Campylobacter jejuni: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, Distribution, Subspecies Characterization and Molecular Methods of Detection

REFERENCES

• Aarts , H. , van Lith , L. and Jacobs-Reitsma , W. 1995 . Discrepancy between Penneer serotyping and polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting of Campylobacter isolates from poultry and other animal sources . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 20 : 371 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Abram , D. and Potter , N. 1984 . Survival of Campylobacter jejuni at different temperatures in broth, beef, chicken and cod supplemented with sodium chloride . J. Food Prot. , 47 : 795 – 800 .
   Google Scholar
• Adark , G. , Meakins , S. , Yip , H. , Lopman , B. and O'Brien , S. 2005 . Disease risks from foods, england and wales, 1996–2000 . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 11 : 365 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Alm , R. , Guerry , P. and Trust , T. 1993 . Distribution and polymorphism of the flagellin genes from isolates of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Bacteriol. , 175 ( 10 ) : 3051 – 3057 .
   Google Scholar
• Alter , T. , Gaull , F. , Kasimir , S. , Gürtler , M. , Mielke , H. , Linnebur , M. and Fehlhaber , K. 2005 . Prevalences and transmission routes of Campylobacter spp. strains within multiple pig farms . Vet. Microbiol. , 108 : 251 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Ang , C. , Laman , J. , Willison , H. , Wagner , E. , Endtz , H. , De Klerk , M. , Tio-Gillen , A. , van den Braak , N. , Jacobs , B. and Doorn , P. 2002 . Structure of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide determines antiganglioside specificity and clinical features of Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher patients . Infect. Immun. , 70 ( 3 ) : 1202 – 1208 .
   Google Scholar
• Aspinall , G. , McDonald , A. , Raju , T. , Pang , H. , Mills , S. , Kurjanczk , L. and Penner , J. 1992 . Serological diversity and chemical structures of Campylobacter jejuni low molecular weight lipopolysaccharides . J. Bacteriol. , 174 : 1324 – 1332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspinall , G. , McDonald , A. , Raju , T. , Pang , H. , Moran , A. and Penner , J. 1993 . Chemical structures of the core regions of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes O:1, O:4, 0:23, and O:36 lipoplysaccharides . Eur. J. Biochem. , 216 : 880
   Google Scholar
• Atterbury , R. , Dilln , E. , Swift , C. , Connerton , P. , Frost , J. , Dodd , C. , Rees , C. and Connerton , I. 2005 . Correlation of Campylobacter bacteriophage with reduced presence of hosts in broiler chicken ceca . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 71 : 4885 – 4887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayling , R. , Johnson , L. , Evans , S. and Newell , D. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, U.K.. PCR/RFLP and PFGE sub-typing of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates from poultry epidemiological investigation , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 181 – 185 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bacon , D. , Alm , R. , Burr , D. , Hu , L. , Kopecko , D. , Ewing , C. , Trust , T. and Guerry , P. 2000 . Involvement in a plasmid in the virulence of Campylobacter jejuni 81–76 . Infect. Immun. , 68 : 4384 – 4390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon , D. , Alm , R. , Hu , L. , Hickey , T. , Ewing , C. , Batchelor , R. , Trust , T. and Guerry , P. 2002 . DNA sequence and mutational analyses of the pVir plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 . Infect. Immun. , 70 : 6242 – 6250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang , D. , Borck , B. , Nielsen , E. , Scheutz , F. , Pederson , K. and Madsen , M. 2004 . Detection of seven virulence and toxin genes of Campylobacter jeuni isolates from Danish turkeys by PCR and cytolethal distending toxin production of the isolates . J. Food Protect. , 67 : 2171 – 2177 .
   Google Scholar
• Beery , J. , Hugdahl , M. and Doyle , M. 1988 . Colonization of gastrointestinal tracts of chicks by Campylobacter jejuni. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 2365 – 2370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuchat , L. 1985 . Efficacy of media and methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated chicken meat . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 934 – 939 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beumer , R. , de Vries , J. and Rombouts , F. 1992 . Campylobacter jejuni non-culturable coccoid cells . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 15 : 153 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaduri , S. and Cotrell , B. 2004 . Survival of cold-stressed Campylobacter jejuni on ground chicken and chicken skin during frozen storage . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 7103 – 7109 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birkenhead , D. , Hawkey , P. , Heritage , J. , Gascoyne-Binzi , D. and Kite , P. 1993 . PCR for the detection and typing of campylobacters . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 17 : 235 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Blaser , M. , Berkowitz , I. , LaForce , F. , Cravens , J. , Relleer , L. and Wang , W. 1979 . Campylobacter enteritis: clinical and epidemiological features . Ann. Intern. Med. , 91 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaser , M. , Hardesty , H. , Powers , B. and Wang , W. 1980 . Survival of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jenuni in biological milieus . J. Clin. Microbol. , 127 : 309 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Blaser , M. , Hardesty , H. , Powers , B. and Wang , W. 1986 . Extra intestinal Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections: host factors and strain characteristics . J. Infect. Dis. , 153 : 552 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogosian , G. , Morris , P. and O'Neil , J. 1998 . A mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 : 1736 – 1742 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolton , F. and Coates , D. 1983 . Development of a blood-free Campylobacter medium: screening tests on basal media and supplements, and the ability of selected supplements to facilitate aerotolerance . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 54 : 115 – 125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolton , F. , Holt , A. and Hutchinson , D. 1985 . Urease-positive campylobacters . Lancet , i : 1217 – 1218 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolton , F. , Fox , A. , Gibson , J. , Madden , R.K. , Moore , J. , Moran , L. , Murphy , P. , Owen , R. , Pennington , T. , Stanleyh , T. , Thompson-Carter , F. , Wareing , D. and Wilson , T. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. A multi-centre study of methods for sub-typing Campylobacter jejuni , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 187 – 189 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bolton , F. and Robertson , L. 1982 . A selective medium for isolating Campylobacter jejuni/coli. . J. Clin. Pathol. , 35 : 462 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher , S. , Slater , B. , Chamberlain , A. and Adams , M. 1994 . Production and viability of coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 77 : 303 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Branquinbo , M. , Alviano , C. and Ricciardi , L. 1983 . Chemical composition and biological action of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Campylobacter fetus ss . Jeuni. Rev. Microbiol. , 14 : 90 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Broman , T. , Bergström , S. , Palmgren , H. , McCafferty , D. , Sellin , M. and Olsen , B. 2000 . Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) in the subantarctic region . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 ( 1 ) : 449 – 452 .
   Google Scholar
• Burgess , F. , Little , C. , Allen , G. , Williamson , K. and Mitchell , T. 2005 . Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli on the external packaging of raw meat . J. Food Prot. , 68 : 469 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabrita , J. , Rodrigues , J. , Bragança , F. , Morgado , C. , Pires , I. and Gonçalves , A. 1992 . Prevalence, biotypes, plasmid profile and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from wild and domestic animals from Northeast Portugal . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 73 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carvalho , A. and Ruiz-Palacios , G. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Phylogenetic studies of Campylobacter jejuni using arbitrary primer - PCR fingerprinting , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 241 – 244 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cappelier , J. , Magras , C. , Louve , J. and Federighi , M. 1999a . Recovery of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter jejuni cells in two animal models . Food Microbol. , 16 : 375 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelier , J. , Minet , J. , Colwell , R. and Federight , M. 1999b . Recovery in embryonated eggs of viable but not culturable Campylobacter jejuni cells and maintenance of ability to adhere to HeLa cells after resuscitation . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 5154 – 5157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanovas , L. , de Simon , M. , Ferrer , M. , Arqués , J. and Monzón , G. 1995 . Intestinal carriage of campylobacters, salmonellas, yersinias, and listerias in pigeons in the city of Barcelona . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 78 : 11 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castillo , A. and Escartin , E. 1994 . Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on sliced watermelon and papaya . J. Food Protect. , 57 : 166 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaveerach , P. , ter Huurne , A. , Loipman , L. and Knapen , F. 2003 . Survival and resuscitation of ten strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli under acid conditions . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 711 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie , P. and Vogel , J. 2000 . Bacterial type IV secretion: conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells . Trends Microbiol. , 8 : 354 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher , F. , Smith , G. and Vanderzant , C. 1982a . Effect of temperature and pH on the survival of Campylobacter fetus. . J. Food Protect. , 45 : 253 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher , F. , Smith , G. and Vanderzant , C. 1982b . Examination of poultry giblets, raw milk and meat for Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni. J. Food Prot. , 45 : 260 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , A. and Bueschkens , D. 1986 . Survival and growth of Campylobacter jejuni in egg yolk and albumen . J. Food Protect. , 49 : 135 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Colles , F. , Jones , K. , Harding , R. and Maiden , M. 2003 . Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and the farm environment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 7409 – 7413 .
   Google Scholar
• Conneron , I. 2004 . Longitudinal study of Campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages and their hosts from broiler chickens . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 3877 – 3883 .
   Google Scholar
• Cools , I. , D'Haese , E. , Uyttendaele , M. , Storms , E. , Nelis , H. and Debevere , J. 2005 . Solid phase cytometry as a tool to detect viable but non-culturable cells of Campylobacter jejuni . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 63 : 107 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Covacci , A. , Tedford , J. , Del Giudice , G. , Parsonnets , J. and Rapouli , R. 1999 . Helicobacter pylori virulence and genetic geography . Science , 284 : 1328 – 1333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui , S. , Ge , B. , Zheng , J. and Meng , J. 2005 . Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in organic chickens from Maryland retail sources . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 71 : 4108 – 4111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diakoku , T. , Kaawaguchi , M. , Takama , K. and Suzuki , S. 1990 . Partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. . Infect. Immun. , 58 : 2414 – 2419 .
   Google Scholar
• Day , W. Jr. , Pepper , I. and Joens , L. 1997 . Use of an arbitrary primed PCR product in the development of a Campylobacter jejuni-specific PCR . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 ( 3 ) : 1019 – 1023 .
   Google Scholar
• Denis , M. , Soumet , C. , Rivoal , K. , Ermel , G. , Blivet , D. , Salvat , G. and Colin , P. 1999 . Develoment of a m-PCR assay for simultaneous identification of Campylobacter jeuni and C. coli. . Lett. App. Microbiol. , 29 : 406 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devane , M. , Nicol , C. , Ball , A. , Klena , J. , Scholes , P. , Hudson , J. , Baker , M. and Gilpin , B. 2000 . The occurrence of Campylobacter subtypes in environmental reservoirs and potential transmission routes . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 98 : 980 – 990 .
   Google Scholar
• Dingle , K. , Colles , F. , Wareing , D. , Ure , R. , Fox , A. , Bolton , F. , Bootsma , H. , Willems , R. , Urwin , R. and Maiden , M. 2001 . Multilocus sequence typing system for Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 39 : 14 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dlakié , M. 2000 . Functionally unrelated signaling proteins contain a fold similar to Mg2+-dependant endonucleases . Trends Biochem. Sci. , 25 : 272 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Donta , S. and Viner , J. 1975 . Inhibition of the steroidogenic effects of cholera and heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins by GM1 ganglioside: evidence for a similar receptor site for the two toxins . Infect. Immun. , 11 : 982 – 985 .
   Google Scholar
• Doyle , M. and Roman , D. 1982 . Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from inoculated foods by selective enrichment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 1342 – 1353 .
   Google Scholar
• Duim , B. , Wassenaar , T. , Rigter , A. and Wagenaar , J. 1999 . High-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and humans with amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 2369 – 2375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shibiny , A. , Connerton , P. and Connerton , I. 2005 . Enumeration and diversity of campylobacters and bacteriophages isolated during the rearing cycles of free-range and organic chickens . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 71 : 1259 – 1266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwell , C. and Dreyfus , L. 2000 . DNaseI homologous residues in CdtB are critical for cytolelthal distending toxin-mediated cell cycle arrest . Mol. Microbiol. , 37 : 952 – 963 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englen , M. and Fedorka-Cray , P. 2002 . Evaluation of a commercial diagnostic PCR for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Camylobacter coli. . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 35 : 353 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Englen , M. and Kelly , L. 2000 . A rapid DNA isoation procedure for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni by the polymerase chain reaction . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 31 : 421 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Everest , P. , Cole , A. , Knutton , S. , Goossens , H. , Butzler , J. , Ketley , J. and Williams , P. 1993 . Roles of leukotriene B4, prostoglandin E2, and cyclic AMP in Campylobacter jejuni-induced intestinal fluid secretion . Infect. Immun. , 61 : 4885 – 4887 .
   Google Scholar
• Eyers , M. , Chapelle , S. , van Camp , G. , Goosens , H. and de Wachter , R. 1993 . Discrimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 23S rRNA gene fragments . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 31 : 3340 – 3343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyigor , A. , Dawson , K. , Langlois , B. and Pickett , C. 1999 . Detection of cytolethal distending toxin activity and cdt genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken carcasses . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 1501 – 1505 .
   Google Scholar
• Fauchèr , J. , Kervella , M. , Rosenau , A. , Mohanna , K. and Veron , M. 1989 . Adhesion to HeLa cells of Campylobacter jeuni and C. coli outer membrane components . Res. Microbiol. , 140 : 379 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Fearnley , C. , Ayling , R. , Cawthraw , S. and Newell , D. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. The formation of viable but nonculturable C. jejuni and their failure to colonize one-day-old chicks , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 101 – 104 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fermér , C. and Engvall , E. 1999 . Specific PCR identification and differentiation of the thermophilic campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 37 : 3370 – 3373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández , H. , Neteo , U. , Fernandez , F. , Pedra , M. and Trabulsi , L. 1983 . Culture supernatants of Campylobacter jejuni induce a secretory response in jejunal segments of adult rats . Infect. Immun. , 40 : 429 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , B. , Sachen , K. , Wilder , S. , Burg , M. , Lacher , D. , Khalife , W. , Whittman , T. and Young , V. 2005 . Genetic diversity of Campylobacter sp. isolates from retail chicken products and humans with gastroenteritis in central Michigan . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 43 : 4221 – 4224 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , C. , Stanley , K. , Andrew , S. and Jones , K. 2001 . Use of pulsed-field gel elecrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 : 1429 – 1436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florin , I. and Antillon , F. 1992 . Production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin in Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated in Costa Rica . J. Med. Microbiol. , 37 : 22 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Fragoso , G. , Peres , I. , da Silva , V. and Cabrit , J. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, U.K.. A new toxin in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 599 – 605 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , N. , Barrigas , M. , Brown , P. , Ribiero , P. , Williams , N. , Leatherbarrow , H. , Birtles , R. , Bolton , E. , Fearnhead , P. and Fox , A. 2005 . Spatial epidemiology and natural population structure of Campylobacter jejuni colonizing a farmland ecosystem . Environ. Microbiol. , 7 : 1116 – 1126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis , L. , Pin , C. , Peason , B. and Wells , J. 2005 . In vitro cellcuoture methods for investigating campylobacter invasion mechanisms . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 61 : 145 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , B. , Korolik , V. , ten Brinke , J. , Pennings , M. , Zalm , R. , Teunis , B. , Coloe , P. and van der Zeijst , B. 1998 . The lipopolysacharide biosynthesis locus of Campylobacter jejuni 81116 . Microbiology , 144 : 2049 – 2061 .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , B. , Feng , S. , Chen , Y. , Newell , D. , Coloe , P. and Korolik , V. 2000 . The galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis and virulence . Infect. Immun. , 68 : 2594 – 2601 .
   Google Scholar
• Geilhausen , B. , Koenen , R. and Mauff , G. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Pulsed field electrophoresis in Campylobacter epidemiology , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 191 – 195 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , J. , Sutherland , K. and Owen , R. 1994 . Inhibition of DNAse activity in PFGE analysis of DNA from Campylobacter jejuni . Lett. in Appl. Microbiol. , 19 : 357 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , C. and Harris , L. 1982 . Contamination of red-meat carcasses by Campylobacter fetus subsp . jejuni. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 977 – 980 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez , I. , Grant , K. , Richardson , P. , Park , S. and Collins , M. 1997 . Specific identification of the enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using a PCR test based on the ceuE gene encoding a putative virulence determinant . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 35 : 759 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grennan , B. , O'sullivan , N. , Fallon , R. , Carrol , C. , Smith , T. , Glennon , M. and Jaher , M. 2001 . PCR-ELISAs for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in poultry samples . Biotechniques , 30 : 2001
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , P. , Moreno , G. and Park , R. 1992 . Differentiation between thermophilic Campylobacter species by species-specific antibodies . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 72 : 467 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Guerrant , R. , Wanke , C. , Pennie , R. , Barrett , L. , Lima , A. and O'Brien , A. 1987 . Production of a unique cytotoxin by Campylobacter jejuni. . Infect. Immun. , 55 : 2526 – 2530 .
   Google Scholar
• Hageltorn , M. and Berndtson , E. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: a useful epidemiological tool for comparing campylobacters in milkborne outbreaks in Sweden , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 457 – 459 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hald , B. , Knudsen , K. , Lind , P. and Madsen , M. 2001 . Study of the infectivity of saline–stored Campylobacter jejuni for day-old chicks . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 : 2388 – 2392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen , M. , Haajanen , H. , Pummi , T. , Wermendsen , K. , Katila , M. , Sarkkinen , H. , Miettinen , I. and Rautelin , H. 2003 . Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 1391 – 1396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen , M. , Hakkinen , M. and Rautelin , H. 1999 . Stability of related human and chicken Campylobacter jejuni genotypes after passage through chick intestine studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 2272 – 2275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen , M. , PerkoMakela , P. , Rautelin , H. , Dim , B. and Wagenaar , J. 2001 . Genomic relatedness within five common Finnish Campylobacter jejuni pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes studed by amplified fragment length polymorphism, analysis, ribotyping, and serotyping . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 ( 4 ) : 1581 – 1586 .
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , K. , Ransom , G. and Wesley , I. 1997 . Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by polymerase chain reaction . Molec. Cell. Probes , 11 : 195 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , C. , Thompson-Carter , M. and Carter , P. 1997 . Evidence for recombination in the flagellin locus of Campylobacter jejuni: implications for the flagellin gene typing scheme . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 35 : 2386 – 2392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassane , D. , Lee , R. , Mendenhall , M. and Picket , C. 2001 . Cytolethal distending toxin demonstrates genotoxic activity in a yeast model . Inf. Immum. , 69 : 5752 – 5759 .
   Google Scholar
• Hazeleger , W. , Janse , J. , Koenraad , P.K , Beumer , R. , Rombouts , F. and Abee , T. 1995 . Temperature-dependant membrane fatty acid and cell physiology changes in coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 61 : 2713 – 2719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazeleger , W. , Wouters , J. , Rombuts , F. and Abee , T. 1998 . Physiological activity of Campylobacter jejuni far below the minimal growth temperature . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 : 3917 – 3922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert , G. , Hollis , D. , Weaver , R. , Lambert , M. , Blaser , M. and Moss , C. 1982 . 30 years of campylobacters: Biochemical characteristics and a biotyping proposal for Campylobacter jejuni . J. Clin. Microbol. , 15 : 1065 – 1073 .
   Google Scholar
• Heisick , J. , Lanier , J. and Peeler , J. 1984 . Comparison of enrichment methods and atmosphere modification procedures for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from foods . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 1254 – 1255 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez , J. , Owen , R. , Costas , M. and Lastovica , A. 1991 . DNA-DNA hybridization and analysis of restriction endonclease and rRNA gene patterns of atypical (catalase-weak/negative) Campylobacter jejuni from paediatric blood and faecal cultures . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 70 : 71 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernández , J , Fayos , A. , Alonso , J. and Owen , R. 1996 . Ribotypes and AP-PCR fingerprints of thermophilic campylobacters from marine recreational waters . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 80 : 157 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , T. , Baquar , S. , Bourgeois , L , Ewing , C. and Guerry , P. 1999 . Campylobacter jejuni-stimulated secretion of interleukin-8 by INT-407 cells . Infect. Immun. , 67 : 88 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey , T. , McVeigh , A. , Scott , D. , Michielutti , R. , Bixby , A. , Carroll , S. , Bourgeois , A. and Guery , P. 2000 . Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin mediates release of interleukin-8 from intestinal epithelial cells . Infect. Immun. , 68 : 6535 – 6541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , Y. , Berrang , M. , Tongrui , L. , Hofacre , C. , Sanchez , S. , Wang , L. and Maurer , J. 2003 . Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jeuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 3492 – 3466 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoorfar , J. , Nielsen , E. , Stryhn , H. and Anderson , S. 1999 . Evaluation of two automated enzyme-immunoassays for detection of thermophilic campylobacters in faecal samples from cattle and swine . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 38 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu , L. , Raybourne , R. and Kopecko , D. 2005 . Ca2+ release from host intracellular stores and related signal transduction during Campylobacter jejuni B81–176 signal transduction internalization into human intestinal cells . Microbiol. , 151 : 3097 – 3105 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudock , J. , Borger , A. and Kaspar , C. 2005 . Temperature-dependent genome degradation in the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni. . Curr. Microbiol. , 50 : 110 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , J. , Nicol , C. , Wright , J. , Whyte , R. and Hasell , S. 1999 . Seasonal variation of Campylobacter types from human cases, veterinary cases, raw chicken, milk and water. J . Appl. Microbiol. , 87 : 115 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , J. , Abeyta , C. and Tran , T. 1998 . “ Campylobacter ” . In FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual , 8th edition (revision A) , 7.01 – 7.24 . Gaithersburg, MD : AOAC International .
   Google Scholar
• Inglis , G. and Kalischuk , L. 2003 . Use of PCR for direct detection of Campylobacter species in bovine feces . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 3435 – 3447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis , G. , Kalischuk , L. and Busz , H. 2003 . A survey of Campylobacter species shed in faeces of beef cattle using polymerase chain reaction . Can. J. Microbiol. , 49 : 655 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Inglis , G and Kalischuk , L. 2004 . Direct quantification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae in feces of cattle by real-time quantitative PCR . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 2296 – 2306 .
   Google Scholar
• Iriarte , P. and Owen , R. 1996 . PCR-RFLP analysis of the large subunit (23S) ribosomal RNA genes of Campylobacter jejuni. . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 23 : 163 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. , Fox , A. and Jones , D. 1996 . A novel polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and speciation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 81 : 467 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , A. , Anderson , M. , Dalsgaard , A. , Baggesen , D. and Nielsen , E. 2005 . Development of real-time PCR and hybridization methods for detection and identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in pig fecal samples . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 99 : 292 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , M. , Webster , J. and Straus , N. 1993 . Rapid identification of bacteria on the basis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA spacer polymorphisms . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 945 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez , A. , Barros-Valázquez , J. , Rodríquez , J. and Villa , T. 1997 . Restriction endonuclease analysis, DNA relatedness and phenotypic characterization of Campylobacter jeuni and Camp. coli isolates involved in food-borne disease . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 82 : 713 – 721 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. and Lior , H. 1984 . Toxins produced by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. . Lancet , i : 229 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. and Lior , H. 1986 . Cytotoxic and cytotonic factors produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis . J. Clin. Microbiol , 24 : 275 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. and Lior , H. 1988 . A new heat-labile cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) produced by Campylobacter spp . Microbial Pathogen. , 4 : 115 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. , Sutcliffe , E. and Curry , A. 1991 . Recovery of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Gen Microbiol. , 137 : 2477 – 2482 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Josefsen , M. , Cook , N. , Agostino , M. , Hansen , F. , Wagner , M. , Demnerova , K. , Heuvelink , A. , Tassios , P. , Lindmark , H. , Kmet , V. , Barbanera , M. , Fach , P. , Loncarevic , S. and Hoorfar , J. 2004a . Validation of a PCR-based method for detection of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters in a multicenter collaborative trial . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 4379 – 4383 .
   Google Scholar
• Josefsen , M. , Jacobsen , N. and Hoorfar , J. 2004b . Enrichment followed by quantitative PCR broth for rapid detection and as a tool for quantitative assessment of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 3588 – 3592 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko , A. , Matsuda , M. , Miyajima , M. , Moore , J. and Murphy , P. 1999 . Urease-positive thermophilic strains of Campylobatcer isolated from seagulls (Larus sp.) . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 29 : 7 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Karlyshev , A. , Linton , D. , Gregson , N. , Lastovica , A. and Wren , B. 2000 . Genetic and biochemical evidence of a Campylobacter jejuni capsular polysaccharide that accounts for Penner serotype specificity . Mol. Microbiol. , 35 : 529 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlyshev , A. , McCrossan , M. and Wren , B. 2001 . Demonstration of polysaccahride capsule in Campylobacter jejuni using electron microscopy . Inf. Immun. , 69 : 5921 – 5924 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinde , H. , Genigeorgis , C. and Pappaioanou , M. 1983 . Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken wings . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 45 : 1116 – 1118 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirk , R. and Rowe , M. 1994 . A PCR assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in water . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 19 : 301 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Klipstein , F. and Engert , R. 1984a . Properties of crude Campylobacter jeuni heat-labile enterotoxin . Infect. Immun. , 45 : 314 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipstein , F. and Engert , R. 1984b . Purification of Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin . Lancet. , ii : 1123 – 1124 .
   Google Scholar
• Klipstein , F. and Engert , R. 1985 . Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins . Inf. Immun. , 48 : 629 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen , K. , Bang , D. , Nielsen , E. and Madsen , M. 2005 . Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains from Danish broiler chickens by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the LPS gene cluster . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 99 : 392 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Koenraad , P. , Ayling , R. , Hazeleger , W. , Rombouts , F. and Newell , D. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, U.K.. Subtyping of Campylobacter isolates from sewage plants and waste water from a connective poultry abattoir using molecular techniques , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 197 – 201 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kogure , K. , Simkidu , U. and Taga , N. 1979 . A tentative direct microscopic method for counting living bacteria . Can. J. Microbiol. , 2 : 415 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Konkel , M. , Garvis , S. , Tipton , S. , Anderson , D. and Cieplak , J. 1997 . Identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein (CadF) from Campylobacter jejuni. . Molec. Microbiol. , 24 : 953 – 963 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konkel , M. , Gray , S. , Kim , B. , Garvis , S. and Yoon , J. 1999 . Identification of the enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli based on the cadF virulence gene and its product . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 37 : 510 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korolik , V. , Krishnapillai , V. and Coloe , P. 1988 . A specific DNA probe for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 134 : 521 – 529 .
   Google Scholar
• Korolik , V. , Moorthy , L. and Coloe , P. 1995 . Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains by using restriction endonuclease DNA profiles and DNA fragment polymorphism . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 33 : 1136 – 1140 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuusi , M. , Nuorti , J. , Hänninen , M. , Koskela , M. , Jussila , V. , Kela , E. , Miettinen , I. and Ruutu , P. 2005 . A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland . Epidemiol. Infect. , 133 : 593 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamoureux , M. , MacKay , A. , Messier , S. , Fliss , I. , Blais , B. , Holley , R. and Simard , R. 1997 . Detection of Campylobacer jejuni in food and poultry viscera using immunomagnetic separation and microtiter hybridization . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 83 : 641 – 651 .
   Google Scholar
• Lane , D. 1991 . “ 16S/23S rRNA sequencing ” . In Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics , Edited by: Stackenbrandt , E. and Goodfellow , M. 115 – 175 . Chichester : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lara-Tejero , M. and Galán , J. 2000 . A bacterial toxin that controls cell cycle progression as a deoxyribonuclease I-like protein . Science , 290 : 354 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara-Tejero , M. and Galán , J. 2001 . CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC form a tripartite complex that is required for cytolethal distending toxin activity . Infect. Immun. , 69 : 4385 – 4365 .
   Google Scholar
• Lauwers , S. , De Boeck , M. and Butzler , J. 1978 . Campylobacter enteritis in Brussels . Lancet , i : 604 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. , Linton , D. , Stanley , J. and Owen , R. 1997 . Poymerase chain reaction detection and speciation of Campylobacter upsaliensis and C. helveticus in human faeces and comparison with culture techniques . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 83 : 375 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Lázaro , B. , Cárcamo , J. , Audícana , A. , Perales , I. and Fernández-Asorga , A. 1999 . Viability and DNA maintenance in nonculturable spiral Campylobacter jejuni cells after long-term exposure to low temperature . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 4677 – 4681 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehtola , M. , Loades , C. and Keevil , C. 2005 . Advantages of peptide nucleic acid oligonucleotides for sensitive site directed 16S rRSNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 62 : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , R. E. 2004 . The application of real-time PCR to food & agricultural systems. A review . Food Biotechnol. , 18 : 97 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton , D. , Lawrence , L. and McGuiggan , J. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, U.K.. Differentiation within Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by PCR-RFLP of the intergeneric region between the flaA and flaB genes , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 209 – 211g . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , D. , Owen , R. and Stanley , J. 1996b . Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and of five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals . Res. Microbiol. , 147 : 707 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lior , H. , Woodward , D. , Edgar , J. , Laroche , J. and Gill , P. 1982 . Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni by slide agglutination based on heat-labile antigenic factors . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 15 : 761 – 768 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett , J. , Francis , D. and Hunt , J. 1983 . Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from raw milk . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 46 : 459 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Lübeck , P. , Wolffs , P. , On , S. , Ahrens , P. , Radstrom , P. and Hoorfar , J. 2003 . Toward an international standard for PCR-based detection of food-borne thermotolerant campylobacters: assay development and analytical validation . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 5664 – 5669 .
   Google Scholar
• Lund , M. , Wedderkopp , A. , WainØ , M. , Nordentoft , S. , Bang , D. , Person , K. and Madsen , M. 2003 . Evaluation of PCR for detection of Campylobacter in a national broiler surveillance program in Denmark . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 94 : 929 – 935 .
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum , A. , Haddock , G. and Everest , P. 2005 . Campylobacter jejuni activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in Caco-2 cell monolayers and in vitro infected colonic tissue . Microbiol. , 151 : 2765 – 2772 .
   Google Scholar
• Madden , R. , Moran , L. and Scates , P. 1996a . Subtyping of animal and human Campylobacter spp. using RAPD . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 23 : 167 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Madden , E. , Moran , L. and Scates , P. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms. (1996). Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Frequency of occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in meats and their subsequent subtyping using RAPD and PCR-RFLP , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 141 – 145 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mahajan , S. and Rodgers , F. 1990 . solation, characterization, and host-cell properties of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 28 : 1314 – 1320 .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , G. , Dowson , C. , Bagnall , M. , Ahmed , I. , West , M. and Newell , D. 2003 . Multilocus sequence typing for camparison of veterinary and human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. . App. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 6370 – 6379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , W. , Patton , C. , Morris , G. , Potter , M. and Puhr , N. 1983 . Selective enrichment broth medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 17 : 853 – 855 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , M. , Humphrey , T. and Martin , K. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Isolation of sublethally injured campylobacters from water , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 129 – 133 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mateo , E. , Cárcamo , J. , Urquijo , M. , Perales , I. and Fernández-Astorga , A. 2005 . Evaluation of a PCR assay for the detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in retail poultry products . Research in Microbiology. , 156 : 568 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda , M. , Kaneko , A. , Fukuyama , M. , Itoh , T. , Shingaki , M. , Inoue , M. , Moore , J. , Murphy , P. and Isida , Y. 1996 . First finding of urease-positive thermophilic strains of Campylobacter in river water in the Far East, namely Japan, and their phenotypic and genotypic characterization . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 81 : 608 – 612 .
   Google Scholar
• McCardell , B. , Madden , J. and Lee , E. 1984 . Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli production of a cytotonic toxin immunologically similar to cholera toxin . J. Food. Protect. , 47 : 943 – 949 .
   Google Scholar
• McSweegan , E. and Walker , R.S. 1986 . Identification and characterization of two Campylobacter jejuni adhesins for cellular and mucous substrate . Infect. Immun. , 53 : 141 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medema , G. , Scheets , F. , Giessen , A. and Havelaar , A. 1992 . Lack of colonization of 1 day old chicks by viable, nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 72 : 512 – 516 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mégraud , F. , Chevrier , D. , Desplaces , N. , Sedallian , A. and Guesdon , J. 1988 . Urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter laridis variant) isolated from an appendix and from human feces . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 26 : 1050 – 1051 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinersmann , R. , Helsel , L. , Fields , P. and Hiett , K. 1997 . Discrimination of Campylobacter jejuni isolates by fla gene sequencing . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 35 : 2810 – 2814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melby , K. , Kvien , T. and Glennås , A. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Campylobacter jejuni as trigger of reactive arthritis , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 487 – 490 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Michaud , S. , Menard , S. and Arbeitt , R. 2004 . Campylobacteriosis, eastern townships, Quebec . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 10 : 1844 – 1847 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , S. , Kuzniar , B. , Shames , B. , Kurjanczyk , L. and Penner , J. 1992 . Variation of the O antigen of Campylobacter jejuni in vivo . J. Med. Microbiol. , 36 : 215 – 219 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misawa , N. and Blaser , M. 2000 . Detection and characterization of autoagglutination activity by Campylobacter jejuni . Infect. Immun. , 68 : 6168 – 6175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteville , M. and Konkel , M. 2002 . Fibronectin-facilitated invasion of T84 eukaryotic cells by Campylobacter jejuni occurs preferentially at the basolateral cell surface . Infect. Immun. , 70 : 6665 – 6671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , A. , Annuk , H. and Prendergast , M. 2005 . Antibodies induced by gangliosides-mimicking Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides recognize epitopes at the nodes of Ranvier . J. Neuroimmunol. , 165 : 179 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , A. and Penner , J. 1999 . Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni based on heat-stable antigens: relevance, molecular basis and implications in pathogenesis . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 86 : 361 – 377 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran , A. and Upton , M. 1986 . A comparative study of the rod and coccoidal forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 60 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran , A. and Upton , M. 1987a . Effect of medium supplements, illumination and superoxide dismutase on the production of coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 62 : 43 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran , A. and Upton , M. 1987b . Factors affecting production of coccoid forms by Campylobacter jejuni on solid media during incubation . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 62 : 527 – 537 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy , C. , Carroll , C. and Jordan , K. 2005 . The effect of different media on the survival and induction of stress responses by Campylobacter jejuni. . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 62 : 161 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachamkin , I. , Bohachick , K. and Patton , C. 1993a . Flagellin gene typing of Campylobacer jejuni by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 31 : 1531 – 1536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachamkin , I. , Yang , X. and Stern , N. 1993b . Role of Campylobacter jejuni flagella as colonization factors for three-day-old chicks: analysis with flagellar mutants . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 1269 – 1273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachamkin , I. , Liu , J. , Ung , H. , Moran , A. , Prendergast , M. and Sheikh , K. 2002 . Campylobacter jejuni from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome preferentially expresses a GD1a-like epitope . Infect. Immun. , 7 : 5290 – 5303 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau , E. , Messier , S. and Quessy , S. 2003 . Comparison of Campylobacter isolates from poultry and humans, association between in vitro virulence properties, biotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters . Appl. Environ. Microbol. , 69 : 6316 – 6320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naess , V. and Hofstad , T. 1984 . Chemical composition and biological activity of lipopolysacharide prepared from type strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. . Acta.Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. , 92 : 217 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , L. , Kingombe , C. , Yan , W. , Taylor , D. , Hiratsuka , K. , Malik , N. and Garcia , M. 1997 . Specific detection and confirmation of Campylobacter jejuni by DNA hybridization and PCR . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 : 4558 – 4563 .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , G. 2005 . Fly transmission of Campylobacter . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 11 : 361 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , E. , Engberg , J. , Fussing , V. , Peterson , L. , Brogren , C. and On , S. 2000 . Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic methods for subtyping Campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans, poultry, and cattle . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 38 : 3800 – 3810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogva , H. , Berghg , A. , Holck , A. and Rudi , K. 2000 . Application of the 5′-nuclease PCR assay in evaluation and development of methods for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 : 4029 – 4036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuijten , P. , van Asten , F. , Gaastra , W. and van der Zeijst , B. 1990 . Structural and functional analysis of two Campylobacter jejuni flagellin genes . J. Biol. Chem. , 265 : 17798 – 17804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occhialini , A. , Stonnet , V. , Hua , J. , Camou , C. , Guesden , J. and Mégraud , F. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Identification of strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by PCR and correlation with phenotypic characteristics , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 217 – 219 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ohara , M. , Oswald , E. and Sugai , M. 2004 . Cytolethal distending toxin: A bacterial bullet targeted to nucleus . J. Biochem. , 136 : 409 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• On , S. , Nielsen , W. , Engberg , J. and Madsen , M. 1998 . Validity of smaI-defined genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni examined by SalI, EpnI, and BamHi polymorphisms: evidence of identical clones infecting humans, poultry, and cattle . Epidemiol. Infect. , 20 : 231
   Google Scholar
• O'sullivan , N. , Fallon , R. , Carroll , C. , Sith , T. and Maher , M. 2000 . Detection and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler chicken samples using a PCRS/DNA probe membrane based colorimetric detection assay . Mol. Cell. Probes. , 14 : 7 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyofo , B. , Thornton , S. , Burr , D. , Trust , T. , Pavlovski , O. and Guerry , P. 1992 . Specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using polymerase chain reaction . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 30 : 2613 – 2619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacha , R. , Clark , G. and Williams , E. 1985 . Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Giardia species in Muskrat (Indatra zibethica) . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 177 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Palumbo , S. 1984 . Heat injury and repair in Campylobacter jejuni . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 477 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , C. , Stankiewicz , Z. , Lovett , J. and Hunt , J. 1981 . Incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in fresh eviscerated whole market chickens . Can. J. Microbiol. , 27 : 841 – 842 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , M. , Christiansen , L. , Wainø , M. , Ethelberg , S. , Madsen , H. and Wegener , H. 2004 . Effects of climate on incidence of Campylobacter spp. in humans and prevalence in broiler flocks in Denmark . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 : 7474 – 7480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , C. , Mitchell , S. , Potter , M. and Kaufman , A. 1981 . Comparison of selective media for primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 13 : 326 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , A. , Greenwood , M. , Feltham , R. , Healing , T. , Rollins , D. , Shahamat , M. , Donaldson , J. and Colwell , R. 1993 . Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 987 – 996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , A. , Greenwood , M. , Feltham , R. , Healing , T. , Donaldson , J. , Jones , D. and Colwell , R. 1996 . Microbial ecology of Campylobacter jejuni in a United Kingdom chicken supply chain: intermittent common source, vertical transmission, and amplification by flock propagation . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 62 : 4614 – 4620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei , Z. and Blaser , M. 1993 . PEB1, the major cell-binding factor of Campylobacter jejuni, is a homolog of the binding component of gram-negative nutrient transport systems . J. Biol. Chem. , 268 : 18717 – 18725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. and Wedderkopp , A. 2001 . Evidence that certain clones of Campylobacter jejuni persist during successive broiler rotations . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 : 2739 – 2745 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , L , Nielsen , E. , Engberg , J. , On , S. and Dietz , H. 2001 . Comparison of genotypes and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from Danish wild mammals and birds and from broiler flocks and humans . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 67 : 3115 – 3121 .
   Google Scholar
• Picket , C. , Pesci , E. , Cottle , D. , Russell , G. , Erdem , A. and Zeytin , H. 1996 . Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter sp. cdtB genes . Infect. Immun. , 66 : 2070 – 2078 .
   Google Scholar
• Poulsen , C. , El-Ali , J. , Perch-Nielsen , I. , Bang , D. , Telleman , P. and Wolff , A. 2005 . Detection of a putative virulence cadF gene of Campylobacter jejuni obtained from different sources using a microfabricated PCR chip . J. Rapid Meth. and Automation in Microbiol. , 13 : 111 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Purdy , D. , Ash , C. and Fricker , C. Polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of viable Campylobacter species from potable and untreated environmental water samples . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 147 – 153 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , H. , Olsen , J. , Jorgensen , K. and Rasmussen , O. 1996 . Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Camp. Coli in chicken faecal samples by PCR . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 23 : 363 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravel , J. , Hill , R. , Knight , I. , Dubois , C. and Colwell , R. Abst. Q-6, p. 347 . Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1993. American Society for Microbiology . Washington, DC. Recovery of vibrio cholerae from viable but nonculturable state ,
   Google Scholar
• Ray , B. and Johnson , C. 1984 . Sensitivity of cold-stressed Campylobacter jejuni to solid and liquid selective environments . Food Microbiol. , 1 : 173 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Rivoal , K. , Denis , M. , Salvat , G. , Colin , P. and Ermel , G. 1999 . Molecular characterization of the diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolates collected from a poultry slaughterhouse: analysis of cross-contamination . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 29 : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. 1981 . Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk . Br. Med. J. , 282 : 1584
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogol , M. , Shpak , B. , Rothman , D. and Sechter , I. 1985 . Enrichment medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli. . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 125 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Rollins , D. and Colwell , R. 1986 . Viable but nonculturable stage of C. jejuni and its role in survival in the aquatic environment . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 52 : 521 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosef , O. 1981 . Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from the gallbladder of normal slaughterhouse pigs, using an enrichment procedure . Acta. Vet. Scand. , 22 : 149 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozynek , E. , Dzierzanowska-Fangrat , K. , Jozwiak , P. , Popowski , J. , Korsak , D. and Dzierzanowska , D. 2005 . Prevalence of potential virulence markers in Polish Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained from hospitalized children and from chicken carcasses . J. Med. Microbiol. , 54 : 615 – 619 .
   Google Scholar
• Rudi , K. , Hoidal , H. , Katla , T. , Johansen , B. , Nordal , J. and Jakobsen , K. 2004 . Direct real-time PCR quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken fecal and cecal samples by integrated cell concentration and DNA purification . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 70 ( 2 ) : 790 – 797 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Palacios , G. , Torres , J. , Torres , N. , Escamilla , E. , Ruis-Palacios , B. and Tamayo , J. 1983 . Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. . Lancet. , ii : 250 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Saha , S. , Saha , S. and Anyal , S. 1991 . Recovery of injured Campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 : 3388 – 3389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloway , S. , Mermel , L. , Seamans , M. , Aspinall , G. , Shin , J. , Kurjanczyk , L. and Penner , J. 1996 . Miller-Fisher syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni bearing lipopolysaccharide molecules that mimic human gangliosides GD3 . Infect. Immun. , 64 : 2945 – 2949 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , N. , Harrison , T. , Haththotuwa , A. , Kachwall , N. and Talor , A. 1990 . A method for typing strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by analysis of restriction fragment polymorphisms . J. Med Microbiol. , 31 : 45 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Sails , A. , Fox , A. , Bolton , F. , Wareing , D. and Greenway , D. 2003 . A real-time PCR assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods after enrichment culture . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 69 : 1383 – 1390 .
   Google Scholar
• Schoeni , J. and Wong , A. 1994 . Inhibition of Campylobacter jejuni colonization in chicks by defined competitive exclusion bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 1191 – 1197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönberg-Norio , D. , Takkinen , J. , Hänninen , M. , Katila , M. , Kaukoranta , S. , Mattila , L. and Rautelin , H. 2004 . Swimming and Campylobacter infections . Emerg. Infect. Dis. , 10 : 1474 – 1477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze , F. , Hänel , I. and Borrmann , E. Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms . Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on campylobacters, and related organisms . July 10–13 1995 , Winchester, UK. Detection of a cytolethal distending toxin in Campylobacters of human and animal origin , Edited by: Newell , D. , Ketley , J. and Feldman , R. pp. 631 – 635 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schwerer , B. , Neisser , A. , Polt , R. , Bernheimer , H. and Moran , A. 1995 . Antibody cross-reactivities between gangliosides and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome . J. Endotox. Res. , 2 : 395 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Scotter , S. , Humphrey , T. and Henle , A. 1993 . Methods for the detection of thermotolerant campylobacters in foods: results of an inter-laboratory study . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 74 : 155 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Shi , F. , Chen , Y. , Wassenaar , T. , Woods , W. , Coloe , P. and Fry , B. 2002 . Development and application of a new scheme for typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 40 : 1791 – 1797 .
   Google Scholar
• Skirrow , M. 1977 . Campylobacter enteritis: A ‘new” disease . Br. Med. J. , 2 : 9 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirrow , M. 1986 . “ Campylobacter infections in man ” . In Medical Microbiology , Edited by: Easman , C.S.F. Vol. 4 , 105 – 141 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Snelling , W. , Matsuda , M. , Moore , J. and Dooley , J. 2005a . Under the microscope - Campylobacter jejuni. . Lett Appl. Microbiol. , 41 : 297 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Snelling , W. , McKenna , J. , Lecky , D. and Dooley , J. 2005b . Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in water borne protozoa . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 71 : 5560 – 5571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , M. , McNab , B. , Fruhner , L. , DeGrandis , S. , Woodward , D. and Odumeru , J. 1998 . Epidemiological typing of Campylobacter isolates from meat processing plants by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, fatty acid profile typing, serotping, and biotyping . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 : 2346 – 2349 .
   Google Scholar
• Steinhauserova , I. , Fojtikova , K. and Klimes , J. 2000 . The incidence and PCR detection of Campylobacter upsaliensis in dogs and cats . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 31 : 209 – 212 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stern , N. , Jones , D. , Wesley , I. and Rollins , D. 1995 . Colonization of chicks by nonculturable Campylobacter spp . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 18 : 333 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , N. and Kazmi , S. 1989 . “ Campylobacer jejuni. ” . In Food-borne Bacterial Pathogens , Edited by: Doyle , M.P. 71 – 110 . New York : Marcel Decker .
   Google Scholar
• Talibart , R. , Denis , M. , Castillo , A. , Cappelier , J and Ermel , G. 2000 . Survival and recovery of viable but nonculturable forms of Campylobacter in aqueous microcosm . Int.J. Food Microbiol. , 55 : 263 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangvatcharin , P. , Chanthachum , S. , Kopaiboon , P. , Inttasungkha , N. and Griffiths , M. 2005 . Comparison of methods for the isolation of thermotolerant Campylobacter from poultry . J. Food Prot. , 68 : 616 – 620 .
   Google Scholar
• Tee , W. , Anderson , B. , Rosas , B. and Dwyer , B. 1987 . Atypical campylobacters associated with gastroenteritis . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 25 : 1248 – 1252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover , F. , Williams , S. , Gordon , K. and Plorde , J. 1985 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 277 : 37 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Tholozan , J. , Cappelier , J. , Tissier , J. , Delattre , G. and Federighi , M. 1999 . Physiological characterization of viable-but-nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni cells . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 1110 – 1116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , L. , Long , K. , Good , R. , Panaccio , M. and Widders , P. 1997 . Genotypic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni isolates in a commercial broiler flock . App. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 : 1874 – 1877 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. , Gibson , D. , Hill , J. and Mabey , M. 1999 . Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective . J. Appl. Microbiol. Symp. Suppl. , 85 : 168S – 177S .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu , Z. , Eisner , W. , Kreiswirth , B. and Blaser , M. 2005 . Genetic divergence of Campylobacter fetus strains of mammal and reptile origins . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 43 : 3334 – 3340 .
   Google Scholar
• Uyttendaele , M. , Schukkink , R. , van Gemen , B. and Debevere , J. 1994 . Identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari by the nucleic acid amplification system NASBA® . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 77 : 694 – 701 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uyttendaele , M. , Schukkink , R. , van Gemen , B. and Debevere , J. 1995 . Detection of Campylobacter jejuni added to foods by using a combined selective enrichment and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 61 : 1341 – 1347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandamme , P. , Van Doorn , L. , al Rashid , S. , Quint , W. , van der Plas , J. , Chan , V. and On , S. 1997 . Campylobacter hyoilei Alberton et al. 1995 and Campylobacter coli Veron and Chatelain 1973 are subjective synonyms . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , 47 : 1055 – 1060 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanniasinkam , T. , Lanser , J. and Barton , M. 1999 . PCR for the detection of Campylobacter spp. in clinical specimens . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 28 : 52 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma , L. , Pushpa , R. and Subramanyam , K. 2005 . Incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in milk . Indian Vet. J. , 82 : 818 – 820 .
   Google Scholar
• Versalovic , J. , Koeuth , T. and Lupski , R. 1991 . Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes . Nucleic Acids Res. , 19 : 6823 – 6831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waage , A. , Vardund , T.X. , Lund , V. and Kapperud , G. 1999 . Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a semi-nested PCR assay . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 1636 – 1643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waegel , A. and Nachamkin , I. 1996 . Detection and molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni in fecal samples by polymerase chain ractin . Molec. Cell. Probes , 10 : 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldenström , J. , Broman , T. , Carlsson , I. , Hasselquist , D. , Achterberg , R. , Wagenaar , J. and Olsen , B. 2002 . Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 68 : 5911 – 5917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. , Stanley , K. , Currie , J. , Diggle , P. and Jones , K. 1997 . Seasonality of thermophilic Campylobacter populations in chickens . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 82 : 219 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Caldwell , M. , Lee , E. , Guerry , P. , Trust , T. and Ruiz-Palacios , G. 1986 . Pathophysiology of Campylobacter enteritis . Microbiol. Revs. , 50 : 81 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wassenaar , T. and Newell , D. 2000 . Mini-review: genotying of Campylobacter spp . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegmüller , B. , Lütty , J. and Candrian , U. 1993 . Direct polymerase chain reaction detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw milk and dairy products . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 2161 – 2165 .
   Google Scholar
• Weichart , D. , Oliver , J. and Kjelleberg , S. 1992 . Low temperature induced nonculturability and killing of Vibrio vulnificus. . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 100 : 205 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Weijtens , M. , Plas , J. , Bijker , P. , Urlings , H. , Koster , D. , Logtestijn , J. and int. Veld , J. 1997 . The transmission of Campylobacter in piggeries; an epidemiological study . J. Appl. Microbol. , 83 : 693 – 698 .
   Google Scholar
• Weijtens , M. , Urlings , H. and Van der Plas , J. 2000 . Establishing a Campylobacter-free pig population through a top-down approach . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 30 : 479 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Wesley , R. , Swaminathan , B. and Stadelman , W. 1983 . Isolation and Enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry products by a selective enrichment medium . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 46 : 1097 – 2102 .
   Google Scholar
• Wesley , I. , Wells , S. , Harmon , K. , Green , A. , Schroeder-Tucker , L. , Glover , M. and Siddique , I. 2000 . Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 : 1994 – 2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehouse , C. , Balbo , P. , Pesci , E. , Cottle , D. , Mirabito , P. and Pickett , C. 1998 . Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin causes a G2-phase cell cycle block . Infect. Immun. , 66 : 1934 – 1940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , T. , Devane , M. , Hudson , J. , Scholes , P. , Savill , M. and Klena , K. 2004 . Validation of a PCR method for Campylobacter detection on poultry packs . Brit. Food J. , 106 : 642 – 650 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodall , C. , Jones , M. , Barrow , P. , Hinds , J. , Marsden , G. , Kelly , D. , Dorrell , N. , Wren , B. and Maskell , D. 2005 . Campylobacter jejuni gene expression in the chick cecum: evidence for adaptation to a low-oxygen environment . Infect. Immun. , 73 : 5278 – 5285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. , Jiang , Y. , Huanag , K. , Zhu , C. and Yin , Y. 2003 . Application of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry, milk and environmental water . FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , 38 : 265 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Yeen , P. , Puthucheary , S. and Pang , T. 1983 . Demonstration of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jenuni. . J. Clin. Pathol. , 36 : 1237 – 1240 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziprin , R. , Young , C. , Sanker , L. , Hume , M. and Konkel , M. 1999 . The absence of cecal colonization of chicks by a mutant of Campylobacter jejuni not expressing bacterial fibrobnectin-binding protein . Avian Dis. , 43 : 586 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar