Lifetime Prevalence of Alcohol and Substance Use in Egypt: A Community Survey

REFERENCES

• World Health Organization . 2004 . Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2000 . Guide to Drug Abuse Epidemiology , Geneva : World Health Organization . WHO/MSD/MSB/00.3
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention . 2009 . World Drug Report 2009. Executive Summary , Vienna : United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Amin , G. 2007 . What Happened to Egyptians: Evolution of Egyptian Society 1945/1995 , Cairo : Dar El Shorouk Press .
   Google Scholar
• The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) . 2006 . Egypt. Egyptian Population Report. Available at: www.capmas.gov.eg. Accessed October 1, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Mental Health Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Information Department . 2011 . Monthly and Annual Admission Reports 2000–2010 , Cairo : Mental Health Secretariat .
   Google Scholar
• Law for the Care of People with Mental Disorders (Law 71, 2009) . 2009 . Egyptian Facts Gazette , Cairo : Government of Egypt .
   Google Scholar
• Khoweiled , A , Amer , D , Abed , M , Refaat , O , Goweilli , T and Hamdi , E . 2012 . Egyptian Law 71/2009 “Care of Mentally ill Patients”: knowledge and opinions of service providers, relatives, and patients with substance abuse . Egypt J Psychiatry , 33 : 74 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Rakhawy , Y . 1996 . Ministry of Health: National Research on Addiction: Use, Abuse, Dependency and Addiction: Preliminary Report , Cairo : Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Ghanem , M , Gadallah , M , Meky , F A , Mourad , S and El-Kholy , G . 2009 . National survey of prevalence of mental disorders in Egypt: Preliminary survey . Eastern Mediterranean Health J. , 15 ( 1 ) : 65 – 75 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Akabawi , A S . March 1989 . Non-medical use of psychoactive substances among secondary school students in Ismailia City, Egypt . Presented at the Dammam Conference on Addiction
   Google Scholar
• El-Amrawy , S M . 1991 . A study of drug use among secondary school boys in Alexandria . Alexandria J. Pediatrics. , 5 : 249 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Demerdash , A , Fathi , A Ibrahim , A R . 1992 . Substance non-medical use among secondary school students in Assiout City . Egypt. J. Psychiatry. , 15 : 155 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Soueif , M , Okasha , A Ghaleb , H . 1992 . A Comprehensive National Strategy for The Prevention and Treatment of Substance Misuse and Dependence Problems. Final Report , Cairo : Secretariat, Ministry of Health, and Psychiatry Department, Cairo University . The National Council for Addiction Prevention and Treatment. The Scientific Consultancy Committee
   Google Scholar
• Soueif , M I , Taha , H Badr , K . 1995 . The Use of Psychoactive Substances among University Students , Cairo : National Centre for Social and Criminological Research . in Arabic
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention-Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean . 2011 . World Drug Report. , www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World-Drug-Report-2011-ebook.pdf. Accessed June 23, 2011
   Google Scholar
• El-Akabawi , A S . 2001 . “ Drug abuse in the Arab world: a country profile Egypt ” . In Images in Psychiatry: An Arab Perspective , Edited by: Okasha , A and Maj , M . 143 – 150 . Cairo : Scientific Book House .
   Google Scholar
• Azim , A K , Lotaeif , F , El Mahallawy , N , El Dawla , A and Asaad , T . 2001 . Psychosocial Correlates of Substance Abuse , Cairo : Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University . MD thesis
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention-Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean . 2008 . UNODC Annual Report. , www.unodc.org/documents/about_unodc/AR8-WEB.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2008
   Google Scholar
• National Centre for Social and Criminological Research . 2003 . The Use of Psychoactive Substances among Secondary and Technical Secondary School Students , Vol. 10 , Cairo : National Centre for Social and Criminological Research . in Arabic
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean . June 2005 . Report on the Fourth Meeting of the Regional Advisory Panel on Impacts of Drug Abuse (RAPID) , Cairo : World Health Organization, Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• Beynon , C , Bellis , M A Millar , T . 2001 . Hidden need for drug treatment services: measuring levels of problematic drug use in the North West of England . J Public Health Med. , 23 : 286 – 291 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1992 . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean . 2003 . Questionnaire for Regional Situation Analysis on Drug Abuse , Cairo : World Health Organization, Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention . 2005 . Country Profile, Egypt . Updated April 11. Available at: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/egypt/egypt_country_profile. Accessed November 1, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Holland , R , Vivancos , R Maskrey , V . 2006 . The prevalence of problem drug misuse in a rural country of England . J Public Health (Oxf) , 28 : 88 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , L , Chiu , W T Sampson , N . 2008 . Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO world mental health surveys . PloS Med , 5 : e141 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droomers , M , Schrijvers , C T Stronks , K . 1999 . Educational differences in excessive alcohol consumption: the role of psychosocial and material stressors . Prevent Med. , 29 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum , R M . 2009 . “ The epidemiology of substance use disorders ” . In American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) Textbook, , 3rd ed , Edited by: Kries , R . 13 – 27 . Philadelphia : Walters Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS . 2003 . Position Paper on Substitution Maintenance Therapy in the Management of Opioid Dependence and HIV/AIDS Prevention , 4 Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Nahas , G G . 1985 . Hashish and drug abuse in Egypt during the 19th and 20th centuries . Bull N Y Acad Med , 61 : 428 – 444 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aceijas , C , Friedman , S R Cooper , H L . 2006 . Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution . Sex Transm Infect , 82 ( Suppl 3 ) : 10 – 17 . iii
   Google Scholar