Publication Cover
Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 33, 2021 - Issue 5
193
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Late Triassic archosaur ichnogenus Brachychirotherium: first complete step cycles from Morocco, North Africa, with implications for trackmaker identification and ichnotaxonomy

, , , ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 723-736 | Received 17 Jul 2019, Accepted 16 Aug 2019, Published online: 02 Sep 2019

References

  • Avanzini M, Mietto P. 2008. Lower and Middle Triassic footprint-based biochronology in the Italian Southern Alps. Oryctos. 8:3–13.
  • Avanzini M, Petti FM, Bernardi M, Tomasoni R. 2010. Crocodyle-like footprints from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of the Italian southern Alps. Crocodyle Tracks and Traces New Mex Mus Nat His Sci Bull. 51:61–64.
  • Avanzini M, Renesto S. 2002. A review of Rhynchosauroides tirolicus Abel, 1926 ichnospecies (Middle Triassic: Anisian-Ladinian) and some inferences on Rhynchosauroides trackmaker. Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia (research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy). 108(1):51–66.
  • Baird D. 1957. Triassic reptile footprint faunules from Milford, New Jersey. Bull Museum Comp Zool. 117:449–520.
  • Bensalah MK, Youbi N, Mahmoudi A, Bertrand H, Mata J, El Hachimi H, Madeira J, Martins L, Marzoli A, Bellon H, et al. 2011. The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanic sequences of Berrechid and Doukkala basins (Western Meseta, Morocco). Volcanol Geochem Comunicaçes Geolgicas. 98:15–27.
  • Beurlen K. 1950. Neue Fährtenfunde aus der fränkischen Trias. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 1950:308–320.
  • Biron PE, Dutuit JM. 1981. Figurations sédimentaires et traces d’activité au sol dans le Trias de la formation d’Argana et de l’Ourika (Maroc). Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris. 4e série, 3(section C 4):399–427.
  • Buatois LA, Mángano MG. 2004. Animal-substrate interactions in freshwater environments: applications of ichnology in facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of fluvio-lacustrine successions. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 228(1):311.
  • D’Orazi-Porchetti S, Nicosia U. 2007. Re-examination of some large early Mesozoic tetrapod footprints from the African collection of Paul Ellenberger. Ichnos. 14(3–4):219–245.
  • Desojo JB, Heckert AB, Martz JW, Parker WG, Schoch RR, Small BJ, Sulej T. 2013. Aetosauria: a clade of armoured pseudosuchians from the Upper Triassic continental beds. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 379(1):203–239.
  • Dutuit JM. 1972. Découverte d’un dinosaure ornithischien dans le Trias supérieur de l’Atlas occidental marocain. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris. 275:2841–2844.
  • Dutuit J-M. 1976. Introduction à l’étude paléontologique du Trias continental marocain. Description des premiers Stégocéphales recueillis dans le couloir d’Argana (Atlas occidental). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris C. 36:1–253.
  • El Attari A 2001. Etude Lithostratigraphique et Tectonique des Terrains Cambro –Ordovicien du Môle côtiers (Meseta Occidental, Maroc) [ PhD thesis]. Mohamed V University Rabat, pp. 389.
  • Ellenberger HF. 1970. The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamicpsychiatry. New York:Basic Books. Vol. 1 p.280–281.
  • Ellenberger HF. 1972. The story of “Anna O”: A critical review with new data. J Hist Behav Sci. 8(3):267–279.
  • Flynn JJ, Nesbitt SJ, Parrish JM, Ranivoharimanana L, Wyss AR. 2010. A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible. Palaeontology. 53(3):669–688.
  • Gigout M. 1951. Etudes géologiques sur la Meseta marocaine occidentale (arrière-pays de Casablanca, Mazagan et Safi). Notes et Mémoires du Service Géologique du Maroc. 86:507pp.
  • Gigout M. 1956. Recherche sur le Pliocène et Quaternaire atlantique marocaine. Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique Chérifien, Série Géologie et Géographie Physique. 5:94.
  • Ginsburg L, de Lapparent AF, Taquet P. 1968. Piste de Chirotherium dans le Trias du Niger. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris Série D. 266:2056–2058.
  • Haubold H. 1971. Ichnia Amphibiorum et Reptiliorum fossilium. Encycl Paleoherpetology. 18:124.
  • Heckert AB, Lucas SG, Rinehart LF, Celeskey MD, Spielmann JA, Hunt AP. 2010. Articulated skeletons of the aetosaur Typothorax coccinarum Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: early-mid Norian), eastern New Mexico, USA. J Vertebr Paleontology. 30:619–642.
  • Hmich D, Schneider JW, Saber H, Voigt S, El Wartiti M. 2006. New continental Carboniferous and Permian faunas of Morocco: Implications for biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeoclimate. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 265:297–324.
  • Hminna A 2005. Etude lithostratigraphique, sédimentologique, tectonique et volcanique de la région de Sidi Saïd M’aachou (meseta occidental, Maroc) [ Master thesis]. Chouaïb Doukkali University El Jadida, pp. 93.
  • Hminna A 2013. La limite Permien supérieur - Trias du Bassin d’Argana (Haut-Atlas) et le Trias supérieur du Bassin de sidi Said Maachou (Meseta Occidentale) (Maroc); Biostratigraphie, Sédimentologie, Tectonique et Géochimie [ Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Chouaïb Doukkali]. El Jadida (Maroc): Faculté des Sciences, p. 255.
  • Hminna A, Lagnaoui A, Voigt S, Klein H, Saber H, Schneider JW, Zouheir T 2018. Upper Triassic non-marine traces fossils from the Sidi Saïd Maachou area (Meseta, Morocco). 8th Meeting of Moroccan Group of Permian and Triassic GMPT8 (CIPT2); Avril 25– 27; Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Hminna A, Saber H, Lagnaoui A. 2017b. Mesozoic basaltic magmatism of the Sidi Saïd Maachou Basin (Western Meseta, Morocco): Petrography, geochemistry and geodynamic implications. Int J Adv Res. 5(12):1510–1522. doi:10.21474/IJAR01/6114.
  • Hminna A, Voigt S, Klein H, Saber H, Schneider JW, Hmich D. 2013. First occurrence of tetrapod footprints from the continental Triassic of the Sidi Said Maachou area (Western Meseta, Morocco). J Afr Earth Sci. 80:1–7.
  • Hminna A, Voigt S, Saber H, Schneider JW 2008. On a diverse continental ichnofauna of the Permian Ikakern Formation (Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco). Ichnia, Second International Congress on Ichnology; Aug 29-Sept 8; Cracow (Poland). Abstract Book: 52–53.
  • Hminna A, Voigt S, Saber H, Schneider JW, Hmich D 2009. Tetrapod footprints from the Ikakern Formation (Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco). Abstract volume, First International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology; May 25–27; Marrakech, pp. 61–62.
  • Hminna A, Zouheir T, Klein H, El Maliki S, Lagnaoui A, Saber H, Schneider JW 2017a. Large archosaur footprints from the Late Triassic of Irohalene (Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco). The First International ASRO Geological Congress; March 15–17; El Jadida, Morocco. Abstracts, p. 45.
  • Hunt AP, Lucas SG. 2007a. Late Triassic tetrapod tracks of western North America. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 40:215–230.
  • Hunt AP, Lucas SG. 2007b. The Triassic tetrapod track record: Ichnofaunas, ichnofacies and biochronology. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 41:78–87.
  • Jalil N-E. 1999. Continental Permian and Triassic vertebrate localities from Algeria and Morocco and their stratigraphical correlations. J Afr Earth Sci. 29:219–226.
  • Jalil N-E, Khaldoune F, Benaouiss N, Bourquin S, Falconnet J, Germain D, Steyer JS, Tourani A 2018. The first rhynchosaur (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from Morocco (LateTriassic of the Argana Basin); preliminary implications. 8th Meeting of Moroccan Group of Permian and Triassic GMPT8 (CIPT2); Avril 25– 27; Casablanca (Morocco).
  • Jalil N-E, Peyer K. 2007. A new rauisuchian (Archosauria, Suchia) from the Upper Triassic of the Argana Basin, Morocco. Palaeontology. 50:417–430.
  • Jones DF. 1975. Stratigraphy, Environments of Deposition, Petrology, Age, and Provenance, of the Basal Red Beds of the Argana Valley, western High Atlas Mountains, Morocco [ Master thesis]. Socorro: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, pp. 148.
  • Karl C, Haubold H. 1998. Brachychirotherium aus dem Coburger Sandstein (Mittlerer Keuper, Karn/Nor) in Nordbayern. Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften B. 20:33–58.
  • Karl C, Haubold H. 2000. Saurierfنhrten im Keuper (Obere Trias) Frankens, die Typen von Brachychirotherium. Berichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Bayreuth. 24:91–120.
  • Klein H, Haubold H. 2004. Überlieferungsbedingte Variation bei Chirotherien und Hinweise zur Ichnotaxonomie nach Beispielen aus der Mittel- bis Ober-Trias (Anisium–Karnium) von Nordbayern. Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften B. 26:1–15.
  • Klein H, Haubold H. 2007. Archosaur footprints-potential for biochronology of Triassic continental sequences. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 41:120–130.
  • Klein H, Lagnaoui A, Zouheir T, Hminna A, Lucas SG, Saber H, Schneider JW 2018. Ladinian–Carnian (Middle–Late Triassic) evolution of dinosauriformes: indications from the footprint record. In: SVP 78th Annual Meeting, Program and abstracts; October 17–20; Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
  • Klein H, Lucas SG. 2010. Tetrapod footprints - their use in biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 334:419–446.
  • Klein H, Lucas SG, Haubold H. 2006. Tetrapod track assemblage of the Redonda Formation (Upper Triassic, Chinle Group) in east-central New Mexico – reevaluation of ichnofaunal diversity from studies of new material. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 37:241–250.
  • Klein H, Milán J, Clemmensen LB, Frobøse N, Mateus O, Klein N, Adolfssen JS, Estrup EJ, Wings O. 2015. Archosaur footprints (cf. Brachychirotherium) with unusual morphology from the Upper Triassic Flemingfjord Formation (Norian-Rhaetian) of east Greenland. Geol Soc London Spec Pub. 434:71–85.
  • Klein H, Niedźwiedzki G, Voigt S, Lagnaoui A, Hminna A, Saber H, Schneider JW. 2013. The tetrapod ichnogenus Protochirotherium Fichter and Kunz 2004, a characteristic Early Triassic morphotype of central pangea. Ichnos. 20:24–30.
  • Klein H, Saber H, Voigt S, Schneider JW, Hmich D, Hminna A 2009. An archosaur-dominated footprint assemblage in Permo-Triassic red-beds of Morocco and the global record of early chirotherians. Abstract Volume, First International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology, Marrakech, May 25–27. p. 18.
  • Klein H, Voigt S, Hminna A, Saber H, Schneider J, Hmich D. 2010. Early Triassic Archosaur-dominated footprint assemblage from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Ichnos. 17:215–227.
  • Klein H, Voigt S, Saber H, Schneider JW, Hminna A, Fischer J, Lagnaoui A, Brosig A. 2011. First occurrence of a Middle Triassic tetrapod Ichnofauna from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 307:218–231.
  • Kotanski Z, Gierlinski G, Ptaszynski T. 2004. Reptile tracks (Rotodactylus) from the Middle Triassic of the Djurdjura Mountains in Algeria. Geol Q. 48(1):89–96.
  • Lagnaoui A, Klein H, Saber H, Fekkak A, Belahmira A, Schneider JW. 2016. New discoveries of archosaur and other tetrapod footprints from the Timezgadiouine Formation (Irohalene Member, Upper Triassic) of the Argana Basin, western High Atlas, Morocco – Ichnotaxonomic implications. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 453:1–9.
  • Lagnaoui A, Klein H, Voigt S, Hminna A, Saber H, Schneider JW, Werneburg R. 2012. Late Triassic tetrapod-dominated ichnoassemblages from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Ichnos. 19:238–253.
  • Leonardi G, ed. 1987. Glossary and manual of tetrapod footprint palaeoichnology. Brasilia: Ministerio Minas Energie, Departemento Nacional Producao Mineral; p. 117.
  • Lockley MG, Hunt AP. 1995. Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of the western United States. New York: Columbia University Press; p. 338.
  • Lucas SG. 1998. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 143:347–384.
  • Lucas SG. 2007. Tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy and biochronology. Ichnos. 14:5–38.
  • Lucas SG, Hancox PJ. 2001. Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine UpperTriassic of southern Africa. Albertiana. 25:5–9.
  • Lucas SG, Heckert AB. 2011. LateTriassic aetosaurs as the trackmaker of the tetrapod footprint ichnotaxon Brachychirotherium. Ichnos. 18(4):197–208.
  • Lucas SG, Spielmann JA, Klein H, Lerner AJ. 2010. Ichnology of the Upper Triassic Redonda Formation (Apachean) in east-central New Mexico. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull. 47:1–75.
  • Maidwell FT. 1911. Notes on footprints from the Keuper of Runcorn Hill. Proc Liverpool Geol Soc. 11(2):140–152.
  • Mallison H, Wings O. 2014. Photogrammetry in paleontology – a practical guide. J Paleontolog Tech. 12:1–31.
  • Marchetti L, Mujal E, Bernardi M. 2017. An unusual Amphisauropus trackway and its implication for understanding seymouriamorph locomotion. Lethaia. 50(1):162–174.
  • Melchor RN, De Valais S. 2006. A review of Triassic tetrapod track assemblages from Argentina. Palaeontology. 49(2):355–379.
  • Olsen PE, Kent DV, Sues HD, Koeberl C, Huber H, Montanari A, Hartline BW. 2002. Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science. 296(5571):1305–1307.
  • Ouadia M 1998. Les formations Plio-Quaternaiore dans le domaine mesetien occidental entre Casablanca et Safi: Géomorphologie, Sédimentologie, Paléoenvironnements Quaternaires et Evolution actuelle [Thèse d’état es sciences]. Rabat: Univ. Mohamed V, pp. 319.
  • Petti FM, Avanzini M, Nicosia U, Girardi S, Bernardi M, Ferretti P, Schirolli P, Dal Sasso C. 2009. Late Triassic (Early-Middle Carnian) chirotherian tracks from the Val Sabbia Sandstone(eastern Lombardy, Brescian Prealps, northern Italy). Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia. 115:277–290.
  • Ruhle V. Lilienstern H. 1938. Fahrten aus dem Blasensandstein (km 4) des Mittleren Keupers von Sudthuringen. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,Geologie und Palaontologie (B), BB., 80: 63–71; Stuttgart
  • Saber H, Hminna A, Schneider JW, Hmich D. 2007. First record of Triassic arthropod ichnia in the Sidi Said Maachou basin (coastal Meseta, Morocco) Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Institutes für Geologie der TU Bergakademie Freiberg. 36:117–119.
  • Sereno PC. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. J Vertebr Paleontology. 11(Suppl):1–65.
  • Silvestri SM, Szajna MJ. 1993. Biostratigraphy of vertebrate footprints in the Late Triassic section of the Newark Basin, Pennsylvania: reassessment of stratigraphic ranges. In: Lucas SG, Morales M, editors. The nonmarine Triassic, Vol. 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin; p. 439–444.
  • Silvestri SM, Olsen PE. 1989. Ichnostratigraphy of the Jacksonwald syncline: the last 7 million years of the Triassic. Geol Soc Am Abstracts Programs. 20:70.
  • Szajna MJ, Silvestri SM. 1996. A new occurrence of the ichnogenus Brachychirotherium: implications for the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event. In: Morales M, editor. The continental Jurassic, Vol. 60. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin, Arizona, USA, p. 275–283.
  • Szajna MJ, Hartline BW. 2003. A new vertebrate footprint locality from the Late Triassic Passaic Formation near Birdsboro, Pennsylvania. In: Le Tourneau PM, Olsen PE, editors. The great rift valleys of Pangea in eastern North America (Vol. 2). New York: Columbia University Press; p. 264–272.
  • Taquet P. 1976. Géologie et Paléontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger). Paris: Cahiers de Paléontologie, CNRS; p. 1–191.
  • Westphal M, Montigny R, Thuizat R, Bardon C, Bossert A, Hamzeh R, Rolley JP. 1979. Paléomagnétisme et datation du volcanisme permien, triasique et crétacé du Maroc. Can J Earth Sci. 16:2150–2164.
  • Wing SLSues HD. 1992. Mesozoic and early cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In: AK, Damuth JD, Dimichele WA, Potts R, Sues HD, Wing SL. (Eds, Eds. Terrestrial ecosystems through time. universty of chicago press. pp. 327–416: Chicago.
  • Zouheir T, Hminna A, Klein H, Lagnaoui A, Saber H, Schneider JW. 2018a. Unusual archosaur trackway and associated tetrapod ichnofauna from Irohalene member (Timezgadiouine formation, late Triassic, Carnian) of the Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco. Int J Paleobiology Hist Biol. 1–14. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1513506
  • Zouheir T, Hminna A, Klein H, Lagnaoui A, Saber H, Schneider JW 2018b. Unusual archosaur trackway and associated tetrapod ichnofauna from Irohalene Member (Timezgadiouine Formation, Upper Triassic, Carnian) of the Argana Basin, Western High Atlas, Morocco. 8th Meeting of Moroccan Group of Permian and Triassic GMPT8 (CIPT2); Avril 25–27; Casablanca, Morocco.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.