5,067
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A “New Normal” for the Schengen Area. When, Where and Why Member States Reintroduce Temporary Border Controls?

ORCID Icon

References

  • Anderson, Malcom. 2000. The Transformation of Border Controls: A European Precedent? In The Wall Around the West. State Borders and Immigration Controls in North America and Europe, eds. Andreas Peter, and Timothy Snyder, 15–29. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Apap, Joanna, and Sergio Carrera. 2004. Maintaining Security Within Borders: Toward a Permanent State of Emergency in the EU? Alternatives 29, no. 4: 399–416. doi:10.1177/030437540402900402.
  • Beznec, Barbara, Marc Speer, and Marta Stojić Mitrović. 2016. Governing the Balkan Route: Macedonia, Serbia and the European Border Regime. Research Paper Series of Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung: Southeast Europe 5: 1–116.
  • Biermann, Felix, Nina Guérin, Stefan Jagdhuber, Berthold Rittberger, and Moritz Weiss. 2019. Political (Non-)Reform in the Euro Crisis and the Refugee Crisis: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Explanation. Journal of European Public Policy 26, no. 2: 246–266. doi:10.1080/13501763.2017.1408670.
  • Böhmer, Michael, Jan Limbers, Ante Pivac, and Heidrun Weinelt. 2016. Departure from the Schengen Agreement. Macroeconomic Impacts on Germany and the Countries of the European Union. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Bossong, Raphael. 2019. The Expansion of Frontex. Symbolic Measures and Long-Term Changes in EU Border Management. SWP Comment 47: 1–8. doi:10.18449/2019C47.
  • Brown, Wendy. 2017. Walled States, Waning Sovereignty,2nd ed). New York: Zone Books.
  • Carassava, Anthee. 2017. “Greeks condemn controversial German airport checks.” Deutsche Welle, November 28. https://p.dw.com/p/2oKOU.
  • Carrera, Sergio, Elspeth Guild, Massimo Merlino, and Joanna Parkin. 2011. A Race Agains Solidarity: The Schengen Regime and the Franco-Italian Affair. Brussels: CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies.
  • Carrera, Sergio, and Ngo Chun Luk. 2020. In the Name of COVID-19: Schengen Internal Border Controls and Travel Restrictions in the EU Brussels: European Union.
  • Colombeau, Sara Casella. 2020. Crisis of Schengen? The Effect of Two ‘Migrant Crises’ (2011 and 2015) on the Free Movement of People at an Internal Schengen Border. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46, no. 11: 2258–2274. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1596787.
  • Cornelisse, Galina. 2014. What's Wrong with Schengen? Border Disputes and the Nature of Integration in the Area Without Internal Borders. Common Market Law Review 46, no. 11: 741–770. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1596787.
  • De Bruycker, Philippe. 2017. The European Union: From Freedom of Movement in the Internal Market to the Abolition of Internal Borders in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. In Migration, Free Movement and Regional Integration, eds. Sonja Nita, Antoine Pécoud, Philippe de Lombaerde, Paul de Guchteneire, Kate Neyts, and Joshua Gartland, 287–311. Paris: UNESCO.
  • De Somer, Marie. 2020. Schengen: Quo Vadis? European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 2: 178–197. doi:10.1163/15718166-12340073.
  • De Somer, Marie, Funda Tekin, and Vittoria Meissner. 2020. Schengen Under Pressure: Differentiation or Disintegration? EU IDEA Policy Paper 7: 1–22.
  • The Economist. 2018. Charlemagne: Save our Schengen: Europe’s Passport-Free Zone Faces Grim Future. The Economist, June 23 427: 48. (US).
  • European Commission. 2016. Back to Schengen - A Roadmap. (COM 120). Brussels: European Commission.
  • European Commission. 2020. Member States’ Notifications of the Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control at Internal Borders Pursuant to Article 25 and 28 et seq. of the Schengen Borders Code. Brussels: European Commission. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control/docs/ms_notifications_-_reintroduction_of_border_control_en.pdf.
  • European Communities. 2000. The Schengen Acquis as Referred to in Article 1(2) of Council Decision 1999/435/EC of 20 May 1999. Official Journal of the European Communities 43: 1–473.
  • European Union. 2018. Special Eurobarometer 474 – June-July 2018: Europeans’ Perceptions of the Schengen Area. Brussels: European Union.
  • European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code). Official Journal of the European Union 59, no. L77: 1-52
  • Felbermayr, Gabriel, Jasmin Katrin Gröschl, and Thomas Steinwachs. 2018. The Trade Effects of Border Controls: Evidence from the European Schengen Agreement. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. 2: 335–351. doi:10.1111/jcms.12603.
  • Geddes, Andrew. 2018. The Politics of European Union Migration Governance. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. S1: 120–130. doi:10.1111/jcms.12763.
  • Gehring, Thomas. 1998. Die Politik des koordinierten Alleingangs. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen 5, no. 1: 43–78.
  • Genschel, Philipp, and Markus Jachtenfuchs. 2018. From Market Integration to Core State Powers: The Eurozone Crisis, the Refugee Crisis and Integration Theory. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. 1: 178–196.
  • Grimmer, Justin, and Brandon M. Stewart. 2013. Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts. Political Analysis 21, no. 3: 267–297. doi:10.1093/pan/mps028.
  • Groenendijk, Kees. 2004. Reinstatement of Controls at the Internal Borders of Europe: Why and Against Whom? European Law Journal 10, no. 2: 150–170. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0386.2004.00209.x.
  • Guild, Elspeth, Evelien Brouwer, Kees Groenendijk, and Sergio Carrera. 2015. What is Happening to the Schengen Borders? CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe 86: 1–24.
  • Guild, Elspeth, Sergio Carrera, Lina Vosyliūtė, Kees Groenendijk, Evelien Brouwer, Didier Bigo, Julien Jeandesboz, and Médéric Martin-Mazé. 2016. Internal Border Controls in the Schengen Area: Is Schengen Crisis-Proof? Luxembourg: Publications Office.
  • Gülzau, Fabian, Steffen Mau, and Natascha Zaun. 2016. “Regional Mobility Spaces? Visa Waiver Policies and Regional Integration.” International Migration 54 (6): 164–180. doi:10.1111/imig.12286.
  • Hassner, Pierre. 2002. Fixed Borders or Moving Borderlands? A New Type of Border for a New Type of Entity. Chap. 3. In Europe Unbound. Enlarging and Reshaping the Boundaries of the European Union, ed. Jan Zielonka, 38–50. London: Routledge.
  • Heinikoski, Saila. 2020. COVID-19 Bends the Rules on Border Controls. FIIA Briefing Paper 281: 1–8.
  • Karamanidou, Lena, and Bernd Kasparek. 2020. From Exceptional Threats to Normalized Risks: Border Controls in the Schengen Area and the Governance of Secondary Movements of Migration. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 1–21. doi:10.1080/08865655.2020.1824680.
  • Karstens, Felix. 2020. Let Us Europeans Move: How Collective Identities Drive Public Support for Border Regimes Inside the EU. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 58, no. 1: 116–137. doi:10.1111/jcms.12983.
  • Menéndez, Agustín José. 2016. The Refugee Crisis. Between Human Tragedy and Symptom of the Structural Crisis of European Integration. European Law Journal 22, no. 4: 388–416. doi:10.1111/eulj.12192.
  • Montaldo, Stefano. 2020. The COVID-19 Emergency and the Reintroduction of Internal Border Controls in the Schengen Area: Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste. European Papers 5, no. 1: 523–531. doi:10.15166/2499-8249/353.
  • Moreno-Lax, Violeta. 2017. The Schengen Borders Code: Securitized Admission Criteria as the Centrepiece of Integrated Border Management—Instilling Ambiguity. Chap. 3 In Accessing Asylum in Europe: Extraterritorial Border Controls and Refugee Rights Under EU Law, 47–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Niemann, Arne, and Natascha Zaun. 2018. EU Refugee Policies and Politics in Times of Crisis: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. 1: 3–22. doi:10.1111/jcms.12650.
  • Paoletti, Emanuela. 2014. The Arab Spring and the Italian Response to Migration in 2011. Comparative Migration Studies 2, no. 2: 127–150. doi:10.5117/CMS2014.2.PAOL.
  • Pascouau, Yves. 2016. The Schengen Area in Crisis – the Temptation of Reinstalling Borders. In Schuman Report on Europe – State of the Union 2016, eds. Thierry Chopin, and Michel Foucher, 47–54. Paris: Lignes de repères.
  • Pastore, Ferruccio, and Giulia Henry. 2016. Explaining the Crisis of the European Migration and Asylum Regime. The International Spectator 51, no. 1: 44–57. doi:10.1080/03932729.2016.1118609.
  • Piccoli, Lorenzo, Andreas Perret, and Jelena Dzankic. 2020. “International travel restrictions in response to the coronavirus outbreak” Globalcit, Infographics. Available at The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies http://hdl.handle.net/1814/66677.
  • Poast, Paul. 2016. Dyads Are Dead, Long Live Dyads! The Limits of Dyadic Designs in International Relations Research. International Studies Quarterly 60, no. 2: 369–374. doi:10.1093/isq/sqw004.
  • Roos, Christof, and Laura Westerveen. 2020. The Conditionality of EU Freedom of Movement: Normative Change in the Discourse of EU Institutions. Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 1: 63–78. doi:10.1177/0958928719855299.
  • Shachar, Ayelet. 2020. The Shifting Border: Legal Cartographies of Migration and Mobility. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Steinhilper, Elias, and Rob J. Gruijters. 2018. A Contested Crisis: Policy Narratives and Empirical Evidence on Border Deaths in the Mediterranean. Sociology 52, no. 3: 515–533. doi:10.1177/0038038518759248.
  • Stevis-Gridneff, Matina. 2020. “Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe’s Borderless Dream”. The New York Times, February 26. https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5Y98-J4S1-DXY4-X2PN-00000-00&context=1516831.
  • Stinnett, Douglas M., Jaroslav Tir, Paul F. Diehl, Philip Schafer, and Charles Gochman. 2002. The Correlates of War (Cow) Project Direct Contiguity Data, Version 3.0. Conflict Management and Peace Science 19, no. 2: 59–67. doi:10.1177/073889420201900203.
  • Trauner, Florian. 2016. Asylum Policy: the EU’s ‘Crises’ and the Looming Policy Regime Failure. Journal of European Integration 38, no. 3: 311–325. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1140756.
  • van der Woude, Maartje. 2020. A Patchwork of Intra-Schengen Policing: Border Games Over National Identity and National Sovereignty. Theoretical Criminology 24, no. 1: 110–131. doi:10.1177/1362480619871615.
  • van der Woude, Maartje, and Patrick van Berlo. 2015. Crimmigration at the Internal Borders of Europe? Examining the Schengen Governance Package. Utrecht Law Review 11, no. 1: 61–79. doi:10.18352/ulr.312.
  • Votoupalová, Markéta. 2019. The Wrong Critiques: Why Internal Border Controls Don't Mean the End of Schengen. New Perspectives 27, no. 1: 73–99. doi:10.1177/2336825X1902700104.
  • Wasserman, Stanley, and Katherine Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications,16th ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolff, Sarah, Ariadna Ripoll Servant, and Agathe Piquet. 2020. Framing Immobility: Schengen Governance in Times of Pandemics. Journal of European Integration 42, no. 8: 1127–1144. doi:10.1080/07036337.2020.1853119.
  • Zaiotti, Ruben. 2013. The Italo-French Row Over Schengen, Critical Junctures, and the Future of Europe’s Border Regime. Journal of Borderlands Studies 28, no. 3: 337–354. doi:10.1080/08865655.2013.862912.
  • Zaun, Natascha. 2017. EU Asylum Policies: The Power of Strong Regulating States. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.