Physical therapists should play a greater role in managing patients with opioid use and opioid misuse

References

• GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;17:1204–1222.
   Google Scholar
• Yelin E, Weinstein S, King T. The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(3):259–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieleman JL, Cao J, Chapin A, et al. US Health care spending by payer and health condition, 1996–2016. JAMA. 2020;323(9):863–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebbag E, Felten R, Sagez F, Sibilia J, Devilliers H, Arnaud L. The world-wide burden of musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic analysis of the World Health Organization Burden of Diseases Database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(6):844–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sola H, Dueñas M, Salazar A, Ortega-Jiménez P, Failde I. Prevalence of therapeutic use of opioids in chronic non-cancer pain patients and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:564412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry TB, Sabety A, Maestas N. Documented pain diagnoses in adults prescribed opioids: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2006–2015. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(12):892–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale AM, Buckner-Petty S, Evanoff BA, Gage BF. Predictors of long-term opioid use and opioid use disorder among construction workers: analysis of claims data. Am J Ind Med. 2021;64(1):48–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshfegh J, George SZ, Sun E. Risk and risk factors for chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients with newly diagnosed musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulder, knee, or low back. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(7):504–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Fan MY, Devries A, Brennan Braden J, Martin BC. Risks for possible and probable opioid misuse among recipients of chronic opioid therapy in commercial and medicaid insurance plans: The TROUP Study. Pain. 2010;150(2):332–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain-United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1624–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR. AHRQ comparative effectiveness reviews. In: Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018. Jun. Report No.: 18-EHC013-EF. PMID: 30179389.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes A, Berry KM, Hempstead K, Lundberg DJ, Neogi T. Trends in prescription analgesic use among adults with musculoskeletal conditions in the United States, 1999–2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman DE, Carlesso LC, Nahin RL. Management of patients with a musculoskeletal pain condition that is likely chronic: results from a National Cross Sectional Survey. J Pain. 2020;21(7–8):869–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han B, Compton WM, Blanco C, Crane E, Lee J, Jones CM. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in U.S. Adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(5):293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morasco BJ, Yarborough BJ, Smith NX, et al. Higher prescription opioid dose is associated with worse patient-reported pain outcomes and more health care utilization. J Pain. 2017;18(4):437–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morasco BJ, Dobscha SK. Prescription medication misuse and substance use disorder in VA primary care patients with chronic pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30(2):93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA, Cole B, Lewis J, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse/addiction and/or aberrant drug-related behaviors? A structured evidence-based review. Pain Med. 2008;9(4):444–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Phychiatric Association. Diagnostic Aand Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: APA; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• McLellan AT, Starrels JL, Tai B, et al. Can substance use disorders be managed using the chronic care model? Review and recommendations from a NIDA Consensus Group. Public Health Rev. 2014;35(2):7.
   Google Scholar
• Hser YI, Mooney LJ, Saxon AJ, Miotto K, Bell DS, Huang D. Chronic pain among patients with opioid use disorder: results from electronic health records data. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;77:26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Cleveland JD. Time trends in opioid use disorder hospitalizations in gout, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and low back pain. J. Rheumatol. 2020;48(5):775–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medicaid Outcomes Distributed Research N, Donohue JM, Jarlenski MP, et al. Use of medications for treatment of opioid use disorder among US medicaid enrollees in 11 States, 2014–2018. JAMA. 2021;326(2):154–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Collins FS. The role of science in addressing the opioid crisis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies-tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Cote P, Randhawa K, et al. The Global Spine Care Initiative: applying evidence-based guidelines on the non-invasive management of back and neck pain to low- and middle-income communities. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(Suppl 6):851–860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of P. noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Wu SS, et al. Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberz D, Regal R, Conway P. Observational study: predictors of a successful functional outcome in persons who receive physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Eval. Health Prof. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278720954229.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Kim J, Dorius J. Importance of the type of provider seen to begin health care for a new episode low back pain: associations with future utilization and costs. J Eval Clin Pract. 2016;22(2):247–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazis LE, Ameli O, Rothendler J, et al. Observational retrospective study of the association of initial healthcare provider for new-onset low back pain with early and long-term opioid use. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e028633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frogner BK, Harwood K, Andrilla CHA, Schwartz M, Pines JM. Physical therapy as the first point of care to treat low back pain: an instrumental variables approach to estimate impact on opioid prescription, health care utilization, and costs. Health Serv Res. 2018;53(6):4629–4646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Physical Therapy Association. Choose PT. 2021. https://www.choosept.com/choose-physical-therapy-over-opioids-for-pain-management-choosept. Accessed June 17, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mintken PE, Moore JR, Flynn TW. Physical therapists’ role in solving the opioid epidemic. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(5):349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport TE, DeVoght AC, Sisneros H, Bezruchka S. Navigating the intersection between persistent pain and the opioid crisis: population health perspectives for physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2020;100(6):995–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magel J, Cochran G, West N, Fritz JM, Bishop MD, Gordon AJ. Physical therapists’ attitudes are associated with their confidence in and the frequency with which they engage in prescription opioid medication misuse management practices with their patients. A cross-sectional study. Subst Abus J. 2021:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Jones EB, Einstein EB, Wargo EM. Prevention and treatment of opioid misuse and addiction: a review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(2):208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnert ASB, Valenstein M, Bair MJ, et al. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths. JAMA. 2011;305(13):1315–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn KM, Saunders KW, Rutter CM, et al. Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pino CA, Wakeman SE. Prescription of opioids for acute pain in opioid naïve patients. In: Fishman S, ed. Up To Date, Waltham, MA. 2021. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prescription-of-opioids-for-acute-pain-in-opioid-naive-patients?search=oxycodone&source=search_result&selectedTitle=8∼149&usage_type=default&display_rank=6. Accessed June 18, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bieber CM, Fernandez K, Borsook D, et al. Retrospective accounts of initial subjective effects of opioids in patients treated for pain who do or do not develop opioid addiction: a pilot case-control study. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008;16(5):429–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magel J, Kim J, Thackeray A, Hawley C, Petersen S, Fritz JM. Associations between physical therapy continuity of care and health care utilization and costs in patients with low back pain: a retrospective cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018;98(12):990–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Hunter SJ, Tracy DM, Brennan GP. Utilization and clinical outcomes of outpatient physical therapy for medicare beneficiaries with musculoskeletal conditions. Phys Ther. 2011;91(3):330–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney M, Seider J, Beaty AF, Coughlin K, Dyal M, Clewley D. The impact of therapeutic alliance in physical therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;36(8):886–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman CC. Snyder TEK. In: Heick J, Lazarou RT, eds. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists. 6th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Rutkowski BA. Specific disciplines addressing substance use: AMERSA in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):392–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy S, Seale JP, Alford DP. Medicine, with a focus on physicians: addressing substance use in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):396–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattingly JR. Medicine, with a focus on physician assistants: addressing substance use in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnell DS, Tierney M, Mitchell AM. Nursing: addressing substance use in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):412–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratberg J. Pharmacy: addressing substance use in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):421–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne-Leute V, Pugatch M, Hruschak V. Social work: addressing substance use in the 21st century. Subst Abus. 2019;40(4):435–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar