Bone marrow macrophage iron content and sideroblast count in iron- and ESA-naïve patients with CKD-related anemia

References

• Portolés J, Martín L, Broseta JJ, et al. Anemia in chronic kidney disease: from pathophysiology and current treatments, to future agents. Front Med. 2021;8:1. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642296.
   Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K, Hoffken B, Wunsch H, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in renal failure patients during the post-erythropoietin era. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;26(2):292–9. doi: 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90649-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotloib L, Silverberg D, Shostak A. Iron deficiency is a very common cause of anemia in chronic kidney insufficiency and can often be corrected with IV iron. J Nephrol. 2006;19:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha LA, Barreto DV, Barreto FC, et al. Serum ferritin level remains a reliable marker of bone marrow iron stores evaluated by histomorphometry in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stancu S, Stanciu A, Zugravu A, et al. Bone marrow iron, iron indices, and the response to intravenous iron in patients with non–Dialysis-Dependent CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(4):639–647. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali M, Fayemi AO, Rigolosi R, et al. Hemosiderosis in hemodialysis patients: an autopsy study of 50 cases. JAMA. 1980;244(4):343–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali M, Fayemi AO, Frascino J, et al. Failure of serum ferritin levels to predict bone-marrow iron content after intravenous iron-dextran therapy. Lancet. 1982;1(8273):652–655. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92204-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganz T. Molecular control of iron transport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(2):394–400. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006070802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron balance and the role of hepcidin in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36(2):87–93. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):1011–1023. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra041809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnough LT, Nemeth E, Ganz T. Detection, evaluation, and management of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Blood. 2010;116(23):4754–4761. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-286260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain BJ, Clark DM, Wilkins BS. Bone marrow pathology. 4th ed. Singapore: WileyBlackwell; 2010. p. 100–165.
   Google Scholar
• Macdougall IC, White C, Anker SD, et al. Intravenous iron in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(5):447–458. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1810742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Anemia Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:279–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Ganz T, Goodnough LT. Anemia of inflammation. Blood. 2019;133(1):40–50. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor EK, Kapitsinou P, Pergola PE, et al. Iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease: updates on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(3):456–468. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2019020213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Ganz T. Regulation of iron metabolism by hepcidin. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:323–342. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez OM. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in CKD and end-stage kidney disease. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6(9):2261–2269. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinkels DW, Wetzels JFM. Hepcidin: a new tool in the management of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(8):2450–2453. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby DR, Gale DP, Busbridge M, et al. Plasma hepcidin levels are elevated but responsive to erythropoietin therapy in renal disease. Kidney Int. 2009;75(9):976–981. doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Theurl I, Eder S, et al. Serum hepcidin concentration in chronic haemodialysis patients: associations and effects of dialysis, iron and erythropoietin therapy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(10):883–890. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02182.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford BA, Eby CS, Scott MG, et al. Intra-individual variability in serum hepcidin precludes its use as a marker of iron status in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2010;78(8):769–773. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, et al. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11: a0828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. Canada-USA (CANUSA). J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:198–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath CE, Finch CA. Sternal marrow hemosiderin: a method for the determination of available iron stores in man. J Lab Clin Med. 1948;33:81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes DA, Stuart-Smith SE, Bain BJ. How should stainable iron in bone marrow films be assessed? J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(10):1038–1040. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2003.015834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel K, Hathila RN, Patel PR. A study of iron store in bone marrow and its correlation in various anemia. JDPO. 2022;7(1):18–21. doi: 10.18231/j.jdpo.2022.004.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen H, Weinfeld A. Hemosiderin estimations and sideroblasts counts in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency and other anemias. Acta Med Scand. 1959;165:333–356. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1959.tb14509.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porwit A, McCullough J, Wendy N, et al. Blood and bone marrow pathology. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2011. pp. 79–100.
   Google Scholar
• Brătescu LO, Bârsan L, Munteanu D, et al. Is hepcidin-25 a clinically relevant parameter for the iron status in hemodialysis patients? J Ren Nutr. 2010;20(5 Suppl):S77–S83. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittbrodt ET, James G, Kumar S, et al. Contemporary outcomes of anemia in US patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(2):244–252. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babitt JL, Eisenga MF, Haase VH, et al. Controversies in optimal anemia management: conclusions from a kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) conference. Kidney Int. 2021;99(6):1280–1295. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson T. Evaluation of a competitive hepcidin ELISA assay in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia with concurrent inflammation and anaemia of inflammation in elderly patients. J Inflamm. 2017;14(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12950-017-0166-3.
   Google Scholar
• Macdougall IC. Intravenous iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: recent evidence and future directions. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(Suppl 1):i16–i24. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hung SC, Tarng DC. Bone marrow iron in CKD: correlation with functional iron deficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(4):617–621. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.12.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapa SF, Di Iorio BR, Campiglia P, et al. Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease - Potential therapeutic role of minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites. IJMS. 2019;21(1):263. doi: 10.3390/ijms21010263.
   Google Scholar
• Mircescu G, Garneata L, Capusa C, et al. Intravenous iron supplementation for the treatment of anaemia in pre-dialyzed chronic renal failure patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(1):120–124. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfi087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavese C, Bergamo D, Ciccone G, et al. Low-dose continuous iron therapy leads to a positive iron balance and decreased serum transferrin levels in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(6):1564–1570. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari P, Kulkarni H, Dheda S, et al. Serum iron markers are inadequate for guiding iron repletion in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):77–83. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04190510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganz T. Hepcidin and iron regulation, 10 years later. Blood. 2011;117(17):4425–4433. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-258467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi T, Kuragano T, Nanami M, et al. Importance of ferritin for optimizing anemia therapy in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2010;32(5):439–446. doi: 10.1159/000320733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lee GH. The fascinating but deceptive ferritin: to measure it or not to measure in chronic kindey disease? Clin Am J Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(Suppl 1):S9–S18. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01390406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaritsky J, Young B, Gales B, et al. Reduction of serum hepcidin by haemodialysis in pediatric and adult patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(6):1010–1014. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08161109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenson N, Bailey J, Durairaj S, et al. A simplified diagnostic pathway for the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease. Int J Lab Hematol. 2021;43(6):1644–1652. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.13666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galesloot TE, Vermeulen SH, Geurts-Moespot AJ, et al. Serum hepcidin: reference ranges and biochemical correlates in the general population. Blood. 2011;117(25):e218–e225. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-337907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diepeveen LE, Laarakkers CMM, Martos G, et al. Provisional standardization of hepcidin assays: creating a traceability chain with a primary reference ­material, candidate reference method and a commutable secondary reference material. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;57(6):864–872. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar