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Original Articles

Transborder Cascadia: Opportunities and obstacles

Pages 99-121 | Published online: 21 Nov 2011

Endnotes

  • Anderson , James , O'Dowd , Liam and Wilson , Thomas M. 2003 . “Why Study Borders Now” . In New Borders For A Changing Europe: Cross‐Border Cooperation and Governance , Edited by: Anderson , James , O'Dowd , Liam and Wilson , Thomas M. 8 London : Frank Cass .
  • van Houtum , H. 2000 . “Introduction: Current Issues and Debates on Borders and Border Regions in European Regional Science” . In Borders, Regions and People , Edited by: van der Velde , M. and van Houtum , H. 1 London : Pion .
  • Blatter , Joachim and Clement , N. 2000 . “Transborder Collaboration in Europe and North America: Explaining Similarities and Differences,” . In Borders, Regions and People , Edited by: Velde , M. van der and van Houtum , H. 87 London : Pion .
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  • Wolfe , Robert . 1996 . “Global Trade as a Single Undertaking: The Role of Ministers in the WTO,” . International Journal , Autumn
  • Sparke , Matthew . 2000 . “Excavating The Future In Cascadia: Geoeconomics and the Imagined Geographies of a Cross‐Border Region,” . B.C. Studies , 127 Autumn : 5 – 7 . The cartographic depiction of this new ‘borderless region’ is contained in the Port of Seattle‐produced map: Cascadia: Gateway to the Pacific Northwest,” (Seattle: Port of Seattle, 1997)
  • Kohen , Marcelo . 2000 . “Is the Notion of Territorial Sovereignty Obsolete?” . In Borderlands Under Stress , Edited by: Pratt , Martin and Brown , Allison . 35 – 48 . London : Kluwer Law International .
  • Schodolski , Vincent . 1994 . “Northwest's Economy Defies National Borders: History, trade, Climate Define Vibrant Region,” . Chicago Tribune , August 1 : 1
  • Frances , Jim . 1992 . “Cascadia Isn't Just for Dreamers Any More,” . Sunday Oregonian , September 20 : R4 9 David Johnson, then U.S. Consul in Vancouver summed up the shared peripheral alienation in Cascadia as “unified by a common hatred of their central governments.” Cited, See Sharpe, (2000),
  • Sparke , Matthew . “Passports Into Credit Cards: On the Borders and Spaces of Neo‐Liberal Citizenship,” . In Boundaries and Belonging , Edited by: Migdal , Joel . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Holman , Andrew , ed. “Troubling Borderlands: Cascadia and the Neoliberal Natural History of a Cross‐Border Region” . In Into the Borderlands: New Essays in the History of Canadian‐American Relations , Toronto : Canadian Scholars’ Press . accepted and forthcoming (kindly provided by author), accepted and forthcoming
  • Caplan , Jane and Torpey , John . 2001 . “Introduction,” . In Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World , Edited by: Caplan , Jane and Torpey , John . 1 – 12 . 3 Princeton : Princeton University Press . As Jane Caplan and John Torpey note in their survey of the history of modern identity cards, “the adoption of the passport regime in international travel is intimately tied to the development of citizenship rules.”
  • Torpey , John . 2001 . “The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Passport System,” . In Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World , Edited by: Caplan , Jane and Torpey , John . 256 – 270 . 256 – 7 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . On the ambiguities of state‐society relations associated with passports, Torpey glosses Max Weber as follows: “As the documentary expression of modern states’ efforts to monopolize the ‘legitimate means of movement,’ the passport concentrates in itself the enormous increase in modern states’ control over individual existence that has evolved since the nineteenth century. At the same time, in a world in which documentary attestation of identity is generally required for the legal traversal of state boundaries, passports facilitate people's movements. In addition passports ensure that their bearers may avail themselves of the protections that states may provide in an uncertain and potentially hostile world.”, Cited in Sparke
  • Newman , David . 2000 . “Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity: Towards Shared or Separate Spaces” . In Borderlands Under Stress , Edited by: Pratt , Martin and Brown , Allison . 17 – 34 . London : Kluwer Law International .
  • Dittgen , Herbert . 2000 . “The End of the Nation‐State? Borders in the Age of Globalization,” . In Borderlands Under Stress , Edited by: Pratt , Martin and Brown , Allison . 49 – 68 . London : Kluwer Law International .
  • Alper , Don . 1996 . “The Idea of Cascadia: Emergent Transborder Regionalsims in the Pacific Northwest‐Western Canada,” . Journal of Borderland Studies , XI ( 2 ) Fall : 18
  • Anderson , James . 2002 . “Questions of Democracy, Territoriality and Globalization,” . In Transnational Democracy: Political Spaces and Border Crossings , Edited by: Anderson , James . 6 – 38 . 7 London : Routledge .
  • Newman , Michael . “Reconceptualizing Democracy in the European Union,” . 73 – 92 .
  • O'Dowd , Liam . “Transnational Integration and Cross‐Border regions in the European Union,” . 111 – 128 . both in same volume, on EU border redefinitions
  • Anderson , James . 2001 . “Theorizing State Borders: ‘Politics/Economics’ and Democracy in Capitalism,” . CIBR Working Papers in Border Studies, CIBR/WP01–1 2
  • 1996 . “Redefining B.C.’s Place In Canada: The Emergence of Cascadia As a Strategic Alliance,” . Policy Options , 17 ( 7 ) September : 27 – 30 . This concentric circle imagery is from Alan Artibise; see his
  • Goehring , Michael . 1998 . “Transborder Regionalism In The Pacific NorthWest: Cascadia ‐ Fact or Fiction?” . In Rethinking and Restructuring , Edited by: Winchester , David , Howlett , Michael and Smith , Patrick . 172 – 193 . Vancouver : The British Columbia Political Studies Association Annual .
  • 2004 . The Greater Seattle Datasheet: 2002–2003 , 1 Seattle : City of Seattle, Office of Intergovernmental Relations .
  • Fraser , Peter J. 1996 . “Washington Companies Can Find Many Potential Trade Partners,” . Puget Sound Business Journal , August 16–24 : 24
  • Ohmae , Kenichi . 1990 . The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy , New York : Harper Business . /revised 1999)
  • Savitch , Hank and Vogel , Ron . 1996 . Regional Politics: America in a Post‐City Age , Thousand Oaks, CA. : Sage .
  • Harmsworth , Katherine . December 2001 . “Glocalism: The Growing Importance of Local Space in the Global Environment,” . December , Calgary : Canada West Foundation paper .
  • 1977 . “The Congress, The Executive and Intermestic Affairs: Three Proposals,” . Foreign Affairs , 55 : 306 – 24 . 25 This is the term coined by Bayless Manning for activity combining international and domestic; see his
  • Smith , P.J. 1992 . “The Making of a Global City: The Case of Vancouver,” . Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 1 ( 1 ) : 90 – 112 . On city‐based constituent diplomacy in Canada see
  • Smith , P.J. 1993 . “Policy Phases, Subnational Foreign Relations and Constituent Diplomacy in the United States and Canada: City, Provincial and State Global Activity in British Columbia and Washington,” . In Foreign Relations and Federal States , Edited by: Hocking , Brian . 211 – 35 . London : Leicester University Press . For an earlier and more complete discussion of these policy phases
  • Ministry of Finance . 2003 . Province of British Columbia . B.C. STATS , October
  • 2001 . Canadian Census, 2001 , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
  • Bond , David . 1996 . “Sustaining the Metropolitan Economy” . In Urban Solutions to Global Problems: Vancouver ‐ Canada ‐ Habitat II , Edited by: Smith , P.J. , Oberlander , H.P. and Hutton , T. 68 – 71 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia, Centre for Human Settlements . Ch 12
  • Oberlander , H. Peter and Smith , Patrick J. 1993 . “ ‘Governing Metropolitan Vancouver: Regional Intergovernmental Relations In British Columbia,’ ” . In Metropolitan Governance: America/Canadian Intergovernmental Perspectives , Edited by: Rothblatt , Donald and Sancton , Andrew . 329 – 73 . Berkeley, California : University of California, Berkeley/Institute of Governmental Studies .
  • March 2003 . 2003 GVRD Board of Directors , March , Burnaby : GVRD . Current population calculated from
  • 36 @ (accessed August 6, 2004). http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca (http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca)
  • Smith , P. 1992 . “The Making of a Global City: Fifty Years of Constituent Diplomacy – The Case of Vancouver,” . Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 1 ( 1 ) June : 90 – 112 .
  • Andrew , Caroline and Smith , Patrick . 1999 . “World Class Cities Can or Should Canada Play?” . In World Class Cities: Can Canada Play? , Edited by: Andrew , Caroline , Armstrong , Pat and Lapierre , Andre . 5 – 26 . Ottawa : University of Ottawa .
  • 38 On these figures from the 2000 U.S. Census see Oregon Blue Book and U.S. Census: a) (date accessed, April 22, 2002) and (b) www.uscensus/census.gov/census2000/pl/tables (date accessed, April 21, 2002) www.bluebook.state.or.us/local (www.bluebook.state.or.us/local)
  • @ http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/oir/datasheet/demographics.htm (http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/oir/datasheet/demographics.htm)
  • The Greater Seattle . 2004 . Datasheet , 1 – 2 . Seattle : City of Seattle, Intergovernmental Relations Office . Japan was first, the United Kingdom second, @ http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/oir/datasheet/international.htm
  • 2004 . Datasheet , Seattle : City of Seattle . Seattle, Datasheet, (1992)
  • @ ‐ accessed August 14, 2004. http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/oir/datasheet/economy.htm (http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/oir/datasheet/economy.htm)
  • Ryan , John and Best , Aaron . November 30 1994 . “NorthWest Employment Depends Less on Timber and Mining” . In New Indicators , November 30 , 1 – 4 . Seattle : NorthWest Environment Watch . The two largest components of the Pacific NorthWest economy are Washington and British Columbia
  • Jacobs , Jane . 1984 . Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life , New York : Random House .
  • Seelig , Michael Y. and Artibise , Alan F. 1991 . From Desolation to Hope: The Pacific Fraser Region in 2010 , Vancouver : Board of Trade .
  • Jones , Victor . 1988 . “ ‘Beavers and Cats: Federal‐Local Relations in the United States and Canada,’ ” . In Meech Lake: From Centre to Periphery:… , Edited by: Oberlander , H. Peter and Symonds , Hilda . 89 – 90 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia/Centre For Human Settlements .
  • Smith , P. and Stewart , K. “Beavers and Cats Revisited: Creatures and Tenants vs. Municipal Charter(s) and Home Rule—Has the Intergovernmental Game Shifted to the Mushy Middle?” . Korean Journal for Local Government Studies , Patrick J.Smith, ‘Local‐Federal Government Relations: Canadian Perspectives, American Comparisons’ in Ibid., 127–38, forthcoming
  • Carroll , Lewis . 1872 . The Hunting of the Snark , New York : Macmillan . On snarks and boojums see, 1892
  • Smith , Patrick and Stewart , Kennedy . July 2003 . “The Mushy Middle Thesis vs. Beavers and Cats: Local Governments as Creatures/Tenants or Municipal Charters/Home Rule—American and Canadian Lessons on Local Governmental Capacity,” . In paper for the Privy Council Office's Urban Taskforce Working Group on Fiscal Capacity and Canadian Cities , July , Ottawa : Government of Canada .
  • Smith , Patrick and Stewart , Kennedy . 2004 . “Eager Beavers, Lazy Cats and the Mushy Middle Thesis: Understanding Intergovernmental Local Government Policy Making Capacity” . In Canada: The State of the Federation , Edited by: Young , Robert and Leuprecht , Christian . Kingston : Institute of Intergovernmental Relations . a revised version as
  • Smith , Patrick and Cohn , Theodore . 1994 . “International Cities and Municipal Paradiplomacy: A Typology For Assessing The Changing Vancouver Metropolis,” . In The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective , Edited by: Frisken , Frances . Volume Two , Berkeley : California: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California . Chapter 19, pp.725–750, for a discussion of the Saanich, B.C. program
  • Alper , Don . 1996 . “The Idea of Cascadia: Emergent Transborder Regionalsims in the Pacific Northwest‐Western Canada,” . Journal of Borderland Studies , XI ( 2 ) Fall : 10 – 18 .
  • Smith , Patrick . 1992 . “The Making of a Global City: Fifty Years of Constituent Diplomacy—The Case of Vancouver,” . Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 1 ( 1 ) June : 90 – 112 .
  • Federation of Canadian Municipalities . 1988 . A Practical Guide to Twinning Ottawa
  • Smith , Patrick J. 1994 . “ ‘Labour Markets and Neo‐Conservative Policy in British Columbia, 1986–1991,” . In Continuities and Discontinuities: The Political Economy of Social Welfare and Labour Market Policy Making in Canada , Edited by: Johnson , Andrew , McBride , Stephen and Smith , Patrick . 291 – 305 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
  • Smith , Patrick . 1992 . “The Making of a Global City: Fifty Years of Constituent Diplomacy—The Case of Vancouver,” . Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 1 ( 1 ) June : 90 – 112 .
  • Gro Harlem Brundtland . 1987 . Our Common Future , New York : World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations .
  • Smith , Patrick and Cohn , Theodore . 1994 . “International Cities and Municipal Paradiplomacy: A Typology For Assessing The Changing Vancouver Metropolis,” . In The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective , Edited by: Frisken , Frances . Volume Two , Berkeley : California: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California . Chapter 19, pp.725–750, for a discussion of the Saanich, B.C. program
  • 76 See (accessed August 15, 2004). http://www.gvrd.bc.ca (http://www.gvrd.bc.ca)
  • Sandercock , Leonie . 1998 . Toward Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Communities , Chichester, , England : John Wiley .
  • Smith , Patrick . 1992 . “The Making of a Global City: Fifty Years of Constituent Diplomacy—The Case of Vancouver,” . Canadian Journal of Urban Research , 1 ( 1 ) June : 90 – 112 .
  • Stewart , Kennedy . Think Democracy: Options For Local Democatic Reform In Vancouver , Vancouver : IGS/SFU . Mayor Larry Campbell, Inauguration Speech, December, 2002. See also,, 2003 at www.sfu.ca/igs)
  • Smith is Director of the Institute of Governance Studies and Professor in the Department of Political Science at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

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