Comparing the Ethics of Citizen Photojournalists and Professional Photojournalists: A Coorientational Study

REFERENCES

• Abbott , A. 1988 . The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Agresti , A. and Finlay , B. 2009 . Statistical methods for the social sciences Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall. .
   Google Scholar
• Allan , S. 2013 . Citizen witnessing: Revisioning journalism in times of crisis Cambridge , , England : Polity Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Andén-Papadopoulos , K. 2013 . Media witnessing and the ‘crowd-sourced video revolution.’ . Visual Communication , 12 ( 3 ) : 341 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andén-Papadopoulos , K. and Pantti , M. , eds. 2011 . Amateur images and global news Chicago , IL : Intellect Books. .
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press . May 31 2013 . Chicago Sun-Times lays off all its full-time photographers. The New York Times May 31 , Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/business/media/chicago-sun-times-lays-off-all-its-full-time-photographers.html?_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Avery , E. , Lariscey , R. and Sweetser , K. D. 2010 . Social media and shared–or divergent–uses? A coorientation analysis of public relations practitioners and journalists . International Journal of Strategic Communication , 4 : 189 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Beam , R. A. 1993 . The impact of group ownership variables on organizational professionalism at daily newspapers . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 70 ( 4 ) : 907 – 918 .
   Google Scholar
• Beam , R. A. 2003 . Content differences between daily newspapers with strong and weak market orientations . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 80 ( 2 ) : 368 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam , R. , Weaver , D. H. and Brownlee , B. J. 2009 . Changes in professionalism of U.S. journalists in the turbulent twenty-first century . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 86 ( 2 ) : 277 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. and Vlad , T. 2011 . “ Where professionalism begins. ” . In Changing the news: The forces changing journalism in uncertain times Edited by: Lowery , W. and Gade , P. New York , NY : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Bentley , C. H. , Hamman , B. , Littau , J. , Meyer , H. , Watson , B. and Welsh , B. The citizen journalism movement: My Missourian as a case study . Paper presented to the 2005 conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication . San Antonio , TX . August .
   Google Scholar
• Blood , R. November 5 2002 . Weblog ethics [Excerpt from her book The weblog handbook: Practical advice on creating and maintaining your blog posted on her blog] November 5 , Retrieved from http://www.rebeccablood.net/handbook/excerpts/weblog_ethics.html
   Google Scholar
• Borden , S. 2007 . Journalism as practice: Macintyre, virtue ethics and the press Burlington , VT : Ashgate Publishing Limited. .
   Google Scholar
• Butcher , M. November 14 2012 . “ Corbis acquires crowd-sourced photo agency Demotix, after its move into apps. ” . In TechCrunch November 14 , Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/14/corbis-acquires-crowd-sourced-photo-agency-demotix-after-its-move-into-apps/
   Google Scholar
• Carr-Saunders , A. M. and Wilson , P. A. 1933 . The professions Oxford , , England : Clarendon. .
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. and McLeod , J. M. 1968 . Sensitization in panel design: A coorientation experiment . Journalism Quarterly , 45 ( 4 ) : 661 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers , C. J. 2013 . Brutality of Syrian rebels posing dilemma in West . The New York Times , September 5 Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/05/world/middleeast/brutality-of-syrian-rebels-pose-dilemma-in-west.html?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=WO_BOS_20130905&_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Cookman , C. and Stolley , R. B. 2009 . American photojournalism: Motivations and meanings New York , NY : Northwestern University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• De Leeuw , E. D. and De Heer , W. 2002 . “ Trends in household survey nonresponse: A longitudinal and international comparison. ” . In Survey nonresponse Edited by: Groves , R. M. , Dillman , D. A. , Eltinghe , J. L. and Little , R. J. A. New York , NY : Wiley. .
   Google Scholar
• Deuze , M. 2005 . What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered . Journalism , 6 ( 4 ) : 442 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillman , D. A. , Smyth , J. D. and Christian , L. M. 2010 . Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley and Sons. .
   Google Scholar
• Dube , J. 2003 . A bloggers' code of ethics Retrieved from http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/000215.php
   Google Scholar
• Freidson , E. 1984 . The changing nature of professional control . Annual Review of Sociology , 10 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend , C. and Singer , J. B. 2007 . Online journalism ethics: Traditions and transitions Armonk , NY : ME Sharpe. .
   Google Scholar
• Gade , P. J. 2011 . “ Postmodernism, uncertainty, and journalism. ” . In Changing the news: The forces shaping journalism in uncertain times Edited by: Lowrey , W. and Gade , P. New York , NY : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Garcia , A. May 29 2012 . “ Will citizen photojournalism take over the news industry?. ” . In Chicago Tribune May 29 , Retrieved from http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/assignment-chicago/2012/05/will-citizen-photojournalism-take-over-the-news-industry.html
   Google Scholar
• George , D. and Mallery , P. 2003 . SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update, , 4th ed. Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon. .
   Google Scholar
• Groves , R. M. 2006 . Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys . Public Opinion Quarterly , 70 ( 5 ) : 646 – 675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug , M. R. 1977 . Computer technology and the obsolescence of the concept of profession . Work and Technology , 10 : 215 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Hermida , A. and Thurman , N. 2008 . A clash of cultures . Journalism Practice , 2 ( 3 ) : 343 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , J. 2008 . The wisdom of the crowd resides in how the crowd is used Retrieved from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100695 Nieman Reports
   Google Scholar
• Hutchins , R. 1947 . A free and responsible press: Commission on Freedom of the Press Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. 2006 . Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide New York , NY : New York University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , A. S. 2009 . Losing the news: The future of the news that feeds democracy Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufhold , K. , Valenzuela , S. and De Zúñiga , H. G. 2010 . Citizen journalism and democracy: How user-generated news use relates to political knowledge and participation . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 87 ( 3–4 ) : 515 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeter , S. , Miller , C. , Kohut , A. , Groves , R. M. and Presser , S. 2000 . Consequences of reducing nonresponse in a national telephone survey . Public Opinion Quarterly , 64 ( 2 ) : 125 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , K. , Thompson , M. F. and Waters , R. D. 2007 . Improving the way we die: A coorientation study assessing agreement/disagreement in the organization-public relationship of hospices and physicians . Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives , 11 ( 6 ) : 607 – 627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. 2007 . Interactivity and prioritizing the human: A code of blogging ethics . Journal of Mass Media Ethics , 22 ( 1 ) : 18 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Lasica , J. D. 2003 . Blogs and journalism need each other . Nieman Reports , 57 ( 3 ) : 70 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurent , O. 2012 . The new economics of photojournalism . British Journal of Photography , September 3 Retrieved from http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/report/2202300/the-new-economics-of-photojournalism-the-rise-of-instagram
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. C. , Kaufhold , K. and Lasorsa , D. L. 2010 . Thinking about citizen journalism . Journalism Practice , 4 ( 2 ) : 163 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowery , W. 2006 . Mapping the journalism-blogging relationship . Journalism , 23 : 477 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyotard , J. 1984 . The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge Edited by: Bennington , G. and Massumi , B. Manchester , , England : Manchester University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney , T. 2012 . Citizen journalism needs a dose of journalistic ethics after Sandy . The Huffington Post , November 6 Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tyler-mahoney/hurricane-sandy-citizen-journalism_b_2082596.html
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , T. 2007 . Citizen journalism has value, but ethics will distinguish the pros . McGuire on the Media , Retrieved from http://cronkite.asu.edu/mcguireblog/?p=39
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. and Chaffee , S. H. 1973 . Interpersonal approaches to communication research . American Behavioral Scientist , 16 ( 4 ) : 469 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill , J. C. 1974 . The imperative of freedom: A philosophy of journalistic autonomy New York , NY : Hastings House. .
   Google Scholar
• Merrill , J. C. , Gade , P. J. and Blevens , F. R. 2001 . Twilight of press freedom: The rise of people's journalism Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen , T. B. and Keshelashvili , A. 2013 . If everyone with a camera can do this, then what? Professional photojournalists' sense of professional threat in the face of citizen photojournalism . Visual Communication Quarterly , 20 ( 3 ) : 144 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• NPPA . 2013 . “ National Press Photographers Association. ” . In Code of Ethics Retrieved from https://nppa.org/code_of_ethics
   Google Scholar
• Radar , O'Reilly . 2007 . Call for a blogger's code of conduct Retrieved from http://radar.oreilly.com/2007/03/call-for-a-bloggers-code-of-co.html
   Google Scholar
• Oliver , L. November 29 2007 . AFP buys stake in citizen journalism site Citizenside November 29 , Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/afp-buys-stake-in-citizen-journalism-site-citizenside/s2/a530805/ Journalism.co.uk
   Google Scholar
• Örnebring , H. 2008 . The consumer as producer—of what? . Journalism Studies , 9 ( 5 ) : 771 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Örnebring , H. 2013 . Anything you can do, I can do better? Professional journalists on citizen journalism in six European countries . International Communication Gazette , 75 ( 1 ) : 35 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outing , S. November 19 2004 . “ How to integrate citizen journalism into mainstream news sites. ” . In Editor and Publisher November 19 , Retrieved from http://www.editorandpublisher.com/Article/How-to-Integrate-Citizen-Journalism-Into-Mainstream-News-Sites
   Google Scholar
• Pantti , M. 2012 . Getting Closer? . Journalism Studies , 14 ( 2 ) : 1 – 18 . doi:10.1080/1461670X.2012.718551
   Google Scholar
• Paulussen , S. and Ugille , P. 2008 . User generated content in the newsroom: Professional and organizational constraints on participatory journalism . Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture , 5 ( 2 ) : 24 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , D. D. and Schoen , M. 2007 . “If I break a rule, what do I do, fire myself?” Ethics codes of independent blogs . Journal of Mass Media Ethics , 22 ( 1 ) : 37 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , T. 1956 . “ Social responsibility theory of the press. ” . In Four theories of the press Edited by: Siebert , F. , Peterson , T. and Schramm , W. Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , A. , Singer , J. , Vlad , T. and Becker , L. B. 2009 . Implications of technological change for journalists' tasks and skills . Journal of Media Business Studies , 6 ( 1 ) : 61 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Picard , R. G. 2009 . “ Why journalists deserve low pay. ” . In Christian Science Monitor Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/0519/p09s02-coop.html
   Google Scholar
• Sarfatti-Larson , M. 1979 . The rise of professionalism Berkeley , CA : University of California Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Siebert , F. , Peterson , T. and Schramm , W. , eds. 1956 . Four theories of the press Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Siebert , F. 1956 . “ The Libertarian theory of the press. ” . In Four theories of the press Edited by: Siebert , F. , Peterson , T. and Schramm , W. Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. 2003 . Who are these guys? The online challenge to the notion of journalistic professionalism . Journalism , 4 ( 2 ) : 139 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. 2011 . “ Journalism and digital technologies. ” . In Changing the news: The forces shaping journalism in uncertain times Edited by: Lowrey , W. and Gade , P. New York , NY : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. B. 2007 . Contested autonomy . Journalism Studies , 8 ( 1 ) : 79 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Society of Professional Journalists . 1996 . Code of ethics Retrieved from http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
   Google Scholar
• Sonderman , J. January 17 2013 . “ Knight News challenge funds photography app with built-in verification data. ” . In Poynter January 17 , Retrieved from http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/200878/knight-news-challenge-funds-photography-app-with-built-in-verification-data/
   Google Scholar
• Sprint . December 18 2012 . I am unlimited. Picture Perfect. December 18 , Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frKZyFYxQCY
   Google Scholar
• Stegall , S. K. and Sanders , K. P. 1986 . Coorientation of PR practitioners and news personnel in education news . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 63 ( 2 ) : 341 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelter , B. 2013 . NBC buying web service to stream phone video . New York Times , August 11 Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/business/media/nbc-buying-web-service-to-stream-phone-video.html
   Google Scholar
• Swindell , C. L. 2006 . A theory of emergency communication using cooriented perceptions of journalists and official sources Lexington , KY : University of Kentucky. . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)
   Google Scholar
• Templeton , L. , Deehan , A. , Taylor , C. , Drummond , C. and Strang , J. 1997 . Surveying general practitioners: Does a low response rate matter? . The British Journal of General Practice , 47 ( 415 ) : 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tull , D. S. 1973 . Survey research: A decisional approach New York , NY : Intext Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Verčič , D. , Verčič , A. T. and Laco , K. 2006 . Coorientation theory in international relations: The case of Slovenia and Croatia . Public Relations Review , 32 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. H. and Wilhoit , G. C. 1996 . The American journalist in the 1990s: U.S. newspeople at the end of an era Mahwah , NJ : Earlbaum. .
   Google Scholar
• Wilensky , H. L. 1964 . The professionalization of everyone? . American Journal of Sociology , 70 ( 2 ) : 137 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer , R. D. and Dominick , J. R. 2006 . Mass communication research: An introduction Belmont , CA : Wadsworth. .
   Google Scholar
• Witschge , T. and Nygren , G. 2009 . Journalistic work: A profession under pressure? . Journal of Media Business Studies , 6 ( 1 ) : 37 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Yaschur , C. 2012 . Shooting the shooter: How experience level affects photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event . Visual Communication Quarterly , 19 ( 3 ) : 161 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. November 29 2011 . “ CNN lays off photojournalists, citing the accessibility of quality cameras. ” . In The Hollywood Reporter November 29 , Retrieved from http://www.crowdsourcing.org/document/cnn-lays-off-photojournalists-citing-the-accessibility-of-quality-cameras/8840
   Google Scholar