Geolinguistics, culture, and politics in the development and maintenance of Tajiki

References

• 1994 World population data sheet, 1994. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau
   Google Scholar
• 1999 World population data sheet, 1999. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau
   Google Scholar
• 2008 World population data sheet, 2008. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Aini , S. 1926 . Namunayi adabiyoti Tojik , Moscow : Chapkhonai Nasriyati Markazi Khalqi Ittihadi Jamahiri Shuravii Sosialisti .
   Google Scholar
• Aini , S. 1958 . Pages from my own story: memoirs , Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House . Translated by G.H. Hanna
   Google Scholar
• Aini, S., 1976. Lughati nimtafsili Tojiki baroi zaboni adabii Tojik. Dushanbe.
   Google Scholar
• Allworth , E.A. 1990 . The modern Uzbeks from the fourteenth century to the present , Stanford : Hoover Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Antonenko, B.A., 1964. Istoriia Tadzhikskogo naroda, vol. III, no. 1. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo “Nauka”.
   Google Scholar
• Assimov, M., 1986. Sadriddin Aini, bard of a people reborn. In: H. Smith, trans. Sadriddin Aini, Bukhara: reminiscences. Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Atkin, M., 1997. Thwarted democratization in Tajikistan. In: K. Dawisha and B. Parrott, eds. Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 277–311.
   Google Scholar
• Aydın, M., 2000. New geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucasus: causes of instability and predicament. Ankara: Center for Strategic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, E.E., 1980. Central Asians under Russian rule: a study in culture change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C., 1996. Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, 2nd ed. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Barghoorn, C., 1954. Nationality doctrine in Soviet political strategy. The Review of Politics, III, 283–304.
   Google Scholar
• Bashiri, I., 1994. Russian loanwords in Persian and Tajiki languages. In: M. Marashi, ed. Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Bethesda: Iranbooks, 109–139.
   Google Scholar
• Baskakov , N.A. 1952 . Razvitie iazykov i pis'mennosti narodov SSSR (na materiale Tyurkskikh iazykov) . Voprosy Yazykoznaniia , 1 ( 3 ) : 19 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Baskakov, N.A., 1960. The Turkic languages of Central Asia: problems of planned culture contact. Oxford: Central Asian Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, E.S., 1942. Soviet Asia: progress and problems, second impression. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, A., Boschmann, N., Green, D., and Kuehnast, K., 1998. A generation at risk: children in the Central Asian republics of Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bechka, J., 1980. Sadriddin Ayni: father of modern Tajik culture. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.
   Google Scholar
• Bhabha, H.K., 1990. DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation. In: H.K. Bhabha, ed. Nation and nationalism. London: Routledge, 291–322.
   Google Scholar
• Brass, P.R., 1974. Language, religion and politics in northern India. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brass, P.R., 1992. Language and national identity in the Soviet Union and India. In: A.J. Motyl, ed. Thinking theoretically about Soviet nationalities: history and comparison in the study of the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 99–128
   Google Scholar
• Breton, R.J-L., 1991a. Geolinguistics: language dynamics and ethnolinguistic geography. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breton, R.J-L. 1991(b). The handicaps of language planning in Africa. In: D.F. Marshall, ed. Language Planning: Focusschrift in honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the occasion of his 65 th Birthday, volume III. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, D., 1991. Bicultural conflict in the context of the core-periphery model. In: C.H. Williams, ed. Linguistic minorities, society and territory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 219–246.
   Google Scholar
• Chinn J. and Kaiser, R., 1996. Russians as the new minority: ethnicity and nationalism in the Soviet successor states. Boulder: WestviewPress.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, W., 1984. The national question in Marxist-Leninist theory and strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, R.L., 1989. Language planning and social change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dave, B., 2004. A shrinking reach of the state? Language policy and implementation in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In: P.J. Luong, ed. The transformation of Central Asia: states and societies from Soviet rule to independence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 120–155.
   Google Scholar
• Davlatov, I.D. and Mulloev, S.M., 2000. Educational financing and budgeting in Tajikistan. Paris: UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Doerfer, G., 1967. Türkische Lehnwörter im Tadschikischen. Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner GMBH.
   Google Scholar
• Dzhandil'din , N. 1959 . Nekotore voprosy internatsional'nogo vospitaniia . Kommunist (Teoreyticheskii i Politicheskii Zhurnal) , 36 ( 13 ) : 30 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Dzyuba, I., 1974. Internationalism or Russification? New York: Monad Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, J., 1991. Gaelic in Nova Scotia. In: C.H. Williams, ed. Linguistic minorities, society and territory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 269–297.
   Google Scholar
• Fierman, W., 1991a. Language planning and national development: the Uzbek experience. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Fierman, W., 1991b. Central Asian youth and migration. In: W. Fierman, ed. Soviet Central Asia: the failed transformation. Boulder: Westview Press, 255–308.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , G. 1994 . Central Asia: the quest for identity . Current History , 93 ( 582 ) : 145 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellner, E., 1983. Nations and nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghafurov , B. 1958 . “Uspekhi natsional'noi politiki KPSS i nekotoryevoprocy internatseonal'nogo vospitaniia” . Kommunist (Teoreyticheskii i Politicheskii Zhurnal) , 35 ( 11 ) : 10 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghafurov, B., 1998. Tajikon: tarihi qadimtarin, qadim, asri miyona, va davrai nav. Dushanbe: Nashriyoti “Irfon”.
   Google Scholar
• Gleason, G., 1990. Leninist nationality policy: its source and style. In: H.R. Huttenbach, ed. Soviet nationality policies: ruling ethnic groups in the USSR. London: Mansell Publishing Limited, 9–23.
   Google Scholar
• Grande, B.M., 1939. Yazykovoe stroitel'stvo narodov SSSR. Literaturniia Gazeta 7 November: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Henze , P.B. 1957 . Alphabet changes in Soviet Central Asia and communist China . Royal Central Asian Journal , 44 ( 2 ) : 124 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Hindley , R. 1994 . Clear Island (Oileán Chléire) in 1958: a study in geolinguistic transition . Irish Geography , 27 ( 2 ) : 97 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Itogi vsesoiuznoi perepisi naseleniiu 1989 goda, 1989. Moscow: Statisticheskii Komitet Sodruzhestva Nezavisimyx Gosudarstv.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, L., 1998. Identity, Language, and Transformation in Eastern Ukraine: A Case Study of Zaporishshia. In: T. Kuzio, ed. Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 99–113.
   Google Scholar
• Jahangiri, G., 1997. The premises for the construction of a Tajik national identity, 1920–1930. In: M-R. Djalili, F. Grare, and S. Akiner, eds. Tajikistan: the trials of independence. New York: St. Martin's Press, 14–41.
   Google Scholar
• James, C., 1991. What future for Scotland's Gaelic-speaking communities? In: C. H. Williams, ed. Linguistic minorities, society and territory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 173–218.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan-Bychkov, T.G. and Bychkova-Jordan, B., 2002. The European culture area: a systematic geography, 4th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , D.H. 1994 . Population and politics in a plural society: the changing geography of Canada's linguistic groups . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 84 ( 1 ) : 46 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashoki , M.E. 1982 . Achieving nationhood through language: the challenge of Namibia . Third World Quarterly , 4 ( 2 ) : 282 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzner, K., 2002. The languages of the world. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Khmelko, V. and Wilson, A., 1998. Regionalism and ethnic and linguistic cleavages in Ukraine. In: T. Kuzio, ed. Contemporary Ukraine: dynamics of post-Soviet transformation. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 60–80.
   Google Scholar
• Kreindler, I.T., 1995. Soviet muslims: gains and losses as a result of Soviet language planning. In: Y. Ro'i, ed. Muslim Eurasia: conflicting legacies. London: Frank Cass, 187–203.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, J.M., 1995. Pan-Turkism: from irredentism to cooperation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, J.M. and Kellner-Heinkele, B., 2001. Politics of language in the ex-Soviet muslim states: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laponce, J.A., 1987. Languages and their territories. A. Martin-Sperry, trans. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lenin, V.I., 1963. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 39. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Politicheskoi Literatury.
   Google Scholar
• Lenin, V.I., 1971. The question of nationalities or “autonomisation” (31 December 1922). In: A. Rothstein, trans. Collected works, volume 36 1900–1923. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 605–611.
   Google Scholar
• Low, A.D., 1958. Lenin on the question of nationality. New York: Bookman Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, K., 1972. The German ideology. In: R.C. Tucker, ed. The Marx-Engels reader. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 110–164.
   Google Scholar
• Medlin, W.K., Cave, W.M., and Carpenter, F., 1971. Education and development in Central Asia: a case study on social change in Uzbekistan. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Medrano, J.D., 1995. Divided nations: class, politics, and nationalism in the Basque country and Catalonia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meskoob, S., 1992. Iranian nationality and the Persian language. Translated by M.C. Hillmann. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Natsional'nye shkoly RSFSR za 40 Let, 1958. Compiled by F.F. Sovetkin. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Peagogicheskikh Nauk.
   Google Scholar
• Niedermeier , H. 1952 . Schriftreform und Nationalitäten in der UdSSR . Osteuropa , 3 ( 6 ) : 413 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Oranskii, I.M., 1983. Tadzhikoyazychnye etnograficheskie gruppy Gissarskoi doliny, Srednyaia Aziia. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo “Nauka”.
   Google Scholar
• Ornstein, J., 1968. Soviet language policy: continuity and change. In: E. Goldhagen, ed. Ethnic minorities of the Soviet Union. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 121–146.
   Google Scholar
• Perry , J.R. 1996a . Tajik literature: seventy years is longer than the millennium . World Literature Today , 70 ( 3 ) : 571 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J.R., 1996b. From Persian to Tajik to Persian: culture, politics, and law reshape a Central Asian language. In: H.I. Aronson, ed. NSL.8 Linguistic studies in the non-Slavic languages of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic Republics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 279–305.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J.R., 1997. Script and scripture: the three alphabets of Tajik Persian, 1927–1997. Journal of Central Asian Studies, II (1), 2–18.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J.R., 2005. A Tajik Persian reference grammar. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Pipes, R., 1997. The formation of the Soviet Union: communism and nationalism 1917–1923. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pool, J., 1978. Soviet language planning: goals, results, options. In: J.R. Azrael, ed. Soviet nationality policies and planning. New York: Praeger Publishers, 223–249.
   Google Scholar
• Rakowska-Harmstone, T., 1970. Russia and nationalism in Central Asia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rasiak, R.O., 1980. “The Soviet people”: multiethnic alternative or ruse? In: E. Allworth, ed. Ethnic Russia in the USSR: the dilemma of dominance. New York: Pergamon Press, 159–171.
   Google Scholar
• Rastorgueva, V.S., 1963. A short sketch of Tajik grammar. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, E.B., 1993. Some considerations and alternative strategies in establishing a language curriculum in developing nations. In: J. Levitt, L.R.N. Ashley, and K.H. Rogers, eds. Language in contemporary society: proceedings of the international conference on geolinguistics in the ‘nineties. East Rockaway: Cummings & Hathaway Publishers, 88–97.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. 1987 . Language policy and language power: the case of Soviet publishing . Language problems and language planning , 11 ( 1 ) : 82 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Roucek, J.S., 1964. Soviet Russia's brand of nationalism. The Ukrainian Quarterly, XX (1), 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Russification of the Tadzhik language (The), 1958. Central Asian Review, 6 (1), 25–33 (written by “A Correspondent”).
   Google Scholar
• Rysakoff, A., 1932. The national policy of the Soviet Union. London: Martin Lawrence.
   Google Scholar
• Rzehak, L., 2001. Vom Persischen zum Tadschikischen: Sprachliches Handeln und Sprachplanung in Transoxanien zwischen Tradition, Moderne und Sowjetmacht (1900–1956). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen, S., 1956. The communist (Bolshevik) theory of national self-determination’s. Gravenhage: N.V. Uitgeverij W. Van Hoeve.
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey, H.J., 2004. Globalization, migration, and identity: Sudan 1800–2000. In: B. Schaebler and L. Stenberg, eds. Globalization and the Muslim world: culture, religion, and modernity. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 113–137.
   Google Scholar
• Shukman , A. 1959 . The Muslim republics of the U.S.S.R . Royal Central Asian Society , 46 ( 2 ) : 149 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Silver, B.D., 1978. Language policy and the linguistic Russification of Soviet nationalities. In: J.R. Azrael, ed. Soviet nationality policies and planning. New York: Praeger Publishers, 250–306.
   Google Scholar
• Smal-Stocki, R., 1960. The captive nations, nationalism of the non-Russian nations in the Soviet Union. New York: Bookman Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A.D., 1983. Theories of nationalism. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A.D., 2008. The cultural foundations of nations: hierarchy, covenant, and republic. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M.G., 1969. Some developments in the analytic framework of pluralism. In: L. Kuper and M.G. Smith, eds. Pluralism in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 415–458.
   Google Scholar
• Stalin, J., 1940. Marxism and the national and colonial question. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Stalin, J., 1946. Sochineniia, volume II. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Politicheskoi, Literatury.
   Google Scholar
• Stalin, J., 1947. Sochineniia, volume V. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Politicyeskoi, Literatury.
   Google Scholar
• Stalin, J., 1951. Marxism and linguistics. New York: International Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, W.A., 1968. A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism. In: J.A. Fishman, ed. Language problems of developing nations. London: John Wiley, 503–553.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y-F. 1991 . Language and the making of place: a narrative-descriptive approach . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 81 ( 4 ) : 684 – 696 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuzmuhamedov, R., 1973. How the national question was solved in Soviet Central Asia: a reply to falsifers. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, P.L., 1987. The geographical significance of language. In: J. Levitt, L.R.N. Ashley, and K.H. Rogers, eds. Geolinguistic perspectives: proceedings of the International Conference Celebrating the Twentieth Anniversary of the American Society of Geolinguistics, 1985. Lanham: University Press of America, 51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.K.P., 1983. Cultural pluralism, nation-building and educational policies in peninsular Malaysia. In: C. Kennedy, ed. Language planning and language education. London: George Allen & Unwin, 132–150.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, G., 1965. The modern history of Soviet Central Asia. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C.H. 1980 . Language contact and language change in Wales, 1901–1971: a study in historical geolinguistics . The Welsh History Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 206 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner, T.G., 1952. Problems of alphabetic reform among the Turkic peoples of Soviet Central Asia, 1920–41. The Slavonic and Eastern European Review, XXXI (76), 133–47.
   Google Scholar
• Withers, C.W.J., 1991. An essay in historical geolinguistics: Gaelic speaking in urban lowland Scotland in 1891. In: C.H. Williams, ed. Linguistic minorities, society and territory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 150–172.
   Google Scholar
• Wixman , R. 1981 . Territorial Russification and linguistic Russianization in some Soviet republics . Soviet Geography: Review and Translation , 22 ( 10 ) : 667 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wixman, R., 1984. Demographic Russification and linguistic Russianization of the Ukraine, 1959-1979. In: G.J. Demko and R.J. Fuchs, eds. Geographical studies on the Soviet Union: essays in honor of Chauncy D. Harris. Chicago: The University of Chicago Department of Geography, 131–156.
   Google Scholar
• Woolard, K.A., 1989. Double talk: bilingualism and the politics of ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wurm, S., 1954. Turkic peoples of the USSR: their historical background, their languages and the development of Soviet linguistic policy. London: Central Asian Research Centre.
   Google Scholar