- Carmichael , W.W. and Falconer , I.A. 1993 . “ Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures ” . In Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water , Edited by: Falconer , I.A. 187 – 209 . New York : Academic Press .
- Carmichael , W.W. 1992 . Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites-the cyanotoxins . Applied Bacteriology , 72 : 445 – 459 .
- Bell , S.G. and Codd , G.A. 1994 . Cyanobacterial toxins and human health . Reviews in Medical Microbiology , 5 : 256 – 264 .
- Fischer , W.J. and Dietrich , D.R. 2000 . Pathological and biochemical characterization of microcystin-induced hepatopancreas and kidney damage in carp (Cyprinus carpio} . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 164 : 73 – 81 .
- Dawson , R.M. 1998 . The toxicology of microcystins . Toxicon , 16 : 953 – 962 .
- Matthiensen , A. , Seattle , K.A. , Yunes , I.S. , Kaya , K. and Codd , G.A. 2000 . [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR, from the cyanobacterium Microcystis RST 9501 and from a Microcystis bloom in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil . Phytochemistry , 55 : 383 – 387 .
- Park , H. , Namikoshi , M. , Brittain , S.M. , Carmichael , W.W. and Murphy , T. 2001 . [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR, a new microcystin isolated from waterbloom in a Canadian prairie lake . Toxicon , 39 : 855 – 862 .
- Runnengar , M. , Berndt , N. , Kong , S. , Lee , E.Y.C. and Zhang , L. 1995 . In vivo and in vitro binding of microcystin to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 216 : 162 – 169 .
- Tencalla , F.G. , Dietrich , D.R. and Schlatter , C. 1994 . Toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxin to yearling rainbow trout (Oncorhyunchus mykiss} . Aquatic Toxicology , 30 : 215 – 224 .
- Bury , N.R. , Newlands , A.D. , Eddy , F.B. and Codd , G.A. 1998 . In vivo and in vitro intestinal transport of 3H-microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss} . Aquatic Toxicology , 42 : 139 – 148 .
- Vasconcelos , V. , Oliveira , S. and Teles , F.O. 2001 . Impact of a toxic and a non-toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa on the crayfish Procambarus clarkii . Toxicon , 39 : 1461 – 1470 .
- Carmichael , W.W. 1994 . The toxins of cyanobacteria . Scientific American , 270 : 64 – 72 .
- Dunn , J. 1996 . Algae kill dialysis patients in Brazil . British Medical Journal. , 312 : 1183 – 1184 .
- Magalhäes , V.F. , Scares , R.M. and Azevedo , S.M.F. 2001 . Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepagua Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil}: ecological implication and human health risk . Toxicon , 39 : 1077 – 1085 .
- Carbis , C.R. , Mitchell , G.F. , Anderson , J.W. and McCauley , L . 1996a . The effects of microcystins on the serum biochemistry of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., when the toxins are administered by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal routes . Fish Diseases , 19 : 151 – 159 .
- Carbis , C.R. , Rawlin , G.T. , Mitchell , G.F. , Anderson , J.W. and McCauley , I. 1996b . The histopathology of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., exposed to microsystins by gavage, immersion and intraperitoneal administration . Fish Diseases , 19 : 199 – 207 .
- Guzman , R.E. and Solter , P.F. 1999 . Hepatic oxidative stress following prolonged sublethal microcystin LR exposure . Toxicology and Pathology , 27 : 582 – 588 .
- Thompson , W.L. and Pace , J.G. 1992 . Substances that protect cultured hepatocytes from the toxic effects of microcystin-LR . Toxicology in Vitro , 6 : 579 – 587 .
- Toi vola , D.M. and Eriksson , J.E. 1999 . Toxins affecting cell signalling and alteration of cytoskeletal structure . Toxicology in Vitro , 13 : 521 – 530 .
- Pflugmacher , S. , Wiegand , C. , Oberemm , A. , Beattie , K.A. , Krause , E. , Codd , G.A. and Steinberg , C.E.W. 1998 . Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. , 1425 : 527 – 533 .
- Eriksson , J.E. , Toivola , D. , Meriluoto , J.A.O. , Karaki , H. and Hartshorne , D. 1990 . Hepatocyte deformation induced by cyanobacterial toxins reflects inhibition of protein phosphatases . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication , 173 : 1347 – 1353 .
- Battle , T. , Touchant , C. , Moulsdale , H.J. , Dowsett , B. and Stacey , G.N. 1997 . New cell substrates for in vitro evaluation of microcystin hepato-cytoxicity . Toxicology in Vitro , 11 : 557 – 567 .
- Ding , W.X. , Shen , H.M. , Zhu , H.G. and Ong , C.N. 1998a . Studies on oxidative damage induced by cyanobacteria extract in primary cultured rat hepatocytes . Environmental Research , 784 : 12 – 18 .
- Ding , W.X. , Shen , H.M. , Zhu , H.G. and Ong , C.N. 1998b . Microcystic cyanobacteria causes mitochondria! membrane potential alteration and reactive species formation in primary cultured rat hepatocytes . Environmental Health Perspectives , 106 : 409 – 413 .
- Ding , W.X. , Shen , H.M. and Ong , C.N. 2000 . Microcystic cyanobacteria extract induces cytoskeletal disruption and intracellular glutathione alteration in hepatocytes . Environmental Health Perspectives , 108 : 605 – 609 .
- Ding , W.X. , Shen , H.M. and Ong , C.N. 2001 . Critical role of reactive oxygen species formation in microcystin-induced cytoskeleton disruption in primary cultured hepatocytes . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 64 : 507 – 519 .
- Storey , K.B. 1996 . Oxidative stress: animal adaptations in nature . Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 29 : 1715 – 1733 .
- Lankoff , A. , Banasik , A. and Nowak , M. 2002 . Protective effect of melatonin against nodularin-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver . Archives of Toxicology , 76 : 158 – 165 .
- Kono , Y. and Fridovich , I. 1982 . Superoxide radical inhibits catalase . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 10 : 5751 – 5754 .
- Escobar , I.A. , Rubio , M.A. and Lissi , E.A. 1996 . SOD and catalase inactivation by singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 20 : 285 – 290 .
- Griffith , O.W. 1999 . Biologic and pharmacologie regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 27 : 922 – 935 .
- Sies , H. 1999 . Glutathione and its role in cellular functions . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 27 : 916 – 921 .
- Takenaka , S. 2001 . Covalent glutathione to cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin LR by F344 rat cytosolic and microsomal glutathione-S-transferases . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 9 : 135 – 139 .
- Metcalf , I.S. , Beatle , K.A. , Pflugmacher , S. and Codd , G.A. 2000 . Immuno-crossreactivity and toxicity assessment of conjugation products of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR . FEBS Microbiology Letters , 189 : 155 – 158 .
- Vinagre , T.M. , Alciati , I.C. , Yunes , J.S. , Richards , I. , Bianchini , A. and Monserrat , I.M. 2002 . Effects of extracts from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on ion-regulation and gill Na+, K + -ATPase and K + dependent phosphatase activities of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Grapsidae} . Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 75 : 51 – 58 .
- Best , J.H. , Pflugmacher , S. , Wiegand , C. , Eddy , F.B. , Metcalf , J.S. and Codd , G.A. 2002 . Effects of enteric bacterial and cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides, and of microcystin-LR, on glutathione-S-transferase activities in zebra fish (Danio rerio} . Aquatic Toxicology , 60 : 223 – 231 .
- Freedman , J.H. , Ciriolo , M.R. and Peisach , J. 1989 . The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 264 : 5598 – 5605 .
- Gaeta , V. , Canelo , E. , Lagos , N. and Zambrano , F. 1994 . Inhibitory effects of Microcystis aeruginosa toxin on ion pumps of the gill of freshwater fish . Toxicon , 32 : 121 – 127 .
- Bury , N.R. , Flik , G. , Eddy , F.B. and Codd , G.A. 1996 . The effects of cyanobacteria and the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR on Ca2 + transport and Na + /K + ATPase in tilapia gills . Journal of Experimental Biology , 199 : 1319 – 1326 .
- Zambrano , F. and Canelo , E. 1996 . Effects of microcystin-LR on the partial reactions of the Na + -K+ pump or the gill of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linneo} . Toxicon , 34 : 451 – 458 .
- Bury , N.R. , Codd , G.A. , Wendelaar Bonga , S.E. and Flik , G. 1998 . Fatty acids from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa with potent inhibitory effects on fish gill Na + , K + ATPase activity . Journal of Experimental Biology , 201 : 81 – 89 .
- Albers , R.W. and Koval , GJ. 1972 . Sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. VII. Concurrent inhibition of Na + -K + -adenosine triphosphatase and activation of K + nitrophenylphosphatase activities . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 247 : 3088 – 3092 .
- Wright , S.H. 1991 . “ The interface of animal and aqueous environment: strategies and constraints on the maintenance of solute balance ” . In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes , Edited by: Hochachka , P.W. and Mommsen , T.P. 16S – 180 . Amsterdam : Eisevier .
- Péqueux , A. 1995 . Osmotic regulation in crustaceans . Journal of Crustacean Biology , 15 : 1 – 60 .
- Boldyrev , A.A. and Bulygina , E.R. 1997 . Na/K- ATPase and oxidative stress . Annals of New York Academy of Science , 834 : 666 – 668 .
- Rauchova , H. , Drahota , Z. and Koudelova , J. 1999 . The role of membrane fluidity changes and thiobarbituric acid-reactives substances production in the inhibition of cerebral cortex NA +, K + ATPase activity . Physiologial Research , 48 : 73 – 78 .
- Castilho , P.C. , Martins , I.A. and Bianchini , A. 2001 . Gill Na + , K +-ATPase and osmoregulation in the estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata Dana, 1851 (Decapoda, Grapsidae} . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 256 : 215 – 227 .
- Morohashi , M. , Tsuchiya , K. , Mita , T. and Kawamura , M. 1991 . Identification of (Na, K} ATPase inhibitor in brine shrimp, Anemia salina, as long-chain fatty acids . Journal of Comparative Physiology , 161 B : 69 – 72 .
- Ikawa , M. , Haney , J.H. and Sasner , J.I. 1996 . Inhibition of Chlorella growth by the lipids of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa . Hydrobiologia , 331 : 167 – 170 .
- Ikawa , M. , Sasner , J.J. and Haney , J.F. 1997 . Inhibition of Chlorella growth by degradation and related products of linoleic and linolenic acids and the possible significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phytoplankton ecology . Hydrobiologia , 356 : 143 – 148 .
- Thomas , C.E. and Reed , DJ. 1990 . Radical-induced inactivation of kidney Na + , K + ATPase: sensitivity to membrane lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of vitamin E . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 281 : 96 – 105 .
- Rohn , T.T. , Hinds , T.R. and Vincenzi , F.F. 1993 . Ion transport ATPases as targets for free radical damage. Protection by an aminosteroid of the Ca2 + pump ATPase and Na + /K + pump ATPase of human red blood cell membranes . Biochemistry and Pharmacology , 46 : 525 – 534 .
- Hitschke , K. , Bühler , R. , Apell , H.-J. and Stark , G. 1994 . Inactivation of the NA, K-ATPase by radiation-induced free radicals. Evidence for a radical-chain mechanism . FEBS Letters , 353 : 297 – 300 .
- Jamme , I. , Petit , E. , Divoux , D. , Gerbi , A. , Maixent , J.-M. and Nouvelot , A. 1995 . Modulation of mouse cerebral Na +, K + -ATPase activity by oxygen free radicals . Neuro Report , 7 : 333 – 337 .
- Keppler , D. 1999 . Export pumps for glutathione S-conjugates . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 27 : 985 – 991 .
- Lecurer , V. , Courtois , A. , Payen , L. , Verhnet , L. , Guillouzo , A. and Fardel , O. 2000 . Expression and regulation of hepatic drug and bile acid transporters . Toxicology , 153 : 203 – 219 .
- Borst , P. , Evers , R. , Kool , M. and Wijnholds , J. 1999 . The multidrug resistance protein family . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 461 : 347 – 357 .
- Bard , S.M. 2000 . Multixenobiotic resistance as a cellular defense mechanism in aquatic organism . Aquatic Toxicology , 48 : 357 – 389 .
- Köhler , A. , Lauritzen , B. , Iansen , D. , Bottcher , P. , Teguliwa , L. , Krune , G. and Broeg , K. 1998 . Detection of P-glycoprotein mediated MDR/MXR in Carcinus maenas hepatopancreas by immuno-gold-silver labeling . Marine Environmental Research , 46 : 411 – 414 .
- Sahin , A. , Tencalla , F.G , Dietrich , D.R. and Naegeli , H. 1996 . Biliary excretion of biochemically active cyanobacteria (blue-green algae} hepatotoxins in fish . Toxicology , 106 : 123 – 130 .
- Kurelec , B. 1995 . Inhibition of multixenobiotic resistance in aquatic organisms: ecotoxic consequences . Science of the Total Environment , 171 : 197 – 204 .
- Smital , T. and Kurelec , B. 1998 . The activity of mutixenobiotic resistance mechanism determined by rhodamine B-efflux method as a biomarker of exposure . Marine Environmental Research , 46 : 443 – 447 .
- Smital , T. , Sauerborn , R. , Pivcevic , B. , Krca , S. and Kurelec , B. 2000 . Interspecies differences in P-glycoprotein mediated activity of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in several marine and freshwater invertebrates . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 1260 : 175 – 186 .
- Yunes , I.S. , Salomon , P.S. , Matthiensen , A. , Beattie , K.A. , Raggett , S.L. and Codd , G.A. 1996 . Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in the Patos Lagon Estuary, southern Brazil . Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health , 5 : 223 – 229 .
- Dawson , J.F. and Holmes , C.F.B. 1999 . Molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein phosphatases by marine toxins . Frontiers in Bioscience , 4 : 646 – 658 .
- Xu , L. , Lam , P.K.S. , Chen , J. , Zhang , Y. and Harada , K. 2000 . Comparative study on in vitro inhibition of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon ideallus} and mouse protein phosphatases by microcystins . Environmental Toxicology , 15 : 71 – 75 .
Toxicological Effects of Hepatotoxins (Microcystins) on Aquatic Organisms
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.