References
- Interviews
- Dube, Thomas. 2011. Interview by Anusa Daimon. Tape recording. July 29. Harare.
- Kapumha, Russell. 2011. Interview by Anusa Daimon. Tape recording. July 29. Harare.
- Machaza, Tendai. 2011. Interview by Thomas Dube. Tape recording. May 16. Mt. Selinda.
- Mapungwana, Chengetai. 2011. Interview by Thomas Dube. Tape recording. May 15. Mabheka village.
- Masakure, Clement. 2015. Interview by Anusa Daimon. Informal Discussion. April 6. Bloemfontein.
- Muchuchu, Gerald. 2011. Interview by Thomas Dube. Tape recording. May 15. Mutsvangwa village.
- Musamira, Tonderai. 2011. Interview by Thomas Dube. Tape recording. May 15. Mutsvangwa village.
- Mwatwara, Wesley. 2011. Interview by Anusa Daimon. Tape recording. July 26. Harare.
- Ndumeya, Noel. 2015. Interview by Anusa Daimon. Informal Discussion. April 6. Bloemfontein.
- Secondary Texts
- Akinwunmi, Olayemi. 1995. Nigerian Borgu, 1898–1989: a history of inter-group relations. Ph.D. thesis in History., University of Ilorin.
- Asiwaju, I. Anthony. 1984. Artificial boundaries. University of Lagos Inaugural Lecture Series. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
- Asiwaju, I. Anthony, ed. 1985. Partitioned Africans: ethnic relations across Africa’s international boundaries, 1884–1984. London: C.Hurst & Co.
- Asiwaju, I. Anthony, and Daniel Bach. 1999. Transfrontier regionalism: perspectives on the European Union and post-colonial Africa with special reference to Borgu. Ibadan: Institut français de recherche en Afrique (IFRA).
- Beach, David. 1992. The Origins of Mozambique and Zimbabwe: Paiva de Andrada, The Companhia de Mozambique and African Diplomacy, 1881–91. Department of History Seminar Paper No. 89., University of Zimbabwe.
- Beach, David. 1994. The Shona and their neighbours. Oxford: Cambridge.
- Blennerhassett, Rose, and Lucy Sleeman. 1969. Adventures in Mashonaland. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
- Boahen, Adu. 1987. Perspectives on colonialism. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
- Connor, Walker. 1978. A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic group is a … . Ethnic and Racial Studies 1, no. 4: 377–400. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240
- Daimon, Anusa. 2010. Smuggling through fluid and porous African Borderlands and the state’s response: the case of the Zimbabwe-South Africa Border. Paper presented at the ABORNE Conference on Cross-border Trade in Africa: The Local Politics of a Global Economy, Basel.
- Davidson, Basil. 1992. The black man’s burden: Africa and the curse of the Nation-State. London: James Currey.
- Davies, Dorothy. 1975. Race relations in Rhodesia: a survey for 1972–73. London: Rex Collins.
- Donnan, Hastings., and Thomas. M. Wilson. 1999. Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic.
- Duri, Fidelis. 2010. Informal negotiation of the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border for survival by Mutare’s marginalized people. Journal of Developing Societies 26: 125–163. doi: 10.1177/0169796X1002600201
- Flynn, Donna. 1997. We are the border: identity, exchange and the state along the Benin-Nigeria Border. American Ethnologist 24, no. 2: 311–330. doi: 10.1525/ae.1997.24.2.311
- Herbst, Jeffrey. 1989. The creation and maintenance of national boundaries in Africa. International Organization 43, no. 4: 673–692. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/geolanbouborcou-geography-land-boundaries-border-countries (accessed July 30, 2011). doi: 10.1017/S0020818300034482
- Hughes, David. 2006. From enslavement to environmentalism: politics on a Southern African frontier. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Idowu, William. 1999. Citizenship status, statehood problems and political conflicts: the case of Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 8, no. 2: 73–88.
- Mamdani, Mamhood. 2001. Beyond settler and native as political identities: overcoming the political legacy of colonialism. Comparative Studies of Society and History 43, no. 4: 651–664.
- Momoh, Campbell. 1989. A critique of borderland theories. In Borderlands in Africa: a multi-disciplinary and comparative focus on Nigeria and West Africa, eds. Antony I. Asiwaju and Peter O. Adeniyi, 51–62. Lagos: Lagos University Press.
- Nyamunda, Tinashe, and Patience Mukwambo. 2012. The state and the bloody diamond rush in Chiadzwa: unpacking the contesting interests in the development of illicit mining and trading, c.2006–2009. Journal of Southern African Studies 38, no. 1: 145–166. doi: 10.1080/03057070.2012.649945
- Pickering, Sharon, and Leanne Weber. eds. 2006. Borders, mobility and technologies of control. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Pophiwa, Nedson. 2007. A History of Smuggling among Borderland Communities astride the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Border, with special reference to Penhalonga and Nyaronga, c. 1990–2006. MA dissertation in Economic History., University of Zimbabwe.
- Rupiya, Martin. 1998. Landmines in Zimbabwe: a deadly legacy. Harare: SAPES Books.
- Samuels, Michael, and Norman A. Bailey. 1969. African peoples. In Portuguese Africa: a handbook, ed. David M. Abshire, and Michael A. Samuels, 107–29. New York: Praeger Publishers.
- Tornimbeni, Corrado. 2004. Migrant workers and state boundaries: reflections on the transnational debate from the colonial past in Mozambique. Lusotopie 2004: 107–120.
- United States Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 1971. International boundary study number 118: (Mozambique–Zimbabwe/ Southern Rhodesia) Boundary. Washington, DC: The Geographer US Bureau of Intelligence and Research.
- Warhurst, Phillip. 1962. Anglo-Portuguese relations in South-Central Africa, 1890–1900. London: Longman.