A primitive perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the early Eocene of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France)

References

• Aguilar J-P, Legendre S, Michaux J. 1997. Mémoire et travaux de l’E.P.H.E. Montpellier: Biochro’M; 955 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Badiola A, Cuesta MÁ. 2008. New endemic Eocene equoids from the Iberian Peninsula (western Europe). J Vertebr Paleontol. 28(4):1149–1161.10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badiola A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Cuesta MA. 2005. Una nueva especie de Pachynolophus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) de Zambrana (Alava, Region Vasco-Cantabrica). Analisis filogenético de Pachynolophus y primera cita en el Eoceno superior de la Peninsula Ibérica [A new species of Pachynolophus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Zambrana (Alava, Vasco-Cantabrica area). Phylogenetic analysis of Pachynolophus and first appearance in the late Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula]. Geobios. 38:1–16.10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai S, Kapur VV, Thewissen JGM, Das DP, Tiwari BN. 2006. New early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the vastan lignite mine (Gujarat, India) and an evaluation of cambaythere relationships. J Pal Soc India. 51(1):101–110.
   Google Scholar
• Beard KC. 2008. The oldest North American primate and mammalian biogeography during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 105:3815–3818.10.1073/pnas.0710180105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard KC, Dawson MR. 1999. Intercontinental dispersal of Holarctic land mammals near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: paleogeographic, paleoclimatic and biostratigraphic implications. Bull Société Géologique Fr. 170(5):697–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PM. 1952a. The milk-molars of Perissodactyla, with remarks on molar occlusion. Proc Zool Soc London. 121:777–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PM. 1952b. Molarization of the premolars in the Perissodactyla. Proc Zool Soc London. 121:819–843.
   Google Scholar
• Checa Soler L. 1997. Los perisodáctilos (Mammalia, Ungulata) del eoceno catalán [Perissodactyls (Mammalia, Ungulata) from the Eocene of Catalonia]. Paleontologia i evolucio. 30-31:149–234.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper LN, Seiffert ER, Clementz M, Madar SI, Bajpai S, Taseer Hussain S, Thewissen JGM. 2014. Anthracobunids from the middle Eocene of India and Pakistan are stem perissodactyls. PLoS ONE. 9(10):e109232.10.1371/journal.pone.0109232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danilo L, Remy JA, Vianey-Liaud M, Marandat B, Sudre J, Lihoreau F. 2013. A new Eocene locality in southern France sheds light on the basal radiation of Palaeotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea). J Vertebr Paleontol. 33:195–215.10.1080/02724634.2012.711404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estravis C. 1992. Estudo dos mamíferos do Eocénico inferior de Silveirinha (Baixo Mondego) [Study of the mammals from the early Eocene of Silveirinha (Baixo Mondego)]. Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher DC. 1981. Crocodilian scatology, microvertebrate concentrations, and enamel-less teeth. Paleobiology. 7:262–275.10.1017/S0094837300004048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster-Cooper C. 1932. The genus Hyracotherium. A revision and description of new specimens found in England. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci. 221:431–448.10.1098/rstb.1932.0008
   Google Scholar
• Froehlich DJ. 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactyls. J Vertebr Paleontol. 19:140–159.10.1080/02724634.1999.10011129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich DJ. 2002. Quo vadis Eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zool J Linn Soc. 134:141–256.10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD. 1981. Variation, sexual dimorphism, and social structure in the early Eocene horse Hyracotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla). Paleobiology. 7:443–455.10.1017/S0094837300025501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD. 1986. Early Eocene Cantius torresi – oldest primate of modern aspect from North America. Nature. 319:319–321.10.1038/319319a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD. 1989. New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage. Univ Michigan Pap Paleontol. 28:1–97.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD. 1991. Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Perissodactyla (Mammalia) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming. Cont Mus Paleontol, Univ Michigan. 28(8):181–213.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich PD, Smith T. 2006. Paleocene-Eocene land mammals from three new latest Clarkforkian and earliest Wasatchian wash sites at Polecat Bench in the Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Contrib Mus Paleontol Univ Michigan. 31(11):245–303.
   Google Scholar
• Godinot M. 1981. Les mammifères de Rians (Eocène inférieur, Provence)[Mammals from Rians (early Eocene, Provence)]. Palaeovertebrata. 10-II: 43–126.
   Google Scholar
• Godinot M, Crochet JY, Hartenberger JL, Lange-Badré B, Russell DE, Sigé B. 1987. Nouvelles données sur les mammifères de Palette (Eocène inférieur, Provence) [New data on the mammals from Palette (early Eocene, Provence)]. Münchner Geowiss Abh. 10:273–288.
   Google Scholar
• Godinot M, de Broin FL. 2003. Arguments for a mammalian and reptilian dispersal from Asia to Europe during the Paleocene-Eocene boundary interval. Deinsea. 10:255–275.
   Google Scholar
• Gruas-Cavagnetto C. 1992. Pollens et dinophycées de l’Ilerdien moyen (Eocène inférieur) de Fordones (Corbières, France) [Pollens and dinophyceae from the middle Ilerdian (early Eocene) of Fordones (Corbières, France)]. Cahiers de Micropaléontologie. 6:51–66.
   Google Scholar
• Halliday TJD, Upchurch P, Goswami A. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biol Rev. 92:521–550.10.1111/brv.12242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook L. 2015. The identity and homology of the postprotocrista and its role in molarization of upper premolars of Perissodactyla (Mammalia). J Mamm Evol. 22:259–269.10.1007/s10914-014-9276-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook LT. 1999. The phylogeny and classification of tapiromorph perissodactyls (Mammalia). Cladistics. 15:331–350.10.1111/cla.1999.15.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 1980. The succession of Hyracotherium (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in the English early Eocene. Bull Br Mus (Natural History) Geol. 33:101–114.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 1984. A primitive ceratomorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the early Tertiary of Europe. Zool J Linn Soc. 82:229–244.10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00545.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 1989. Character polarities in early Eocene perissodactyls and their significance for Hyracotherium and infraordinal relationships. In: Prothero DR, Schoch RM, editors. The evolution of perissodactyls. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; p. 79–101.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 1994. The beginning of the equoid radiation. Zool J Linn Soc. 112:29–63.10.1111/zoj.1994.112.issue-1-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 2010. The mammal fauna of the Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood. London: Palaeontographical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ. 2015. A two-phase mammalian dispersal event across the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Newsl Stratig. 48(2):201–220.10.1127/nos/2015/0060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker JJ, Dashzeveg D. 2004. The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Palaeontology. 47(6):1363–1386.10.1111/pala.2004.47.issue-6
   Google Scholar
• Jacques F, De Franceschi D. 2005. Endocarps of Menispermaceae from Le Quesnoy outcrop (Sparnacian facies, Lower Eocene, Paris Basin). Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 135:61–70.10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitts DB. 1956. American Hyracotherium (Perissodactyla, Equidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 110:1–67.
   Google Scholar
• MacFadden BJ. 1998. Equidae. In: Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL, editors. Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 537–559.
   Google Scholar
• Marandat B. 1997. La disparité des faunes mammaliennes du niveau MP7 (Eocène inférieur) des domaines péri-mésogéens et nordiques. Investigation d’un provincialisme intra-européen [The disparity of the mammalian fauna of the MP7 biohorizon (early Eocene) from peri-mesogean and northern domains. Investigation of an intra-European provincialisme]. Newsl Stratigr. 35(2):63–82.
   Google Scholar
• Marandat B, Adnet S, Marivaux L, Martinez A, Vianey-Liaud M, Tabuce R. 2012. A new mammalian fauna from the earliest Eocene (Ilerdian) of the Corbières (Southern France): palaeobiogeographical implications. Swiss J Geosci. 105:417–434.10.1007/s00015-012-0113-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna MC, Chow M, Ting S, Luo Z. 1989. Radinskya yupingae, a perissodactyl-like mammal from the late Paleocene of China. In: Prothero DR, Schoch RM, editors. The evolution of perissodactyls. New York (NY): Clarendon Press; p. 24–36.
   Google Scholar
• Meng J, Zhai R, Wyss A. 1998. The late Paleocene Bayan Ulan fauna of Inner Mongolia, China. In: Beard KC, Dawson MR, editors. Dawn of the age of mammals in Asia. Pittsburgh (PA): Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History; p. 148–185.
   Google Scholar
• Missiaen P, Quesnel F, Dupuis C, Storme JY, Smith T. 2013. The earliest Eocene mammal fauna of the Erquelinnes Sand Member near the French-Belgian border. Geologica Belgica. 16:262–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nel A, De Plöeg G, Dejax J, Dutheil D, De Franceschi D, Gheerbrant E, Godinot M, Hervet S, Menier JJ, Auge M, et al. 1999. Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel à plantes, arthropodes et vertébrés (Eocène basal, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France) [An exceptional Sparnacian deposit of plants, arthropods and vertebrates (basal Eocene, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France)]. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, Ser. 329:65–72.
   Google Scholar
• Owen R. 1842. Description of some molar teeth from the Eocene Sand at Kyson in Suffolk, indicative of a new species of Hyracotherium (Hyr.Cuniculus). Ann Mag Nat Hist Zool Bot Geol. 48:1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Owen R. 1858. Description of a small lophiodont mammal (Pliolophus vulpiceps, Owen), from the London Clay, near Harwich. Q J Geol Soc. 14:54–71.10.1144/GSL.JGS.1858.014.01-02.08
   Google Scholar
• Plaziat JC. 1977. Les provinces biogéographiques continentales de l’Europe occidentale à la fin du Crétacé et au début du Tertiaire [Continental biogeographical provinces of Western Europe at the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Tertiary]. 5ème réunion annuelle des Sciences de la Terre: 380, Rennes, France.
   Google Scholar
• Radinsky L. 1966. The adaptive radiation of the phenacodontid Condylarths and the origin of the Perissodactyla. Evolution. 20(3):408–417.10.1111/evo.1966.20.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose KD, Holbrook LT, Rana RS, Kumar K, Jones KE, Ahrens HE, Missiaen P, Sahni A, Smith T. 2014. Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India. Nat Commun. 5:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutot A. 1881. Sur la position stratigraphique des restes de mammifères terrestres recueillis dans les couches de l’Eocène inférieur de Belgique [On the stratigraphic position of the remains of terrestrial mammals collected in the lower Eocene layers of Belgium]. Bull Ac R Belg. 1:506–547.
   Google Scholar
• Savage DE, Russell DE, Louis P. 1965. European Eocene Equidae (Perissodactyla). Univ California Publ Geol Sci. 56:1–94.
   Google Scholar
• Secord R, Bloch JI, Chester SGB, Boyer DM, Wood AR, Wing SL, Kraus MJ, McInerney FA, Krigbaum J. 2012. Evolution of the earliest horses driven by climate change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science. 335(6071):959–962.10.1126/science.1213859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1952. Notes on British hyracotheres. J Linn Soc London, Zool. 42:195–206.10.1111/zoj.1952.42.issue-284
   Google Scholar
• Smith R, Smith T. 2004. Les mammifères de l’Yprésien moyen du Bassin de Paris (niveau-repère MP8-9) sont-ils presents dès la limite Paléocène-Eocène de Dormaal (niveau-repère MP7, Belgique)? [Are the mammals of the middle Ypresian of the Paris Basin (MP8-9) present from the Paleocene-Eocene limit of Dormaal (MP7 reference level, Belgium)?] ORYCTOS. 5:75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Smith T, Rose KD, Gingerich PD. 2006. Rapid Asia-Europe-North America geographic dispersal of earliest Eocene primate Teilhardina during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 103(30):11223–11227.10.1073/pnas.0511296103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting S, Bowen GJ, Koch PL, Clyde WC, Wang Y, Wang Y, McKenna MC. 2003. Biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and magnetostratigraphic study across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Hengyang Basin, Hunan, China. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap. 521–536.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Tong Y, Li Q. 2011. Chinese continental Paleocene-Eocene boundary and its correlation. Acta Geol Sin. 85:443–451.10.1111/acgs.2011.85.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker F, Collins MJ, Thomas JA, Wadsley M, Brace S, Cappellini E, Turvey ST, Reguero M, Gelfo JN, Kramarz A, et al. 2015. Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin’s South American ungulates. Nature. 522(7554):81–84.10.1038/nature14249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood AR, Bebej RM, Manz CL, Begun DL, Gingerich PD. 2011. Postcranial functional morphology of Hyracotherium (Equidae, Perissodactyla) and locomotion in the earliest horses. J Mamm Evol. 18:1–32.10.1007/s10914-010-9145-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar