A large archosauriform tooth with multiple supernumerary carinae from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico (USA), with comments on carina development and anomalies in the Archosauria

References

• Abler , WL . 1992 . The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals . Paleobiology , 18 ( 2 ) : 161 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abler , WL . 1997 . “ Tooth serrations in carnivorous dinosaurs ” . In Encyclopedia of dinosaurs , Edited by: Currie , PJ and Padian , K . 740 – 743 . New York (NY) : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alcober , O . 2000 . Redescription of the skull of Saurosuchus galilei (Archosauria: Rauisuchidae) . J Vertebr Paleontol , 20 ( 2 ) : 302 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , PM . 2000 . “ Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas: speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles ” . In Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates: perspectives from the fossil record , Edited by: H-D , Sues . 42 – 78 . Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , MA , Chamberlain , JA and Stoffer , PW . 2000 . Pathologic tooth deformities in modern and fossil chondrichthians: a consequence of feeding-related injury . Lethaia , 33 ( 2 ) : 103 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Berkovitz , BK . 2000 . “ Tooth replacement patterns in non-mammalian vertebrates ” . In Development, function and evolution of teeth , Edited by: Teaford , MF , Smith , MM and Ferguson , MWJ . 186 – 200 . Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohlin , B . 1953 . “ Fossil reptiles from Mongolia and Kansu ” . In Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China, Sino-Swedish expedition, Publication 37: VI. Vertebrate palaeontology 6 , 1 – 113 . Stockholm (Sweden) : Statens Etnografiska Museum .
   Google Scholar
• Brito , S , Andrade , DV and Abe , AS . 2002 . Do caimans eat fruit? . Herpetol Nat Hist , 9 ( 1 ) : 95 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Brusatte , SL , Benton , MJ , Ruta , M and Lloyd , GT . 2008 . Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs . Science , 321 : 1485 – 1488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchtová , M , Handrigan , GR , Tucker , AS , Lozanoff , S , Town , L , Fu , K , Diewert , VM , Wicking , C and Richman , JM . 2008 . Initiation and patterning of the snake dentition are dependent on sonic hedgehog signaling . Dev Biol , 319 ( 1 ) : 132 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley , GA , Brochu , CA , Krause , DW and Pol , D . 2000 . A pug-nosed crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Nature , 405 ( 6789 ) : 941 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candeiro , CRA and Tanke , DH . 2008 . A pathological Late Cretaceous carcharodontosaurid tooth from Minas Gerais, Brazil . Bull Geosci , 83 ( 3 ) : 351 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , K . 1997 . A giant coelophysoid (Ceratosauria) theropod from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA . Neues Jahrb Geol Pal., Abh , 205 : 189 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , S . 1985 . Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs . Phil Trans R Soc Lond (B) , 309 : 395 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , JM , Jacobs , LL and Downs , WR . 1989 . Mammal-like dentition in a Mesozoic crocodylian . Science , 244 : 1064 – 1066 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie , PJ . 1987 . Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia) . J Vertebr Paleontol , 7 ( 1 ) : 72 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple , GH . 1979 . On the jaw mechanism of the snail-crushing lizards, Dracaena Daudin 1802 (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Teiidae) . J Herpetol , 13 ( 3 ) : 303 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , JI and Nixon , KC . 1992 . Populations, genetic variation, and the delimitation of phylogenetic species . Syst Biol , 41 ( 4 ) : 421 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , S , Davit-Béal , T , Allizard , F and Sire , J-Y . 2005 . Tooth development in a scincid lizard, Chalcides viridanus (Squamata), with particular attention to enamel formation . Cell Tissue Res , 319 ( 1 ) : 71 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desojo , JB and Báez , AM . 2007 . Cranial morphology of the Late Triassic South American archosaur Neoaetosauroides engaeus: evidence for aetosaurian diversity . Palaeontology , 50 ( 1 ) : 267 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Dessem , D . 1985 . Ontogenetic changes in the dentition and diet of Tupinambis (Lacertilia: Teiidae) . Copeia , 1985 ( 1 ) : 245 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubrovo , IA and Sanders , AE . 2000 . A new species of Patriocetus (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Late Oligocene of Kazakhstan . J Vertebr Paleontol , 20 ( 3 ) : 577 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duellman , WE and Trueb , L . 1986 . The biology of amphibians , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Edmund , AG . 1960 . Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates . Life Sci Contrib, Royal Ontario Museum , 52 : 1 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Edmund , AG . 1962 . Sequence and rate of tooth replacement in the Crocodilia . Life Sci Contrib, Royal Ontario Museum , 56 : 1 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , GM . 1995 . Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development . J Vertebr Paleontol , 15 ( 2 ) : 268 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , GM . 1996 . Incremental lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs and the assessment of tooth replacement rates using growth line counts . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 93 ( 25 ) : 14623 – 14627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , R and Williams , EE . 1984 . Ontogenetic variation in the molariform teeth of lizards . J Vertebr Paleontol , 4 ( 1 ) : 96 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Farlow , JO , Brinkman , DL , Abler , WL and Currie , PJ . 1991 . Size, shape and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth . Mod Geol , 16 : 161 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiorillo , AR and Gangloff , RA . 2000 . Theropod teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of northern Alaska, with speculations on arctic dinosaur paleoecology . J Vertebr Paleontol , 20 ( 4 ) : 675 – 682 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazzetta , TH . 1988 . The mechanics of cutting and the form of shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) . Zoomorphology , 108 ( 2 ) : 93 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Furin , S , Preto , N , Rigo , M , Roghi , G , Gianolla , P , Crowley , JL and Bowring , SA . 2006 . High-precision U–Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: in reply to implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs . Geology , 34 ( 12 ) : 1009 – 1012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton , PM . 1986 . “ Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs ” . In The beginning of the age of dinosaurs – faunal change across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary , Edited by: K , Padian . 203 – 221 . Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J . 1994 . “ The diversification of the amniotes ” . In Major features of vertebrate evolution , Edited by: Spencer , RS . 129 – 159 . Knoxville (TN) : The Paleontological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Godefroit , P and Cuny , G . 1997 . Archosauriform teeth from the Upper Triassic of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port . Palaeovertebrata , 26 : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Gower , DJ . 2000 . Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida): an overview . Neues Jahrb Geol Pal., Abh , 218 : 447 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower , DJ . 2003 . Osteology of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus broom . Ann S Afr Museum , 110 : 1 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , PM . 1985 . Brachycephalic growth and dental anomalies in the New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) . J Herpetol , 19 ( 2 ) : 300 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , MP , Hasso , SM , Ferguson , MWJ and Fallon , JF . 2006 . The development of archosaurian first-generation teeth in a chicken mutant . Curr Biol , 16 ( 4 ) : 371 – 377 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckert , AB . 1997 . The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic lower Chinle Group (Adamanian: latest Carnian), of the Zuni Mountains, west-central New Mexico . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 11 : 29 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB . 2004 . Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian–Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern USA . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 27 : 1 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB and Lucas , SG . 2000a . Taxonomy, phylogeny, biostratigraphy, biochronology, paleobiogeography, and evolution of the Late Triassic Aetosauria (Archosauria: Crurotarsi) . Zbl Geo Pal , Heft 11–12 : 1539 – 1587 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB and Lucas , SG . 2000b . Global correlation of the Triassic theropod record . Gaia , 15 : 63 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB and Lucas , SG . 2003 . Triassic stratigraphy in the Zuni Mountains, west-central New Mexico . New Mex Geol Soc Guidebook , 54 : 245 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Hungerbühler , A . 2000 . Heterodonty in the European phytosaur Nicrosaurus kapffi and its implications for the taxonomic utility and functional morphology of phytoaur dentitions . J Vertebr Paleontol , 20 ( 1 ) : 31 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB , Lucas , SG and Hunt , AP . 2005 . Triassic vertebrate fossils in Arizona . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 29 : 16 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckert , AB , Lucas , SG , Spielmann , JA and Hunt , AP . 2007 . Biostratigraphic utility of the Upper Triassic aetosaur Tecovasuchus (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae), an index taxon of St. Johnsian (Adamanian: Late Carnian) time . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 41 : 51 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , AP . 1989 . “ Cranial morphology and ecology among phytosaurs ” . In Dawn of the age of dinosaurs in the American southwest , Edited by: Lucas , SG and Hunt , AP . 349 – 354 . Albuquerque (NM) : New Mexico Museum of Natural History .
   Google Scholar
• Irmis , RB , Nesbitt , SJ , Padian , K , Smith , ND , Turner , AH , Woody , D and Downs , A . 2007a . A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs . Science , 317 : 358 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irmis , RB , Parker , WG , Nesbitt , SJ and Liu , J . 2007b . Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record . Hist Biol , 19 ( 1 ) : 3 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Jalil , N and Peyer , K . 2007 . A new rauisuchian (Archiosauria Suchia) from the Upper Triassic of the Argana Basin, Morocco . Palaeontol , 50 : 417 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassai , Y , Munne , P , Hotta , Y , Penttila , E , Kavanaugh , K , Ohbayashi , N , Takada , S , Thesleff , I , Jernvall , J and Itoh , N . 2005 . Regulation of mammalian tooth cusp patterning by ectodin . Science , 309 : 2067 – 2070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , MC and Benton , MJ . 2006 . Early dinosaurs: a phylogenetic study . J Syst Palaeontol , 4 : 309 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston , W . 1956 . The Sebecosuchia: cosmopolitan crocodilians? . Am J Sci , 254 : 605 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson , HCE and Sidor , CA . 1999 . Unusual crocodyliform teeth from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Southeastern Morocco . J Vertebr Paleontol , 19 ( 2 ) : 398 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , RA and Murry , PA . 1995 . Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 4 : 254
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , SG , Heckert , AB and Hunt , AP . 1997 . Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphic significance of the Placerias quarry, east-central Arizona . Neues Jahrb Geol Pal., Abh , 203 : 23 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , SG , Hunt , AP , Heckert , AB and Spielmann , JA . 2007 . Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: 2007 status . New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull , 41 : 229 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , LD . 1980 . Functional morphology and the evolution of cats . Trans Nebraska Acad Sci , 7 : 141 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt , SJ . 2005a . A new archosaur from the upper Moenkopi Formation (Middle Triassic) of Arizona and its implications for rauisuchian phylogeny and diversification . Neues Jahrb Geol Pal., Abh , 2005 ( 6 ) : 332 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt , SJ . 2005b . Osteology of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian archosaur Arizonasaurus babbitti . Hist Biol , 17 : 19 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt , SJ , Irmis , RB , Lucas , SG and Hunt , AP . 2005 . A giant crocodylomorph from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 79 : 471 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Nydam , RL , Gauthier , JA and Chiment , JJ . 2000 . The mammal-like teeth of the late Cretaceous lizard Peneteius aquilonius Estes 1969 (Squamata, Teiidae) . J Vertebr Paleontol , 20 ( 3 ) : 628 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ösi , A , Clark , JM and Weishampel , DB . 2007 . First report on a new basal eusuchian crocodyliform with multicusuped teeth from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) of Hungary . Neues Jahrb Geol Pal., Abh , 304 : 169 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Peyer , B . 1968 . Comparative odontology , 347 Chicago (IL) : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pol , D . 2003 . New remains of Sphagesaurus huenei (Crocodylomorpha: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the late Cretaceous of Brazil . J Vertebr Paleontol , 23 ( 4 ) : 817 – 831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purslow , PP . 1991 . “ Measuring meat texture and understanding its structural basis ” . In Feeding and the texture of food , Edited by: Vincent , JFV and Lillford , PJ . 35 – 56 . Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Romer , AS . 1971 . The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XI. Two new long-snouted thecodonts, Chanaresuchus and Gualosuchus . Breviora , 379 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Sander , PM . 1999 . The microstructure of reptilian tooth enamel: terminology, function, and phylogeny . Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen , 38 : 1 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Sereno , PC . 1991 . Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications . Soc Vertebr Paleontol Mem , 2 : 1 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Sereno , PC and Brusatte , SL . 2008 . Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger . Acta Palaeontol Pol , 53 ( 1 ) : 15 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shintani , S , Kobata , M , Toyosawa , S , Fujiwara , T , Sato , A and Ooshima , T . 2002 . Identification and characterization of ameloblastin gene in a reptile . Gene , 283 ( 1–2 ) : 245 – 254 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shintani , S , Kobata , M , Toyosawa , S and Ooshima , T . 2006 . Expression of ameloblastin during enamel formation in a crocodile . J Experiment Zool B: Molec Develop Evol , 306B ( 2 ) : 126 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Sill , WD . 1974 . The anatomy of Saurosuchus galilei and the relationships of the rauisuchid thecodonts . Bull Mus Comparative Zool , 146 : 317 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Sire , J-Y , Davit-Béal , T , Delgado , S and Gu , X . 2007 . The origin and evolution of enamel mineralization genes . Cells Tissues Organs , 186 ( 1 ) : 25 – 48 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , JB . 2005 . Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions . J Vertebr Paleontol , 25 ( 4 ) : 865 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , JB , Vann , DR and Dodson , P . 2005 . Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth . Anat Rec A: Discov Molec Cell Evol Biol , 285A ( 2 ) : 699 – 736 .
   Google Scholar
• Thesleff , I . 2003 . Epithelial-mesenchymal signalling regulating tooth morphogenesis . J Cell Sci , 116 ( 9 ) : 1647 – 1648 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Throckmorton , GS . 1976 . Oral food processing in two herbivorous lizards, Iguana iguana (Iguanidae) and Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae) . J Morphol , 148 ( 3 ) : 363 – 390 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyosawa , S , O'hUigin , C , Tichy , H and Klein , J . 1999 . Characterization of dentin matrix protein 1 gene in crocodilia . Gene , 234 ( 2 ) : 307 – 314 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toyosawa , S , O'hUigin , C , Figueroa , F , Tichy , H and Klein , J . 1998 . Identification and characterization of amelogenin genes in monotremes, reptiles, and amphibians . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 95 ( 22 ) : 13056 – 13061 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhen , MD . 2008 . “ Dental morphology, Evolution of ” . In Encyclopedia of marine mammals , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Perrin , WF , Würsig , B and Thewissen , JGM . 302 – 307 . New York (NY) : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• von Meyer , H . 1861 . Reptilien aus dem Stubensandstein des oberen Keupers . Palaeontographica , 7 : 253 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , AD . 1964 . Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs . Phil Trans R Soc B , 248 : 53 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westergaard , B and Ferguson , MWJ . 1986 . Development of the dentition in Alligator mississippiensis. Early embryonic development in the lower jaw . J Zool London , 210 : 575 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westergaard , B and Ferguson , MWJ . 1990 . Development of the dentition in Alligator mississippiensis: upper jaw dental and craniofacial development in embryos, hatchlings, and young juveniles, with a comparison to lower jaw development . Am J Anat , 187 ( 4 ) : 393 – 421 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu , X-C and Sues , H-D . 1996 . Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Chimaerasuchus paradoxus, an unusual crocodyliform reptile from the Lower Cretaceous of Hubei, China . J Vertebr Paleontol , 16 ( 4 ) : 688 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar