Situationally Sherpa: race, ethnicity, and the labour geography of the Everest industry

References

• Adams, V., 1992. Tourism and Sherpas, Nepal. Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (3), 534–554. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90135-C
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, V., 1996. Tigers of the snow and other virtual sherpas: an ethnography of Himalayan encounters. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, J., 1996. The passing figure: racial confusion in modern American literature. New York: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Bourgois, P., 1988. Conjugated oppression: class and ethnicity among Guaymi and Kuna banana workers. American Ethnologist, 15 (2), 328–348. doi: 10.1525/ae.1988.15.2.02a00080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, B., 2002. The intemperate rainforest: nature, culture, and power on Canada’s west coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J., 2011. Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cabezas, A., 2009. Economies of desire: sex tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, L., 1970. Land and social change in East Nepal. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Caughie, P., 1999. Passing and pedagogy: the dynamics of responsibility. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chari, S., 2000. The agrarian origins of the knitwear industrial cluster in Tiruppur, India. World Development, 28 (3), 579–599. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00143-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, S. and Hartmann, D. 2007. Ethnicity and race: making identities in a changing world. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crotty, S. and Bosco, F.J., 2008. Racial geographies and the challenges of day labor formalization: A case study from San Diego County. Journal of Cultural Geography, 25 (3), 223–244. doi: 10.1080/08873630802433830
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, J., 1990. Sherpas: reflections on change in Himalayan Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frydenlund, S., 2017. Labour and race in Nepal’s indigenous nationalities discourse: beyond ‘Tribal’ vs ‘Peasant’ categories. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 37 (1), 26–37.
   Google Scholar
• Gellner, D., 2007. Caste, ethnicity and inequality in Nepal. Economic and Political Weekly, 42 (20), 1823–1828.
   Google Scholar
• Gellner, D., Pfaff-Czarnecka, J., and Whelpton, J., 1997. Nationalism and ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: the politics of culture in contemporary Nepal. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg, E., ed., 1996. Passing and the fiction of identity. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman-Thompson, B., 2013. Entering public space and claiming modern identities: female trekking Guides and Wage labor in Urban Nepal. Studies in Nepali History and Society, 18 (2), 251–278.
   Google Scholar
• Guneratne, A., 1998. Modernization, the state, and the construction of a Tharu identity in Nepal. The Journal of Asian Studies, 57, 749–773. doi: 10.2307/2658740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangen, S.I., 2009. The rise of ethnic politics in Nepal: democracy in the margins. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, D., March, K., and Tamang, S., 1999. Local production/local knowledge: forced labour from below. Studies in Nepali History and Society, 4 (1), 5–64.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. and Langford, M., 2011. Between demos and ethnos: the Nepal constitution and indigenous rights. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 18 (3), 369–386. doi: 10.1163/157181111X583332
   Google Scholar
• Kaufer, J., 1977. Situational identity and ethnicity among Ghanaian university students. Journal of Modern African Studies, 15 (1), 126–135. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00014543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukuczka, A., 2011. Negotiating ethnic identity in the Himalaya- the Tamang in Nepal. South Asia Chronicle, 1, 393–437.
   Google Scholar
• Mallon, F., 1995. Peasant and nation: the making of postcolonial Mexico and Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• March, K., 1979. The intermediacy of women: female gender symbolism and the social position of women among tamangs and sherpas of Nepal. Doctoral dissertation. Cornell University.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D., Kosek, J., and Pandian, A., 2003. Race, nature, and the politics of difference. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal Rastra Bank, 2007. Inflation in Nepal. Available from: www.nrb.org.np.
   Google Scholar
• Okamura, J., 1981. Situational ethnicity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 4 (4), 452–465. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1981.9993351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omi, M. and Winant, H., 2006. ‘The racial state’ in identity and belonging: rethinking race and ethnicity in Canadian society. B.S. Bolaria and S.P. Hier, eds. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ortner, S., 2001. Life and death on Mt. Everest: sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A., 1989. The meanings of ‘sherpa’: an evolving social category. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 9 (3), 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, K., 2009. Race passing and American individualism. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pradhan, R., 2011. Ethnicity, caste, and a pluralist society. In: K. Visweswaran, ed. Perspectives on modern south Asia: a reader in culture, history, and representation. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 100–112.
   Google Scholar
• Rai, J., 2013. Activism as a moral practice: cultural politics, place-making and indigenous movements in Nepal. PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Regmi, M., 1976. Landownership in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha, N., 1990. Landlessness and migration in Nepal. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R., 2014. Black Mexicans, conjunctural ethnicity, and operating identities: long-term ethnographic analysis. American Sociological Review, 79 (3), 517–548. doi: 10.1177/0003122414529585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streets, H., 2004. Martial races: the military, race and masculinity in British imperial culture, 1857–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spoon, J., 2013. From Yaks to tourists: Sherpa livelihood adaptations in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal. In: L. Lozny, ed. Continuity and change in cultural mountain adaptations: from prehistory to contemporary threats. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Treitler, V.B., 2013. The ethnic project: transforming racial fiction into ethnic factions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, C., 1994. Passing: narcissism, identity, and difference. Difference: a Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 6 (2–3), 212–249.
   Google Scholar
• Whelpton, J., 2005. A history of Nepal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar