REFERENCES
- Schweinsburg AD, Nagel BJ, Schweinsburg BC, Park A, Theilmann RJ, Tapert SF. Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Res. 2008;163:40–51.
- Macleod J, Oakes R, Copello A, et al. Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systemic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2004;363:1579–1588.
- Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF. The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2009;40:31–38.
- Friswell J, Phillips C, Holding J, et al. Acute effects of opioids on memory functions of healthy men and women. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;198:243–250.
- Yan WS, Li YH, Xiao L, et al. Working memory and affective decision-making in addiction: a neurocognitive comparison between heroin addicts, pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;134:194–200.
- Thames AD, Arbid N, Sayegh P. Cannabis use and neurocognitive functioning in a non-clinical sample of users. Addict Behav. 2014;39:994–999.
- Grant I, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Natarajan L, Wolfson T. Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: a meta-analytic study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:679–689.
- Grant I, Atkinson HJ, Gouaux B, Wilsey B. Medical marijuana: clearing away the smoke. Open Neurol J. 2012;6:18–25.
- Meier RH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al. Persistent cannabis users show neuropscychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:ES657–ES664.
- Gonzalez RJ, Chang SY. Nonacute (residual) neuropsychological effects of cannabis use: a qualitative analysis and systematic review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:48S–57S.
- Alloway TP, Alloway RG. Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. J Exp Child Psychol. 2010;106:20–29.
- Ullman H, Almeida R, Klingberg T. Structure maturation and brain activity predict future working memory capacity during childhood development. J Neurosci. 2014;29:34:1592–1599.
- Cousijn J, Wiers RW, Ridderinkhof KR, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE. Effect of baseline cannabis use and working-memory network function on changes in cannabis use in heavy cannabis users: a prospective fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:2470–2482.
- Solowij N, Battisti R. The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2008;1:81–98.
- Wechsler, D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition. Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Inc.; 2003.
- Wechsler, D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition. Administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 2008.
- US Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, 2009 to 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Three-Year-Average Median Household Income by State: 2009–2011 and Two-Year-Average Median Household Income by State: 2010 to 2011. Available at: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/statemedian/index.html. Accessed July 28, 2014.
- Hanscombe KB, Trzaskowski M, Haworth CMA, et al. Socioeconomic status (SES) and children's intelligence (IQ): in a UK-representative sample SES moderates the environmental, not genetic, effect on IQ. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e30320. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030320.
- Turkheimer E, Haley A, Waldron M, D’Onofrio B, Gottesman I. Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychol Sci. 2003;14:623–628.
- Luciano M, Wright M, Smith GA, Geffen GM, Martin NG. Genetic covariance among measures of information processing speed, working memory, and IQ. Behav Genet. 2001;31:581–592.
- Fry AF, Hale S. Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: evidence for a developmental cascade. Psychol Sci. 1996;7:237–241.
- Aharonovich E, Hasin DS, Brooks AC, Liu X, Bisaga A. Cognitive deficits predict low treatment retention in cocaine dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81:313–322.
- Fishman M. Placement criteria and treatment planning for adolescents with substance use disorders. In: Kaminer Y, Winters K, eds. Clinical Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2010:113–142.
- Aharonovich E, Brooks AC, Nunes EV, Hasin D. Cognitive deficits in marijuana users: effects on motivational enhancement therapy plus cognitive behavioral therapy treatment outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;95:279–283.
- Sofuoglu M, Sugarman DE, Carroll KM. Cognitive function as an emerging treatment target for marijuana addiction. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;18:109–119.