220
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Neuropsychological Functioning Among Chronic Khat Users in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia

, MD, DrPH, , MD, , PhD & , ABP

REFERENCES

  • Feyissa AM, Kelly JP. A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32:1147–1166.
  • Hoffman R, Al’Absi M. Khat use and neurobehavioral functions: suggestions for future studies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;132:554–563.
  • Ageely H. Health and socio-economic hazards associated with khat consumption. J Fam Community Med 2008;15:3–11.
  • Cox G, Rampes H. Adverse effects of khat: a review. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2003;9:456–463.
  • Althani IM. Development a Saudi solution for khat problem. In: AlMarzoki H, Abu Khatwa AN, eds. Khat. Jeddah: Mutbouat Publications; 1988:241–257.
  • Kite GC, Ismail M, Simmonds MS, Houghton PJ. Use of doubly protonated molecules in the analysis of cathedulins in crude extracts of khat (Catha edulis) by liquid chromatography/serial mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2003;17:1553–1564.
  • Geisshusler S, Brenneisen R. The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;19:269–277.
  • Toennes SW, Harder S, Schramm M, Niess C, Kauert GF. Pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine after the chewing of khat leaves. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56:125–130.
  • Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Khat (Catha edulis)—an updated review. Addict Biol. 2005;10:299–307.
  • Odenwald M, Neuner F, Schauer M, et al. Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: a cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia. BMC Med. 2005;3:5.
  • Hassan NA, Gunaid AA, El-Khally FM, Murray-Lyon IM. The effect of chewing Khat leaves on human mood. Saudi Med J. 2002;23:850–853.
  • Saleh M, Mekkawy H, el-Komy F. Acute effects of a khat extract on the rat electroencephalogram. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;23:291–298.
  • Banjaw MY, Miczek K, Schmidt WJ. Repeated Catha edulis oral administration enhances the baseline aggressive behavior in isolated rats. J Neural Transm. 2006;113:543–556.
  • Banjaw MY, Schmidt WJ. Behavioural sensitisation following repeated intermittent oral administration of Catha edulis in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2005;156:181–189.
  • Al-Motarreb A, Baker K, Broadley KJ. Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen. Phytother Res. 2002;16:403–413.
  • Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WP, Bajo MT, Hommel B. Long-term effects of chronic khat use: impaired inhibitory control. Front Psychol. 2010;1:219.
  • Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WP, Hommel B. Khat use is associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e20602.
  • Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WP, Hommel B. Khat use is associated with increased response conflict in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:315–321.
  • Scott JC, Woods SP, Matt GE, et al. Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: a critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007;17:275–297.
  • Alem A, Shibre T. Khat induced psychosis and its medico-legal implication: a case report. Ethiop Med J. 1997;35:137–139.
  • Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; 1988.
  • Erdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. GPOWER: a general power analysis program. Behav Res Methods 1996;28:1–11.
  • Mahoney JJ 3rd, Jackson BJ, Kalechstein AD, De la Garza R 2nd, Newton TF. Acute, low-dose methamphetamine administration improves attention/information processing speed and working memory in methamphetamine-dependent individuals displaying poorer cognitive performance at baseline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35:459–465.
  • Uftring SJ, Wachtel SR, Chu D, McCandless C, Levin DN, de Wit H. An fMRI study of the effect of amphetamine on brain activity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:925–935.
  • Wardle MC, Treadway MT, Mayo LM, Zald DH, de Wit H. Amping up effort: effects of d-amphetamine on human effort-based decision-making. J Neurosci. 2011;31:16597–16602.
  • Sostek AJ, Buchsbaum MS, Rapoport JL. Effects of amphetamine on vigilance performance in normal and hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1980;8:491–500.
  • Gonzalez R, Rippeth JD, Carey CL, et al. Neurocognitive performance of methamphetamine users discordant for history of marijuana exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;76:181–190.
  • Rippeth JD, Heaton RK, Carey CL, et al. Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:1–14.
  • Woods SP, Rippeth JD, Conover E, et al. Deficient strategic control of verbal encoding and retrieval in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. Neuropsychology. 2005;19:35–43.
  • Al-Zahrani MA, Elsayed YA. The impacts of substance abuse and dependence on neuropsychological functions in a sample of patients from Saudi Arabia. Behav Brain Funct. 2009;5:48–58.
  • Kalechstein AD, Newton TF, Green M. Methamphetamine dependence is associated with neurocognitive impairment in the initial phases of abstinence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15:215–220.
  • Simon SL, Domier C, Carnell J, Brethen P, Rawson R, Ling W. Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine. Am J Addict. 2000;9:222–231.
  • Salo R, Nordahl TE, Moore C, et al. A dissociation in attentional control: evidence from methamphetamine dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:310–313.
  • McKetin R, Mattick RP. Attention and memory in illicit amphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997;48:235–242.
  • Rendell PG, Mazur M, Henry JD. Prospective memory impairment in former users of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;203:609–616.
  • Johanson CE, Frey KA, Lundahl LH, et al. Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;185:327–338.
  • Cherner M, Suarez P, Casey C, et al. Methamphetamine use parameters do not predict neuropsychological impairment in currently abstinent dependent adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;106:154–163.
  • Iudicello JE, Woods SP, Vigil O, et al. Longer term improvement in neurocognitive functioning and affective distress among methamphetamine users who achieve stable abstinence. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32:704–718.
  • Chang L, Ernst T, Speck O, et al. Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Res. 2002;114:65–79.
  • London ED, Berman SM, Voytek B, et al. Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:770–778.
  • Rohlman DS, Gimenes LS, Eckerman DA, Kang SK, Farahat FM, Anger WK. Development of the Behavioral Assessment and Research System (BARS) to detect and characterize neurotoxicity in humans. NeuroToxicology. 2003;25:523–532.
  • Anger WK, Letz R, Chrislip DW, et al. Neurobehavioral test methods for environmental health studies of adults. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1994;16:489–497.
  • Anger WK, Rohlman DS, Sizemore OJ, Kovera CA, Gibertini M, Ger J. Human behavioral assessment in neurotoxicology: producing appropriate test performance with written and shaping instructions. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1996;18:371–379.
  • Rohlman DS, Sizemore OJ, Anger WK, Kovera CA. Computerized neurobehavioral testing: techniques for improving test instructions. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1996;18:407–412.
  • Rohlman DS, Ismail AA, Olson JR, Hendy OM, Abdel Rasoul GM. Occupational pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral deficits in an adolescent population. Paper presented at 50th meeting of the Society of Toxicology; Washington, DC; March 6, 2011.
  • Ismail AA, Rohlman DS. The test-retest reliability of the Behavioral Assessment and Research System in Arabic Speaking Adults. Paper presented at 66th Annual Meeting of the Oregon Academy of Science; Portland, OR; February 23, 2008.
  • Holm S. A simple sequentially rejective Bonferroni test procedure. Scand J Stat. 1979;6:65–70.
  • Anger WK, Sizemore OJ, Grossmann SJ, Glasser JA, Letz R, Bowler R. Human neurobehavioral research methods: impact of subject variables. Environ Res. 1997;73:18–41.
  • Ersche KD, Clark L, London M, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Profile of executive and memory function associated with amphetamine and opiate dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:1036–1047.
  • Hill RD, Nilsson LG, Nyberg L, Backman L. Cigarette smoking and cognitive performance in healthy Swedish adults. Age Ageing. 2003;32:548–550.
  • Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ, Nixon SJ. A comprehensive assessment of neurocognition in middle-aged chronic cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122:105–111.
  • Corley J, Gow AJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Smoking, childhood IQ, and cognitive function in old age. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73: 132–138.
  • Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Neurocognitive consequences of cigarette smoking in young adults—a comparison with pre-drug performance. NeuroToxicol Teratol. 2006;28:517–525.
  • Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010; 34:295–342.
  • Whalley LJ, Fox HC, Deary IJ, Starr JM. Childhood IQ, smoking, and cognitive change from age 11 to 64 years. Addict Behav. 2005;30:77–88.
  • Wang CC, Lu TH, Liao WC, et al. Cigarette smoking and cognitive impairment: a 10-year cohort study in Taiwan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;51:143–148.
  • Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, et al. Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. J Neurosci. 2001;21:9414–9418.
  • Ellison G. Neural degeneration following chronic stimulant abuse reveals a weak link in brain, fasciculus retroflexus, implying the loss of forebrain control circuitry. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;12:287–297.
  • Kalix P, Glennon RA. Further evidence for an amphetamine-like mechanism of action of the alkaloid cathinone. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35:3015–3019.
  • Wagner GC, Preston K, Ricaurte GA, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Neurochemical similarities between d,l-cathinone and d-amphetamine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1982;9:279–284.
  • Kimani ST, Nyongesa AW. Effects of single daily khat (Catha edulis) extract on spatial learning and memory in CBA mice. Behav Brain Res. 16 2008;195:192–197.
  • Kimani ST, Patel NB, Kioy PG. Effect of single and daily khat (Catha edulis) extract on locomotor behaviour in CBA mice. Sci Res Essays. 2008;3:187–196.
  • Daba D, Hymete A, Bekhit AA, Mohamed AM, Bekhit Ael D. Multi residue analysis of pesticides in wheat and khat collected from different regions of Ethiopia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011;86:336–341.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.