Small vertebrates from Khasm El-Raqaba, late Middle Miocene, Eastern Desert, Egypt

References

• Avery DM. 2003. Early and middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 189(1–2):55–69. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailon S, Rage J-C. 1994. Squamates néogènes et pléistocènes du Rift occidental, Ouganda [Neogene and Pleistocene squamates from the Western Rift, Uganda]. In: Senut B, Pickford M, editors. Geology and palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaïre (Palaeobiology). Vol. II. Orléans: CIFEG Occasional; p. 129–135.
   Google Scholar
• Baskin JA. 1996. Systematic revision of Ctenodactylidae (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the Miocene of Pakistan. Palaeovertebrata. 25:1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Benammi M, Jaeger JJ. 1996. Datation par les micromammifères des formations continentales de Jebel Rhassoul (Moyenne Moulouya, Maroc) [Dating of micromammals from the continental formations of Jebel Rhassoul (Middle Moulouya, Morocco)]. Notes Mem Serv Géol Maroc. 387:57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Bianucci G, Gingerich PD. 2011. Aegyptocetus tarfa, n. gen. et sp. (Mammalia, Cetacea), from the middle Eocene of Egypt: clinorhynchy, olfaction, and hearing in a protocetid whale. J Vert Paleontol. 31(6):1173–1188. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.607985.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PM. 1969. Insectivores and bats from the Miocene of East Africa: new material. In: Leakey LSB, editor. Fossil Vertebrates of Africa. New York (NY): Academic Press; p. 1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Butler PM. 1984. Macroscelidea, Insectivora and Chiroptera from the Miocene of East Africa. Palaeovertebrata. 14:117–200.
   Google Scholar
• Dieterlen F. 2005. Family Ctenodactylidae. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DM, editors. Mammal species of the world. Vol. 2 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): John Hopkins University Press; p. 1536–1537.
   Google Scholar
• Ghani A, Shileby I. 2000. Contribution to the stratigraphy of Wadi El Tarfa area. Ann Geol Surv Egypt. 23:33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age and paleoenvironments. Pap Paleontol U Mich. 30:1–84.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD, Attia Y, El-Bedawi F, Sameeh S. 2007. Khasm El-Raqaba: a new locality yielding middle Eocene whales and sea cows from Wadi Tarfa in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. J Vert Paleontol. 27:81A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouat P. 2013. Rodents, hares and rabbits. In: Happold D, editor. Mammals of Africa. Vol. 3. London: Bloomsbury Press; p. 628–640.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell GF. 2010. Chiroptera. In: Werdelin L, Sanders WJ, editors. Cenozoic mammals of Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press; p. 581–597.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell GF, Eiting TP, Geraads D. 2011. New late Pliocene bats (Chiroptera) from Ahl al Oughlam, Morocco. N Jb Geol Palaont. 260(1):55–71. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head JJ. 2005. Snakes of the Siwalik Group (Miocene of Pakistan): systematics and relationship to environmental change. Palaeontol Elec. 8(1):18A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head JJ, Bell CJ. 2008. Snakes from Lemudong'o, Kenya Rift Valley. In: Hlusko L, editor. Stratigraphy, paleontology, and paleoecology of the Lemudong'o Site, Kenya. Vol. 56 Kirtlandia; p. 177–179.
   Google Scholar
• Head JJ, Holroyd PA, Hutchison JH, Ciochon RL. 2005. First report of snakes (Serpentes) from the late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. J Vert Paleontol. 25(1):246–250. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0246:FROSSF]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter R. 1939. Contribution a l'etude des Elapidae actuels et fossiles et de l'osteologie des ophidians [Contribution to the study of modern and fossil Elapidae and the osteology of ophidians]. Arch Mus D'hist Nat Lyon. 15:1–78.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter R, Gasc JP. 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans C, editor. Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 1: Morphology. London: Academic Press; p. 201–310.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger JJ. 1971. Un Cténodactylidé (Mammalia, Rodentia) nouveau, Irhoudia  bohlini n. g., n. sp., du Pléistocène inférieur du Maroc. Rapports avec les formes actuelles et fossiles [A new Ctenodactylidae (Mammalia, Rodentia), Irhoudia bohlini, n. g. and n. sp., from the lower Pleistocene of Morocco. Relationships with current and fossil forms]. Notes Serv Géol Maroc. 31(237):113–140.
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger JJ. 1977. Les rongeurs du Miocène moyen et supérieur du Maghreb [Rodents from the Middle and Upper Miocene of the Maghreb]. Palaeovertebrata. 8:1–166.
   Google Scholar
• LaDuke TC. 1991. The fossil snakes of Pit 91, Rancho La Brea, California. Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles Contrib Sci. 424:1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Laurenti JN. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota. Reptilium Austracorum. Vienna: Joan Thomae.
   Google Scholar
• Lavocat R. 1961. Le gisement de vertébrés miocènes de Beni Mellal (Maroc): étude systématique de la faune de mammifères [The Miocene vertebrate deposits from Beni Mellal (Morocco): systematic study of the mammalian fauna]. Notes Mem Serv géol Maroc. 155:29–77.
   Google Scholar
• Legendre S. 1982. Hipposideridae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Mediterranean middle and late Neogene, and evolution of the genera Hipposideros and Asellia. J Vert Paleontol. 2(3):372–385. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011939.
   Google Scholar
• López-Antoñanzas R, Knoll F. 2011. A comprehensive phylogeny of the gundis (Ctenodactylinae, Ctenodactylidae, Rodentia). J Syst Paleontol. 9:379–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louchart A, Wesselman H, Blumenschine RJ, Hlusko LJ, Njau JK, Black MT, Asnake M, White TD. 2009. Taphonomic, avian, and small-vertebrate indicators of Ardipithecus ramidus habitat. Science. 326(5949):66e1–66e4. doi:10.1126/science.1175823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitre E. 2014. Western European middle Eocene to early Oligocene Chiroptera: systematics, phylogeny and palaeoecology based on new material from the Quercy (France). Swiss J Palaeontol. 133(2):141–242. doi:10.1007/s13358-014-0069-3.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney JA, Stevens NJ, O'Connor PM. 2014. The earliest colubroid-dominated snake fauna from Africa: perspectives from the Late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Southwestern Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 9(3):e90415. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mein P, Pickford M. 2010. Vallesian rodents from Sheikh Abdallah, Western Desert, Egypt. Hist Biol. 22(1–3):224–259. doi:10.1080/08912961003644104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak RM. 1994. Walker's bats of the world. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press; p. 1–287.
   Google Scholar
• Oppel M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien, und Gattungen deer Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben [The orders, families, and genera of reptiles and their natural history]. J. Lindauer: Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Rage J-C. 1976. Les Squamates du Miocène de Bèni Mellal, Maroc [The Miocene squamates from Beni Mellal, Morocco]. Géol Méd. 3(2):57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Rage J-C. 1979. Les serpents de la Rift Valley: un aperçu général [The snakes of the Rift Valley: general knowledge]. Bull Soc Géol Fr Sér. 7(21):329–330.
   Google Scholar
• Rage J-C. 2003. Squamate reptiles from the early Miocene of Arrisdrift (Namibia). In: Senut B, Pickford M, editors. Geology and palaeobiology of the central and southern Namib. Vol. 2: Palaeontology of the Orange River valley, Namibia. Mem Geol Surv Namibia, 19. Windhoek: Ministry of Mines and Energy; p. 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Rage J-C, Bajpai S, Thewissen JGM, Tiwari BN. 2003. Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae. Geodiversitas. 25:695–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rage J-C, Buffetaut E, Buffetaut-Tong H, Chaimanee Y, Ducrocq S, Jaeger J-J, Suteethorn V. 1992. A colubrid snake in the late Eocene of Thailand: the oldest known Colubridae (Reptilia, Serpentes). C R Acad Sci Sér. 2(314):1085–1089.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson P, Black CC. 1973. A small Miocene fauna from near Testour, Beji Gouvernorat, Tunisia. Ann Mines Géol. 26:445–449.
   Google Scholar
• Said R. 1990. Cenozoic. In: Said R, editor. The geology of Egypt. Rotterdam: A. A. Blakema; p. 451–486.
   Google Scholar
• Samonds KE. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterol. 9(1):39–65. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2007)9[39:LPBFFA]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser M. 1887. Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten un Carnivoren des europäischen Tertiärs und deren Beziehungen zu ihren lebenden und fossilen aussereuropäischen Verwandten [The monkeys, lemurs, bats, insectivores, marsupials, creodonts and carnivores of the European Tertiary and their relationship to living and fossil forms from Europe and elsewhere]. Beitrg Paläontol Öster-Ung Orients. 6(I–II):1–224.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Kittler N. 1987. European reference levels and correlation tables. Müncher Geowiss Abh Reihe A Geol Paläontol. 10:13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sevilla P. 1990. Rhinolophoidea (Chiroptera, Mammalia) from the upper Oligocene of Carrascosa del Campo (Central Spain). Geobios. 23(2):173–188. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80050-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigé B. 1968. Les chiroptères du Miocène inférieur de Bouzigues [Lower Miocene chiropterans from Bouzigues]. I. Etude systématique. Palaeovertebrata. 1:65–133.
   Google Scholar
• Sigé B, Crochet J-Y, Sudre J, Aguilar J-P, Escarguel G. 1997. Nouveaux sites d'âges variés dans les remplissages karstiques du Miocène inférieur de Bouzigues (Hérault, Sud de la France). Partie I: sites et faunes 1 (Insectivores, Chiroptères, Artiodactyles) [New localities of different ages in the Early Miocene karstic fillings of Bouzigues (Herault, Southern France). Part 1: Localities and faunas 1 (insectivores, bats, artiodactyls)]. Geobios. 20:477–483.
   Google Scholar
• Sigé B, Hand S, Archer M. 1982. An Australian Miocene Brachipposideros (Mammalia, Chiroptera) related to Miocene representatives from France. Palaeovertebrata. 12(5):149–172.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons NB. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DM, editors. Mammal species of the world. 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University Press; p. 312–529.
   Google Scholar
• Tawadros EE. 2012. Geology of North Africa. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Wanas HA, Pickford M, Mein P, Soliman H, Segalen L. 2009. Late Miocene karst system at Sheikh Abdallah, between Bahariya and Farafa, Western Desert, Egypt: implications for palaeoclimate and geomorphology. Geol Acta. 7:475–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselman HB. 1984. The Omo micromammals – systematics and paleoecology of early man sites from Ethiopia. In: Hecht MK, Szalay FS, editors. Contributions to vertebrate evolution. Basel: Karger; p. 1–219.
   Google Scholar