- Shumway , E.S. 1995 . Phycotoxin-related shellfish poisoning: bivalve molluscs ate not the only vectors . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 3 : 1 – 31 .
- Lagos , N. 1998 . Microalgal bloom: a global issue with negative impact in Chile . Biological Research , 31 : 375 – 386 .
- Bricelj , V.M. and Shumway , E. 1998 . Paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve molluscs: occurrence, transfer kinetics, and biotransformation . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 6 : 315 – 383 .
- White , A.W. Blooms of toxic algae worldwide: Their effects on fish farming and shellfish resources . Proceedings of the International Conference on the Impact of Toxic Algae on Mariculture, Aqua-Nor '87 Exhibition . August 13-18 1987 , Trondhein, Norway. pp. 9 – 14 .
- Smayda , T. 1992 . “ Global epidemic of noxious phytoplankton blooms and food chain consequences in large ecosystems ” . In Food Chains, Yields, Models, and Management of Large Ecosystems , Edited by: Sherman , K.L.M.A. and Gold , B.D. 275 – 307 . Boulder, Co : Westview Press .
- Hallegraeff , G.M. 1993 . A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase . Phycologia , 32 : 79 – 99 .
- Landsberg , J.H. 2002 . The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms . Reviews in Fisheries Science , 10 : 113 – 390 .
- Geraci , J.A. , Anderson , D.M. , Timperi , R.J. , Aubin , D.J.St. , Early , G.A. , Prescott , J.A. and Mayo , C.A. 1989 . Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae} fatally poisoned by dinoflagellate toxin . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , 46 : 1895 – 1898 .
- Anderson , D.M. and White , A.W. 1989 . “ Toxic dinoflagellates and marine mammal mortalities ” . In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms , Edited by: Yasumoto , T. , Oshima , Y. and Fukuyo , Y. 117 – 120 . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO .
- Lagos , N. 2002 . “ Principales toxinas de origen fitoplantónico: identificatión y cuantificación mediante cromatografia liquida de alta resolución (HPLC} ” . In Floraciones Algales Nocivas en el Cono Sur Americana , Edited by: Sar , E.A. , Ferrario , M.E. and Reguera , B. 55 – 76 . Institute Español Oceanográfico .
- Yasumoto , T. and Murata , M. 1993 . Marine toxins . Chemical Reviews , 93 : 1897 – 1909 .
- Falconer , I.R. 1996 . Potential impact on human health of toxic cyanobacteria . Phycologia , 36 : 6 – 11 .
- Carteto , J.J. , Benavides , H.R. , Negri , R.M. and Glorioso , P.D. 1986 . Toxic red-tide in the Argentine sea. Phytoplankton distribution and survival of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata in a frontal area . Journal of Plankton Research , 8 : 15 – 28 .
- Carreto , J.J. , Elbusto , C. , Sancho , H. , Carignan , M. , Cucchi , D. , De Marco , S. and Fernández , A. 1993 . “ An exploratory analysis of the Mar del Plata shellfish toxicity area (1980-1990} ” . In Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea , Edited by: Samayda , T.J. and Shimizu , Y. 377 – 382 . Elsevler .
- Benavides , H. , Prado , L. , Díaz , S. and Carreto , J.L. 1995 . “ An exceptional bloom of Alexandrium catenella in the Beagle Channel, Argentina ” . In Harmful Marine Algal Blooms: Intercept Edited by: Lassus , P. , Arzul , G. , Erard , E. , Gentien , P. and Marcaillou , C. 113 – 119 . Paris
- Carreto , J. J. , Montoya , N.G. , Cucchi , C.A.D. and Akselman , R. 1998 . “ Alexandrium tamarense blooms and shellfish toxicity in the Argentine sea: a retrospective view ” . In Harmful Algae, Xunta de Galicia , Edited by: Reguera , B. , Blanco , J. , Fernandez , M.L. and Wyatt , T. 131 – 134 . Intergovernmental Oceanographie Commission of UNESCO .
- Compagnon , D. , Lembeye , G. , Marcos , N. , Ruiz-Tagle , N. and Lagos , N. 1998 . Accumulation of PSP toxins in the bivalve Aulacomya ater and two carnivorous gastropods Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliformes during an Alexandrium catenella bloom in southern Chile . Journal of Shellfish Research , 17 : 67 – 73 .
- Andrinolo , D. , Santinelli , N. , Otafio , S. , Sastre , V. and Lagos , N. 1999 . Paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels and Alexandrium tamarense at Valdes Peninsula, Chubut, Patagonia Argentina: Kinetic of a natural depuration . Journal of Shellfish Research , 18 : 203 – 209 .
- Uribe , J.C. , Garcia , C. , Rivas , M. and Lagos , N. 2001 . First report of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Magallanic fiords, southern Chile . Journal of Shellfish Research. , 20 : 69 – 74 .
- Segers , P.A. 1908 . Primera observación de una causa de enfermedad del higado causando una hipertrofia y cirrosis atrófica consecutives por excesividad funcional, debido a absorción de toxinas, y primera observación de esplenomegalia concomitante con hipertrofia de baso en estas infecciones . La Semana Médica (Buenos Aires}. , 20 : 117 – 119 .
- Guzmán , L. , Campodónico , I. and Hermosilla , S. 1975 . Estudios sobre un floreciento tóxico causado por Gonyaulax catenella en Magallanes. I. Distribution espacial y temporal de G. catenella . Anales del Institute Patagónico, Punta Arenas (Chue} , 4 : 173 – 183 .
- Lembeye , G. , Guzmán , L. and Campodónico , I. 1975 . Estudios sobre un florecimiento toxico causado por Gonyaula catenella en Magallanes. III . Fitoplancton asociado. Anales del Institute Patagónico, Punta Arenas (Chile} , : 197 – 208 .
- Lembeye , G. 1992 . Major PSP outbreak in Chile. 1991-1992 . Harmful Algae Newsletters (IOC/UNESCO}. , 2 : 1 – 2 .
- Lagos , N. , García , C. , Ruiz-Tagle , N. , Andrinolo , D. , Compagnon , D. and Salas , K. 2001 . “ Toxinas paralizantes en microalgas, un ejemplo de biodiversidad ” . In Sustentabilidad de la Biodiversidad. Un problema actual. Bases científico técnicas, teorizaciones y proyecciones , Edited by: Alveal , K. and Antezana , T. 253 – 264 . Chile : Universidad de Concepción .
- Sournia , A. , Chretiennot-Dinet , M.J. and Ricard , M. 1991 . Marine phytoplankton: How many species in the world ocean? . Journal of Plankton Research , 13 : 1093 – 1099 .
- Carmichael , W.W. and Falconer , I.A. 1993 . “ Diseases related to freshwater blue-green algal toxins, and control measures ” . In Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water , Edited by: Falconer , I.A. 187 – 209 . New York : Academic Press .
- Oshima , Y. 1995 . Postcolumn derivatization liquid Chromatographie method for paralytic shellfish toxins . Journal of AOAC International. , 78 : 528 – 532 .
- Onodera , H. , Satake , M. , Oshima , Y. , Yasumoto , T. and Carmichael , W.W. 1997 . New saxitoxin analogues from the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei . Natural Toxins , 5 : 146 – 151 .
- Yin , Q.Q. , Carmichael , W.W. and Evans , W.R. 1997 . Factors influencing growth and toxin production by cultures of the freshwater cyanobacteriurn Lyngbya wollei Farlow ex Gamont . Journal of Applied Phycology , 9 : 55 – 63 .
- Humpage , A.R. , Rositano , J. , Bretag , A.H. , Brown , R. , Baker , P.D. , Nicholson , B.C. and Steffensen , D.A. 1994 . Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian blue-green algal (cyanobacterial} blooms . Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 45 : 761 – 771 .
- Negri , A.P. and Jones , G.J. 1995 . Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP} toxins from the cyanobacteriurn Anabaena circinalisby the freshwater mussel Alathyria condola . Toxicon , 33 : 667 – 678 .
- Onodera , H. , Oshima , Y. , Watanabe , M.F. , Watanabe , M. , Bolch , C.J. , Blackburn , S. and Yasumoto , T. 1996 . “ Screening of paralytic shellfish toxins in freshwater cyanobacteria and chemical confirmation of the toxins in cultured Anabaena circinalisfrom Australia ” . In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms , Edited by: Yasumoto , T. , Oshima , Y. and Fukuyo , Y. 563 – 566 . IOC UNESCO .
- Lagos , N. , Onodera , H. , Zagatto , P.A. , Andrinolo , D. , Azevedo , S.M.F.Q and Oshima , Y. 1999 . The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacteriurn Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil . Toxicon , 37 : 1359 – 1373 .
- Molica , R. , Onodera , H. , Garcia , C. , Rivas , M. , Andrinolo , D. , Nascimento , S. , Meguro , H. , Oshima , Y. , Azevedo , S. and Lagos , N. 2002 . Toxins in the freshwater cyanobacteriurn Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanophyceae} isolated from Tabocas reservoir in Caruaru, Brazil, including demonstration of a new saxitoxin analogue . Phycologia , 41 : 606 – 611 .
- La Barbera , S.A. and Estrella , G. 1996 . “ Occurrence of toxic dinoflagellates and PSP on the northeast coast of Sucre state, Venezuela: Relationship with environmental parameters ” . In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms , Edited by: Yasumoto , T. , Oshima , Y. and Fukuyo , Y. 117 – 120 . Paris : IOC of UNESCO .
- Pereira , P. , Onodera , H. , Andrinolo , D. , Franca , S. , Araujo , F. , Lagos , N. and Oshima , Y. 2000 . Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated from Montargil reservoir, Portugal . Toxicon , 38 : 1689 – 1702 .
- Medina , D. , Inocente , G. and Lopez , C. 1993 . “ PSP in bivalve molluscs along the Uruguayan coast ” . In Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea , Edited by: Smayda , T.J. and Shimizu , Y. 425 – 428 . Elsevier .
- Mendez , S. , Brazeiro , A. , Ferrari , G. , Medina , D. and Inocente , G. 1993 . Mareas Rojas en el Uruguay. Instituto Nacional de Pesca, Programa de Control y Actualizatión de Resultados , Informe Técnico N° 46
- Pomati , F. , Sacchi , S. , Rossetti , C. , Giovannardi , S. , Onodera , H. , Oshima , Y. and Neilan , B.A. 2000 . The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp FPl: molecular identification and detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . Journal of Phycology , 36 : 553 – 562 .
- Proença , L.A. , Lagos , N. , Rorig , L. , Silva , M. and Guimaraes , S. 1999 . Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins - PST in southern Brazilian waters . Ciencia e Cultura , 51 : 16 – 21 .
- Andrinolo , D. , Iglesias , V. , García , C. and Lagos , N. 2002 . Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of gonyautoxins after an oral toxin dose in cats . Toxicon , 40 : 699 – 709 .
- La Barbera , S.A. , Hall , S. and Ferraz-Reyes , E. 1993 . “ Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium catenatumsnd PSP in Venezuela ” . In Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea , Edited by: Smayda , T.J. and Shimizu , Y. 281 – 282 . Elsevier .
- Elbusto , C. , Carreto , J.J. , Benavides , H.R. , Sancho , H. , Cucchi Colleoni , D. , Carignan , M.O. , M.O. and Fernandez , A. 1993 . “ Paaralytic shellfish toxicity in the Argentine sea, 1990: an extraordinary year ” . In Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea , Edited by: Smayda , T.J. and Shimizu , Y. 229 – 233 . Elsevier .
- Muñoz , P. , Avaria , S. , Sievers , H. and Prado , R. 1992 . Presencia de dinoflagelados toxicos del genera Dinophysis en el seno de Aysen, Chile . Revista de Biolgía Marina , 27 : 187 – 212 .
- Santinelli , N. , Caille , G. and Lettieri , A. 1994 . Harmful algae and PSP toxicity along north Patagonia coast. Harmful Algae News , Vol. 9 , 6 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC}, UNESCO .
- Bricelj , V.M. , Lee , L.H. and Cembella , D. 1991 . Influence of dinoflagellate cell toxicity on uptake and loss of paralytic shellfish toxins in the northen quahog Mercenaria mercenaria . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 74 : 33 – 46 .
- Baleen , E. 1964 . El plancton de Mar del Plata durante el período 1961-62 . Boletín del Institute} de Biología Marina , 4 : 49
- Akselman , R. , Carreto , J.J. and Montoya , N.G. 1998 . “ Gymnodinium catenatum and autumn toxicity in northern shelf waters of Argentina ” . In Harmful Algae, Xunta de Galicia , Edited by: Regnera , B. , Blanco , J. , Fernandez , M.L. and Wyatt , T. 122 – 123 . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO .
- Montoya , N.G. , Reyero , M.L , Akselman , R. , Franco , J.M. and Carreto , J.I. 1998 . “ Paralytic shellfish toxins in the anchovy Engraulis anchoita from the Argentinean coast ” . In Harmful Algae, Xunta de Galicia , Edited by: Reguera , B. , Blanco , J. , Fernandez , M.L. and Wyatt , T. 72 – 73 . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO .
- Montoya , N.G. , Akselman , R. , Franco , J.M. and Carreto , J.J. 1996 . “ Paralytic shellfish toxins and mackerel (Scomber japonicus} mortality in the Argentine sea ” . In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms , Edited by: Yasumoto , T. , Oshima , Y. and Fukuyo , Y. 417 – 420 . Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO .
- Mendez , S. 1993 . Alexandrium fraterculus in Uruguayan waters. Harmful Algae News , Vol. 5 , 3 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC}, UNESCO .
- Mendez , S. , Severov , D. , Ferrari , G. and Mesones , C. 1996 . “ Early spring Alexandrium tamarense toxic blooms in Uruguayan waters ” . In Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms , Edited by: Yasumoto , T. , Oshima , Y. and Fukuyo , Y. 113 – 116 . Intergovernmental Oceanographie Commission of UNESCO .
- Odebrecht , C. , Mendez , S. and Garcia , V.M.T. Oceanographic processes and harmful algal blooms in the subtropical southwestern Atlantic (280 - 360 S} . VIII International Conference on Harmful Algae . Vigo. abstract
- Sivonen , K. 1996 . Cyanobacterial toxins and toxin production . Phycologia , 36 : 12 – 24 .
- Jachim , E. and Gentile , I. 1968 . Toxins of a blue-green alga: similarity to saxitoxin . Science1 , 62 : 915 – 916 .
- Ohtani , I. , Moore , R.E. and Runnegar , M.T.C. 1992 . Cylindrospermopsin: a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 114 : 7941 – 7942 .
- Beasley , V.R. , Cook , W.O. , Dahlem , A.M. , Hooser , S.B. , Lovell , R.A. and Valentine , W.M. 1989 . Algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl . Veterinary Clinics of North AmericaFood Animal Practice , 5 : 345 – 361 .
- Thomas , A.D. , Saker , M.L. , Norton , J.H. and Olsen , R.D. 1998 . Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii as a probable cause of deal in cattle in northern Queensland . Australian Veterinary Journal , 76 : 592 – 594 .
- Sivonen , K. and Jones , G.J. 1999 . “ Cyanobacterial toxins: ” . In Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water- a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management , Edited by: Chorus , I. and Bartram , J. 41 – 112 . London : E&FN Spon .
- Tedxeira , M.G.L.C. , Costa , M.C.N. , Carvalho , V.L.P. , Pereira , M.S. and Hage , E. 1993 . Gastroenteritis epidemic in the area of Itaparica Dam, Bahia, Brazil . Bulletin of Pan American Health Organization , 27 : 244 – 253 .
- Azevedo , S.M.F.O. Current studies on toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae} of Brazilian water bodies . IV Congreso Latino-Americano de Ficología . July 28 to August 3 , Caxambu, MG, Brazil. pp. 62
- Jochimsen , E.M. , Carmichael , W.W. , An , J. , Cardo , D.M. , Cookson , S.T. , Holmes , C.E.M. , Antunes , B.C. , MeIo Filho , D.A. , Lyra , T.M. , Barreto , V.S.T. , Azevedo , S.M.F.O. and Jarvis , W.R. 1998 . Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil . New England Journal of Medicine , 338 : 873 – 878 .
- Pouria , S. , de Andrade , A. , Barbosa , J. , Cavalcanti , R.L. , Barreto , V.S.T. , Ward , C.J. , Preiser , W. , Poon , G.K. , Neild , G.H. and Codd , G.A. 1998 . Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil . Lancet , 352 : 21 – 26 .
- Gaete , V. , Canelo , E. , Lagos , N. and Zambrano , F. 1994 . Inhibitory effects of Microcystis aeruginosa Toxin on ion pumps of the gill of freshwater fish . Toxicon , 32 : 121 – 127 .
- Azevedo , S.M.F.O. , Evans , W.R. , Carmichael , W.W. and Namikoshi , M. 1994 . First report of microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa . Journal of Applied Phycology , 6 : 261 – 265 .
- Yunes , J.S. , Salomon , P.S. , Matthiensen , A. , Beattie , K.A. , Raggett , S.L. and Codd , G.A. 1996 . Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in the Patos Lagon Estuary, southern Brazil . Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health , 5 : 223 – 229 .
- Branco , C.W.C. and Senna , P.A.C. 1994 . Factors influencing the development of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa in the Paranoá Reservoir, Brasilia, Brazil . Analogical Studies , 75 : 85 – 96 .
- Souza , R.C.R. , Carvalho , M.C. and Truzzi , A.C. 1998 . Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz.} Seenaya and Subba Raju (Cyanophyceae} dominance and a contribution to the knowledge of Rio Pequeno Arm, Billings Reservoir, Brazil . Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality , 13 : 73 – 81 .
- Bouvy , M , Falcão , D. , Marinho , M. , Pagano , M. and Moura , A. 2000 . Occurrence of Cylindrospermopis (cyanobacteria} in 39 Brazilian tropical reservoirs during the 1998 drought . Aquatic Microbiology and Ecology , 23 : 13 – 27 .
- Porfirio , Z. , Ribeiro , M.P. , Estevam , C.S. , Houly , R.L.S. and Sant'Ana , E.G. 1999 . Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba lagoon, Alagoas - Brazil . Reviews in Microbiology , 30 : 278 – 285 .
- Domingos , P. , Rubim , T.K. , Molica , R.J.R. , Azevedo , S.M.F.O. and Carmichael , W.W. 1999 . First report of microcystin production by picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from a northeast Brazilian drinking water supply . Environmental Toxicology , 14 : 31 – 35 .
- Carmichael , W.W. , Azevedo , S.M.F.O. , An , J.S. , Molica , R.J.R. , Jochimsen , E.M. , Lau , S. , Rinehart , K.L. , Shaw , G.R. and Eaglesham , G.K. 2001 . Human fatalities from cyanobacterial: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins . Environmental Health Perspectives , 109 : 663 – 668 .
- Bressan , F.A. 2001 . “ Fatores reguladores da dominåncia de Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska} Seenayya & Subba-Raju no reservatório Tabocas, Caruaru, PE ” . Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de PósGraduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botånica} . Unpublished master thesis (in Portuguese},
- Huszar , V.L.M. , Silva , L.H.S. , Marinho , M.M. , Domingos , P. and Sant'Anna , C.L. 2000 . Cyanoprokaryotes assemblages in eight productive tropical Brazilian waters . Hydrobiologia , 424 : 67 – 77 .
- Mahmood , N.A. and Carmichae , W.W. 1986 . Paralytic shellfish poisons produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5 . Toxicon , 24 : 175 – 186 .
Paralytic shellfish poisoning phycotoxins: Occurrence in South America
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.