–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung C-W, Hsu Y-C, Shih Y-H, et al. Glomerular mesangial cell and podocyte injuries in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018;23 (Suppl 4):32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanuto P, Xia X, Pereira-Simon S, et al. Estrogen receptor subtype ratio change protects against podocyte damage. Curr Trends Endocinol. 2017;9:19–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potier M, Elliot SJ, Tack I, et al. Expression and regulation of estrogen receptors in mesangial cells: influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(2):241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren W, Yi H, Bao Y, et al. Oestrogen inhibits PTPRO to prevent the apoptosis of renal podocytes. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(3):2373–2380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanuto P, Doublier S, Lupia E, et al. 17 beta-estradiol and tamoxifen upregulate estrogen receptor beta expression and control podocyte signaling pathways in a model of type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2009;75(11):1194–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanuto P, Fornoni A, Pereira-Simon S, et al. In vivo 17β-estradiol treatment contributes to podocyte actin stabilization in female db/db mice. Endocrinology. 2012;153(12):5888–5895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummer S, Jeruschke S, Wegerich LV, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha expression in podocytes mediates protection against apoptosis in-vitro and in-vivo. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doublier S, Lupia E, Catanuto P, et al. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol have opposite effects on podocyte apoptosis that precedes glomerulosclerosis in female estrogen receptor knockout mice. Kidney Int. 2011;79(4):404–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi MY, Chen K, Liu HR, et al. Protective effect of Icariin on the early stage of experimental diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin via modulating transforming growth factor β1 and type IV collagen expression in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138(3):731–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-C, Ding X-S, Li H-M, et al. Role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 in modulating transforming growth factor-β stimulated mesangial cell extracellular matrix synthesis and migration. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;391(1–2):50–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y-C, Ding X-S, Li H-M, et al. Icariin attenuates high glucose-induced type IV collagen and fibronectin accumulation in glomerular mesangial cells by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β production and signalling through G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2013;40(9):635–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao C, Ye W, Li S, et al. Icariin modulates mitochondrial function and apoptosis in high glucose-induced glomerular podocytes through G protein-coupled estrogen receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;473:146–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clotet-Freixas S, Soler MJ, Palau V, et al. Sex dimorphism in ANGII-mediated crosstalk between ACE2 and ACE in diabetic nephropathy. Lab Invest. 2018;98(9):1237–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Alencar Franco Costa D, Todiras M, Campos LA, et al. Sex-dependent differences in renal angiotensinogen as an early marker of diabetic nephropathy. Acta Physiol. 2015;213(3):740–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH. Update on lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(5):825–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margery-Muir AA, Bundell C, Nelson D, et al. Gender balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(3):258–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guéry JC. Why is systemic lupus erythematosus more common in women? Joint Bone Spine. 2019;86(3):297–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Villarraga AJV, Torres-Gonzalez M, Ruiz-Sternberg Á. Safety of hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovats S. Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways. Cell Immunol. 2015;294(2):63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton VR. Sex hormones in acquired immunity and autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim W-U, Min S-Y, Hwang S-H, et al. Effect of oestrogen on T cell apoptosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;161(3):453–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider V, Jones S, Evans M, et al. Estrogen increases CD40 ligand expression in T cells from women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(12):2644–2649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi CM, Jeganathan V, Diamond B. Hormonal regulation of B cell development: 17 beta-estradiol impairs negative selection of high-affinity DNA-reactive B cells at more than one developmental checkpoint. J Immunol. 2006;176(5):2703–2710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi CM. Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006;18(5):456–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan H, Dong G, Zhao G, et al. Gender differences of B cell signature in healthy subjects underlie disparities in incidence and course of SLE related to estrogen. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:814598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan H, Zhao G, Ren D, et al. Gender differences of B cell signature related to estrogen-induced IFI44L/BAFF in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Lett. 2017;181:71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanujam M, Steffgen J, Visvanathan S, et al. Phoenix from the flames: rediscovering the role of the CD40-CD40L pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(11):102668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdou NI, Rider V, Greenwell C, et al. Fulvestrant (Faslodex), an estrogen selective receptor downregulator, in therapy of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. clinical, serologic, bone density, and T cell activation marker studies: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(5):797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y, He J, Guo J-P, et al. Gender differences are associated with the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125(14):2477–2481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faezi ST, Hosseini Almodarresi M, Akbarian M, et al. Clinical and immunological pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus in men in a cohort of 2355 patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(4):394–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso MD, Martínez-Vázquez F, Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, et al. Sex differences in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Northwest Spain. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(1):11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Su J, Li X, CSTAR Co-authors, et al. Chinese SLE Treatment and Research group (CSTAR) registry: V. gender impact on Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015;24(12):1267–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastin M, Mahmoudi M, Sahebari M, et al. Clinical & immunological characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Indian J Med Res. 2017;146(2):224–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urrestarazú A, Otatti G, Silvariño R, et al. Lupus nephritis in males: clinical features, course, and prognostic factors for end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(5):905–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaría-Alza Y, Motta JZN, Fajardo-Rivero JE, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus, gender differences in Colombian patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(9):2423–2428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oliveira NT, Silva NG, Dos Santos TAFG, Department of Medicine, Mackenzie Evangelical School of Medicine, Curitiba, Brazil, et al. Clinical and autoantibody profile in male and female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study in 603 Brazilian patients. Eur J Rheumatol. 2020;7(4):164–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang J, Lee J, Ahn JK, et al. Clinical characteristics of male and female Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30(2):242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Griensven M, Bergijk EC, Baelde JJ, et al. Differential effects of sex hormones on autoantibody production and proteinuria in chronic graft-versus-host disease-induced experimental lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997;107(2):254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi N, Luisetto R, Ghirardello A, et al. 17-β-estradiol affects BLyS serum levels and the nephritogenic autoantibody network accelerating glomerulonephritis in NZB/WF1 mice. Lupus. 2015;24(4–5):382–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng F, Nyland J, Banyai M, et al. The induction of the lupus phenotype by estrogen is via an estrogen receptor-alpha-dependent pathway. Clin Immunol. 2010;134(2):226–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng F, Silvin CJ, Fiore NC, et al. 17β-Estradiol (E-2) administration to male (NZB × SWR)F1 mice results in increased Id(LN)F1-reactive memory T-lymphocytes and accelerated glomerulonephritis. Lupus. 2012;21(3):288–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurino H, Ishikawa S, Sato T, et al. Endocrine disruptors (environmental estrogens) enhance autoantibody production by B1 cells. Toxicol Sci. 2004;81(1):139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabor DE, Gould KA. Estrogen receptor alpha promotes lupus in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice in a B cell intrinsic manner. Clin Immunol. 2017;174:41–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bynoté KK, Hackenberg JM, Korach KS, et al. Estrogen receptor-alpha deficiency attenuates autoimmune disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. Genes Immun. 2008;9(2):137–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenson JL, EuDaly J, Ruiz P, et al. Impact of estrogen receptor deficiency on disease expression in the NZM2410 lupus prone mouse. Clin Immunol. 2008;128(2):259–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham MA, Richard ML, Wirth JR, et al. Novel mechanism for estrogen receptor alpha modulation of murine lupus. J Autoimmun. 2019;97:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JL, Wirth JR, Eudaly J, et al. Complete knockout of estrogen receptor alpha is not directly protective in murine lupus. Clin Immunol. 2017;183:132–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim G-J, Kis LL, Warner M, et al. Autoimmune glomerulonephritis with spontaneous formation of splenic germinal centers in mice lacking the estrogen receptor alpha gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(6):1720–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Q-M, Hu H-Q, Li S-S, et al. Association of oestrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus risk: an updated meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2019;127:352–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drehmer MN, Andrade D, Pereira IA, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha gene ( ESR1) polymorphism can contribute to clinical findings in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 2017;26(3):294–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z-H, Cheng Z-H, Gong R-J, et al. Sex differences in estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and its association with lupus nephritis in Chinese. Nephron. 2002;90(2):174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MH, Chakhtoura M, Sriram U, et al. Conventional DCs from male and female lupus-prone B6.NZM Sle1/Sle2/Sle3 mice express an IFN signature and have a higher immunometabolism that are enhanced by estrogen. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:1601079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham MA, Naga OS, Eudaly JG, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha modulates Toll-like receptor signaling in murine lupus. Clin Immunol. 2012;144(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenson J, Cunningham M, Dasgupta S, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha modulates mesangial cell responses to toll-like receptor ligands. Am J Med Sci. 2014;348(6):492–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue L, Liu Z, Hu J, et al. Estrogen-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis through ERα accelerates the progression of lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(10):1880–1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider V, Abdou NI, Kimler BF, et al. Gender bias in human systemic lupus erythematosus: a problem of steroid receptor action? Front Immunol. 2018;9:611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues JC, Haas M, Reich HN. IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(4):677–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang PP, Shu DH, Su Z, et al. Association between lifestyle, gender and risk for developing end-stage renal failure in IgA nephropathy: a case-control study within 10 years. Ren Fail. 2019;41(1):914–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng W, Tan X, Zhou Q, et al. Gender-related differences in clinicopathological characteristics and renal outcomes of Chinese patients with IgA nephropathy. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greene DM, Azcona-Olivera JI, Pestka JJ. Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-induced IgA nephropathy in the B6C3F1 mouse: dose response and male predilection. Toxicology. 1994;92(1–3):245–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene DM, Azcona-Olivera JI, Murtha JM, et al. Effects of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol on experimental IgA nephropathy induced by vomitoxin. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995;26(1):107–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto R, Nagasawa Y, Shoji T, et al. A candidate gene approach to genetic contributors to the development of IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(3):1020–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirfazeli ES, Marashi SA, Kalantari S. In silico prediction of specific pathways that regulate mesangial cell proliferation in IgA nephropathy. Med Hypotheses. 2016;97:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu S-L, Wang D, Yuan F-L, et al. Identification of key genes and pathways in IgA nephropathy using bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(30):e21372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W, Zhao B, Zhong H, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha expression in renal tissue and its relationship with prognosis in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2020;13(9):2319–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross ML. Beneficial effects of estrogens on indices of renal damage in uninephrectomized SHRsp rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):348–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercantepe T, Unal D, Selli J, et al. Protective effects of estrogen and bortezomib in kidney tissue of post-menopausal rats: an ultrastructural study. Ren Fail. 2016;38(7):1129–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasimay O, Sener G, Cakir B, et al. Estrogen protects against oxidative multiorgan damage in rats with chronic renal failure. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):711–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric C, Sandberg K, Hinojosa-Laborde C. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are attenuated with 17beta-estradiol in the aging Dahl salt sensitive rat. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(6):1546–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao S, Xu HUA, Zou L, et al. Estrogen preserves split renal function in a chronic complete unilateral ureteral obstruction animal model. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(6):1555–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Lee AS, Jung YJ, et al. Tamoxifen ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by modulation of estrogen receptor α-mediated transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(11):2043–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellê H, Rocha JRC, Cavaglieri RC, et al. Antifibrotic effect of tamoxifen in a model of progressive renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(1):37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diwan V, Small D, Kauter K, et al. Gender differences in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular complications in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2014;307(11):F1169–F1178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ichii O, Nakamura T, Irie T, et al. Close pathological correlations between chronic kidney disease and reproductive organ-associated abnormalities in female cotton rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2018;243(5):418–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moonen L, D'Haese PC, Vervaet BA. Epithelial cell cycle behaviour in the injured kidney. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7): 2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramann R, Kusaba T, Humphreys BD. Who regenerates the kidney tubule? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(6):903–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez DS, Fischer Sigel LK, Azurmendi PJ, et al. Estradiol stimulates cell proliferation via classic estrogen receptor-alpha and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 in human renal tubular epithelial cell primary cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;512(2):170–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J, Langer WJ, Devish K, et al. Compensatory kidney growth in estrogen receptor-alpha null mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290(2):F319–F323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieu A, House AA, Urquhart BL. Drug disposition issues in CKD: implications for drug discovery and regulatory approval. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2016;23(2):63–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H-F, Liao K-F, Chang C-M, et al. Correlation of the tamoxifen use with the increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in elderly women with breast cancer: a case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(51):e12842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adomaityte J, Farooq M, Qayyum R. Effect of raloxifene therapy on venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99(02):338–342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isakova T, Nickolas TL, Denburg M, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2017 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(6):737–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Han X, Cui Y, et al. Parathyroid hormone fragments: new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9619253.
   Google Scholar
• Webster R, Sheriff S, Faroqui R, et al. Klotho/fibroblast growth factor 23- and PTH-independent estrogen receptor-α-mediated direct downregulation of NaPi-IIa by estrogen in the mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;311(2):F249–F259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng J, Ohlsson C, Laughlin GA, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOs) Study Group, et al. Associations of estradiol and testosterone with serum phosphorus in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study. Kidney Int. 2010;78(4):415–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ix JH, Chonchol M, Laughlin GA, et al. Relation of sex and estrogen therapy to serum fibroblast growth factor 23, serum phosphorus, and urine phosphorus: the Heart and Soul Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(5):737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masaki H, Imanishi Y, Naka H, et al. Bazedoxifene improves renal function and increases renal phosphate excretion in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020;38(3):405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Kondo K. Chronic kidney disease in postmenopausal women. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(2):142–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah P, Nickolas TL. Management of osteoporosis in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(6):962–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghverdi F, Farbodara T, Mortaji S, et al. Effect of raloxifene on parathyroid hormone in osteopenic and osteoporotic postmenopausal women with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2014;8(6):461–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito O, Saito T, Asakura S, et al. The effects of raloxifene on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in women on maintenance hemodialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15(1):126–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagatoya K, Nishimoto K, Shibahara N, Hokusetsu Renal Osteodystrophy Study Group, et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women on chronic hemodialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2015;19(5):939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishani A, Blackwell T, Jamal SA, et al. The effect of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal women with CKD. JASN. 2008;19(7):1430–1438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilberg IP, Hernandez E, Alonzo E, et al. Estrogen receptor (ER) gene polymorphism may predict the bone mineral density response to raloxifene in postmenopausal women on chronic hemodialysis. LRNF. 2005;27(2):155–161.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Guo Y, Zou H, et al. Effect of estrogen deficiency on the fixation of titanium implants in chronic kidney disease mice. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(3):1073–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Sun N, Duan X, et al. Estrogen deficiency leads to further bone loss in the mandible of CKD mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman CL, Creecy A, Granke M, et al. Raloxifene improves skeletal properties in an animal model of cystic chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2016;89(1):95–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanatani M, Sugimoto T, Takahashi Y, et al. Estrogen via the estrogen receptor blocks cAMP-mediated parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated osteoclast formation. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(5):854–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B-Y, Wu P-W, Bringhurst FR, et al. Estrogen inhibition of PTH-stimulated osteoclast formation and attachment in vitro: involvement of both PKA and PKC. Endocrinology. 2002;143(2):627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani P, Remuzzi G, Glassock R, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voelkl J, Lang F, Eckardt K-U, et al. Signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(11):2077–2091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzewuska-Lech E, Jayachandran M, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol and raloxifene on VSMC phenotype and expression of osteoblast-associated proteins. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;289(1):E105–E112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanao-Hamai M, Son B-K, Hashizume T, et al. Protective effects of estrogen against vascular calcification via estrogen receptor α-dependent growth arrest-specific gene 6 transactivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;480(3):429–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SA, Lee KY, Kim J-R, et al. Estrogenic compound attenuates angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through interaction between LKB1 and estrogen receptor α. J Pharmacol Sci. 2016;132(1):78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SP, Yang WS, Lee KS, et al. Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2002;24(1):49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick J, Chonchol M. Novel therapeutic options for the treatment of mineral metabolism abnormalities in end stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2015;28(6):610–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(4 Suppl 3):S1–S201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma H, Ouyang C, Huang Y, et al. Comparison of microwave ablation treatments in patients with renal secondary and primary hyperparathyroidism. Ren Fail. 2020;42(1):66–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu M-A, Yao L, Zhang L, et al. Safety and efficiency of microwave ablation for recurrent and persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy: a retrospective pilot study. Int J Hyperthermia. 2016;32(2):180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin X-H, Lin C-C, Wang Y-J, et al. Risk factors of the peptic ulcer bleeding in aging uremia patients under regular hemodialysis. J Chin Med Assoc. 2018;81(12):1027–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakasugi M, Matsuo K, Kazama JJ, et al. Higher mortality due to intracerebral hemorrhage in dialysis patients: a comparison with the general population in Japan. Ther Apher Dial. 2015;19(1):45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal AS, Gangji AS, Crowther MA, et al. Uremic bleeding: pathophysiology and clinical risk factors. Thromb Res. 2006;118(3):417–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt BJ. Bleeding and coagulopathies in critical care. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):847–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain S, Siddiqui AN, Baxi H, et al. Warfarin use increases bleeding risk in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(6):975–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii M, Ogawa H, Unoki T, et al. Relationship of hypertension and systolic blood pressure with the risk of stroke or bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Fushimi AF Registry. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(11):1073–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Takagi D, Hamatani Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: the Fushimi AF Registry. Heart Vessels. 2016;31(12):2025–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez J, Bryant S, Hermes-DeSantis ER. Transdermal estradiol for the management of refractory uremic bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(9):e177–e183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei J, Harakalova M, den Ruijter H, et al. Cardiorenal disease connection during post-menopause: the protective role of estrogen in uremic toxins induced microvascular dysfunction. Int J Cardiol. 2017;238:22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, et al. Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3(3):138–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szilagyi A, Ghali MP. Pharmacological therapy of vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Can J Gastroenterol. 2006;20(3):171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muftah M, Mulki R, Dhere T, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Gastroenterol. 2019;32(2):113–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosconi G, Mambelli E, Zanchelli F, et al. Severe gastrointestinal bleeding in a uremic patient treated with estrogen-progesterone therapy. Int J Artif Organs. 1999;22(5):313–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans C, Goffin E, Horsmans Y, et al. Watermelon stomach. An unusual cause of recurrent upper GI tract bleeding in the uraemic patient: efficient treatment with oestrogen-progesterone therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(5):871–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bali A, Hix JK, Kouides P. Safe and effective use of chronic transdermal estradiol for life-threatening uremic bleeding in a patient with coronary artery disease. Nephron Extra. 2014;4(2):134–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viganò G, Zoja C, Corna D, et al. 17 beta-estradiol is the most active component of the conjugated estrogen mixture active on uremic bleeding by a receptor mechanism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;252(1):344–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Pinto S, et al. Mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction associated with acute estrogen deprivation in normotensive women. Circulation. 2000;101(19):2258–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunini TMC, da Silva CD, Siqueira MAS, et al. Uremia, atherothrombosis and malnutrition: the role of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2006;6(2):133–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunini TMC, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Ellory JC, et al. Platelet nitric oxide synthesis in uremia and malnutrition: a role for L-arginine supplementation in vascular protection? Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73(2):359–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurney EP, Nachtigall MJ, Nachtigall LE, et al. The Women's Health Initiative trial and related studies: 10 years later: a clinician's view. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;142:4–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Manson JE, Kaunitz AM, et al. Lessons learned from the Women's Health Initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(1):172–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K/DOQI Workgroup. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(4 Suppl 3):S1–S153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer HM, Curhan GC, Singh A, Hemodialysis and Estrogen Levels in Postmenopausal Patients Study Group. Permanent cessation of menses and postmenopausal hormone use in dialysis-dependent women: the HELP study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(3):643–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellanki K, Hou S. Menopause in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(5):710–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrowolski C, Clark EG, Sood MM. Venous thromboembolism in chronic kidney disease: epidemiology, the role of proteinuria, CKD severity and therapeutics. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017;43(2):241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu HY, Liao KM. Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in end-stage renal disease patients. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang M-J, Wei R-b, Wang Y, et al. Blood coagulation system in patients with chronic kidney disease: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e014294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shashar M, Belghasem ME, Matsuura S, et al. Targeting STUB1-tissue factor axis normalizes hyperthrombotic uremic phenotype without increasing bleeding risk. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(417): eaam8475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLoughery TG. Estrogen and thrombosis: controversies and common sense. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2011;12(2):77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed SB, Ramesh S. Sex hormones in women with kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(11):1787–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli SP. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with end-stage renal disease (1). Kidney Int. 2000;57(1):341–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshi-Fukushima R, Nakamoto H, Imai H, et al. Estrogen and angiotensin II interactions determine cardio-renal damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats with heart failure. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(3):413–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar