Publication Cover
Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 33, 2021 - Issue 8
192
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

First record of the mustelid Trochictis (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the early Late Miocene (MN 9/10) of Germany and a re-appraisal of the genus Trochictis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1183-1195 | Received 07 Aug 2019, Accepted 17 Oct 2019, Published online: 07 Nov 2019

References

  • Bartolini Lucenti S. 2018. Revising the species ‘Mustela’ ardea Gervais, 1848–1852 (Mammalia, Mustelidae): Martellictis gen. nov. and the systematics of the fossil ‘Galictinae’ of Eurasia. C R Palevol. 17(8):522–535.
  • Baskin JA. 1998. Mustelidae. In: Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL, editors. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, vol 1: terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulate like mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 152–173.
  • Baskin JA. 2011. A new species of Cernictis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Late Miocene Bidahochi Formation of Arizona, USA. Palaeontol Electron. 14(3) 26A:1–7.
  • Bernor RL. 1993. Systematics and Chronology of the Götzendorf “Hipparion” (Late Miocene, Pannonian F, Vienna Basin). Ann Naturhist Mus Wien. 95A:101–120.
  • Blainville de HMD. 1842. Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des cinq classes d’animaux vertébrés récents et fossiles pour servir de base à la zoologie et à la géologie - Mammifères carnassiers: des Mustelas (G. Mustela). Paris: J.B. Baillière; p. 83.
  • Böhme M, Aiglstorfer M, Uhl D, Kullmer O. 2012. The antiquity of the Rhine River: stratigraphic coverage of the Dinotheriensande (Eppelsheim Formation) of the Mainz Basin (Germany). PLoS One. 7(5):e36817.
  • Bonis de L, Gardin A, Blondel C. 2019. Carnivora from the early Oligocene of the ‘Phosphorites du Quercy’ in southwestern France. Geodiversitas. 41(15):601–621.
  • Bowdich TE. 1821. An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia, for the use of students and travellers. Paris: J. Smith; p. 115.
  • Bryant HN, Russell AP, Fitch WD. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships within the extant Mustelidae (Carnivora): appraisal of the cladistic status of the Simpsonian subfamilies. Zool J Linn Soc. 108:301–344.
  • Crusafont Pairó M, Golpe-Posse JM. 1982. Hallazgo de Palaeomelles Pachecoi [sic!] Vill. et Crus., 1943, en Castell de Barberà (Vallés-Penedés). Acta Geol Hisp. 17(1–2):27–37.
  • Daxner-Höck G, Bernor RL. 2009. The early Vallesian vertebrates of Atzelsdorf (Late Miocene, Austria) 8. Anchitherium, Suidae and Castoridae (Mammalia). Ann Naturhist Mus Wien. 111A:557–584.
  • Depéret C. 1892. La faune des Mammifères miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) et de quelques autres localités du bassin du Rhône. Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 5:1–93.
  • Farris JS. 1989. The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics. 5:417–419.
  • Fejfar O, Sabol M, Tóth C. 2012. Early Pliocene vertebrates from Ivanovce and Hajnáčka (Slovakia). VIII. Ursidae, Mustelidae, Tapiridae, Bovidae and Proboscidea from Ivanovce. N Jahrb Geol Paläontol, Abh. 264(2):95–115.
  • Felsenstein J. 2004. Inferring phylogenies. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer associates; p. 521–527.
  • Filhol H. 1891. Étude sur les mammifères de Sansan. Bibl Ht Études, Sect Sci Nat. 37(1):1–319.
  • Finarelli JA. 2008. A Total Evidence Phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): relationships Among Basal Taxa. J Mammal Evol. 15:231–259.
  • Fischer von Waldheim G. 1817. Adversaria zoologica. Mém Soc Imp Nat Moscou. 5:368–428.
  • Fisher DC. 1994. Stratocladistics: morphological and temporal patterns and their relation to phylogenetic process. In: Grande L, Rieppel O, editors. Interpreting the hierarchy of nature: from systematic patterns to evolutionary process theories. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 133–171.
  • Fox DL, Fisher DC, Leighton LR. 1999. Reconstructing phylogeny with and without temporal data. Science. 284:1816–1819.
  • Fraas O. 1862. Die tertiären Hirsche von Steinheim. Jahresh Ver Vaterl Nat Württemberg. 1862:113–155.
  • Franzen JL. 2004. Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene mammal localities from the Mainz Basin (Germany) and their significance for reconstructing the development of the Rhine River System. Terra Nostra. 2:109.
  • Franzen JL. 2006. Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene mammal localities from the Mainz Basin (Southwestern Germany) and their significance for reconstructing the development of the Rhine River System. Cour Forsch Inst Senckenberg. 256:237–247.
  • Franzen JL. 2011. 5.2.7.3 Eppelsheim-Formation. In: Grimm KI, coordinator, Stratigraphie von Deutschland IX. Tertiär, Teil 1: Oberrheingraben und benachbarte Tertiärgebiete. Schriftenr Dtsch Ges Geowiss. 75:184–187.
  • Franzen JL, Fejfar O, Storch G. 2003. First micromammals (Mammalia, Soricomorpha) from the Vallesian of Eppelsheim, Rheinhessen (Germany). Senckenbergiana Leth. 83(1/2):95–102.
  • Franzen JL, Storch G. 1975. Die unterpliozäne (turolische) Wirbeltierfauna von Dorn-Dürkheim, Rheinhessen (SW-Deutschland). 1. Entdeckung, Geologie, Mammalia, Carnivora, Proboscidea, Rodentia. Grabungsergebnisse 1972–1973. Senckenbergiana Leth. 56(4/5):233–303.
  • Gagnaison C, Cossard B, Dechamps M. 2017. À propos de quelques dents et os de Mammifères Carnivores du Miocène de l’Anjou-Touraine. Symbioses, Nouv Sér. 35–36:47–60.
  • Geraads D, Spassov N. 2016. Musteloid carnivores from the upper Miocene of South-Western Bulgaria, and the phylogeny of the Mephitidae. Geodiversitas. 38(4):543–558.
  • Gervais P. 1848. Zoologie et Paléontologie françaises, première édition, tomes II, Planches XXVI, XXVII et XXVIII: carnivores fossils. Paris: Bertrand; p. 14. [1848–1852].
  • Ginsburg L. 1961. La faune des carnivores miocènes de Sansan. Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat, Nouv Sér C. 9:1–190.
  • Ginsburg L. 1968. Les Mustélidés piscivores du Miocène français. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat, 2e Série. 40(1):228–238.
  • Ginsburg L. 1999. Order Carnivora. In: Rössner GE, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene land mammals of Europe. München: Verlag Dr. Friedlich Pfeil; p. 109–148.
  • Ginsburg L. 2011. Les Grands Mammifères du Burdigalien (MN3; Miocène) d’Estrepouy (Gers, France): liste faunique actualise. Estud Geol. 67(2):411–417.
  • Ginsburg L, Morales J. 1992. Contribution à la connaissance des Mustélidés (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocène d’Europe Trochictis et Ischyrictis, genres affines et genres nouveaux. C R Acad Sci Paris. 315:111–116.
  • Ginsburg L, Morales J. 1996. Lartetictis et Adroverictis, nouveaux genres de Melinae (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) du Miocène de l’Ancien Monde. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat. 18:663–671.
  • Ginsburg L, Morales J. 2000. Origine et évolution des Melinae (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia). C R Acad Sci Paris Sci Terre Planètes. 330:221–225.
  • Golpe-Posse JM. 1984. Las formas melinoideas de la transición Vindoboniense superior-Vallesiense medio del Valles-Penedes (Depresión prelitoral catalana, España). Acta Geol Hisp. 19(1):11–18.
  • Grimm MC, Renker C, Forman M, Engel T. 2012. Erste bestimmbare Mollusken aus der obermiozänen Eppelsheim-Formation (Tertiär, Tortonium, Rheinhessen): picatibaphia bavarica (Modell, 1938) (Bivalvia: unionoida, Margaritiferidae). Mainzer Naturwiss Arch. 49:13–24.
  • Grimm MC, Renker C, Forman M, Engel T. 2014. Die Landschnecken der Eppelsheim-Formation (Tertiär, Serravallium/ Tortonium,Rheinhessen) mit einem kurzen Beitrag zur Systematik der großwüchsigen tertiären Zonitidae. Mainzer Naturwiss Arch. 51:55–89.
  • Grohé C, Chaimanee Y, de Bonis L, Yamee C, Blondel C, Jaeger -J-J. 2010. New data on Mustelidae (Carnivora) from Southeast Asia: Siamogale thailandica, a peculiar otter-like mustelid from the late middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin, northern Thailand. Naturwissenschaften. 97(11):1003–1015.
  • Gürbüz M. 1992. Orta ve bati (Paşalar – Çandir – Bayraktepe – SalihPaşalar) Anadolu miyosen yaşli Carnivora faunasinin etüdü [Study on Miocene carnivoran faunas from middle and western Anatolia] [dissertation]. Ankara (Turkish): University of Ankara; p. 184.
  • Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontol Electron. 4(1):9pp.
  • Heizmann EPJ, Morlo M. 1998. Die semiaquatische Lartetictis dubia (Mustelinae, Carnivora, Mammalia) vom Goldberg/Ries (Baden-Württemberg). Mainzer Naturwiss Arch, Beiheft. 21:141–153.
  • Helbing H. 1927. Zur Definition des genus Trochictis. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 20(2):302–307.
  • Helbing H. 1930. Zwei oligocaene Musteliden (Plesictis genettoides Pomel. - Palaeogale angustifrons Pomel.). Abh Schweiz Palaeontol Gesellsch. 50:1–36.
  • Hofmann A. 1887. Über einige Säugethierreste aus der Braunkohle von Voitsberg und Steieregg bei Wies. Steiermark Jahrb k k Geol Reichsanst Wien. 37:207–v218.
  • Hofmann A. 1888. Beiträge zur Säugethierfauna der Braunkohle des Labitschberges bei Gamlitz in Steiermark. Jahrb k k Geol Reichsanst Wien. 38:545–562.
  • Huelsenbeck JP. 1995. Performance of phylogenetic methods in simulation. Syst Biol. 44(1):17–48.
  • Jiangzuo Q, Liu J, Jin C, Song Y, Liu S, Lü S, Wang Y, Liu J. 2019. Discovery of Enhydrictis (Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) cranium in Puwan, Dalian, Northeast China demonstrates repeated intracontinental migration during the Pleistocene. Quaternary Intern. 513:18–29.
  • Kaup J. 1829. Deinotherium giganteum, eine Gattung der Vorwelt aus der Ordnung der Pachydermen, aufgestellt und beschrieben. Isis. 1829:401–404.
  • Kaup J. 1832. Vier neue Arten urweltlicher Raubthiere, welche im zoologischen Museum zu Darmstadt aufbewahrt werden. Arch Min Geogn Bergbau Hüttenkde. 5:150–151.
  • Kaup J. 1833. Description d’ossements fossiles de Mammifères inconnus jusqu’à présent qui se trouvent au Muséum grand-ducal de Darmstadt. Darmstadt: J. P. Diehl; p. 119.
  • Kaup J. 1861. Beiträge zur näheren Kenntnis der urweltlichen Säugethiere Heft 5. Darmstadt und Leipzig: Eduard Zernin; p. 42.
  • Kitching IJ, Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Williams DM. 1998. Cladistics: the theory and practice of parsimony analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p. 228.
  • Klähn H. 1922. Die badischen Mastodonten und ihre süddeutschen Verwandten. Berlin: Gebrüder Bornträger; p. 134.
  • Koepfli KP, Deere KA, Slater GJ, Begg C, Begg K, Grassman L, Lucherini M, Veron G, Wayne RK. 2008. Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, Tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation. BMC Biol. 6(10):1–22.
  • Koufos GD. 2011. The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece. Estud Geol. 67(2):291–320.
  • Kullmer O, Morlo M, Sommer J, Lutz H, Engel T, Forman M, Holzförster F. 2008. The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus (Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type-locality Eppelsheim (Early Late Miocene, Germany). J Vert Paleontol. 28(3):928–932.
  • Kuss SE. 1965. Revision der europäischen Amphicyoninae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mamm.) ausschliesslich der voroberstampischen Formen. Sitzungsber Heidelberger Akad Wiss. 1:5–168.
  • Lartét E. 1851. Notice sur la colline de Sansan, suivie d’une recapitulation des diverses espèces d’animaux vertébrés fossiles, trouvés soit à Sansan, soit dans d’autres gisements du terrain tertiaire miocène dans le bassin sous pyrénéen. Auch: J.A. Portes; p. 45.
  • Law CJ, Slater GJ, Mehta RS. 2018. Lineage diversity and size disparity in Musteloidea: testing patterns of adaptive radiation using molecular and fossil-based methods. Syst Biol. 67(1):127–144.
  • Lydekker R. 1890. On a new species of otter from the lower Pliocene of Eppelsheim. Proc Zool Soc London. 1890:3–5.
  • Major CIF. 1903. New Carnivora from the Middle Miocene of La Grive Saint Alban, Isère, France. Geol Mag. 10:534–538.
  • Marcot JD, Fox DL. 2008. StrataPhy: a new computer program for stratocladistic analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica. 11(1):1–16.
  • Meyer von H. 1842. Mittheilungen an Professor Bronn gerichtet. N Jahrb Min Geogn Geol Petrefaktenkde. 1842:583–589.
  • Montoya P, Morales J, Abella J. 2012. Musteloidea (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). Estud Geol. 67(2):193–206.
  • Morlo M. 1997. Die Raubtiere (Mammalia, Carnivora) aus dem Turolium von Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Rheinhessen). Teil 1: Mustelida, Hyaenidae, Percrocutidae, Felidae. Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg. 197:11–47.
  • Morlo M, Gunnell GF, Nagel D. 2010. Chapter 10 – Ecomorphological analysis of carnivore guilds in the Eocene through Miocene of Laurasia. In: Goswami A, Friscia A, editors. Carnivoran Evolution: new Views on Phylogeny, Form, and Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 269–310.
  • Morlo M, Kundrát M. 2001. The first carnivoran fauna from the Ruscinium (Early Pliocene, MN 15) of Germany. Paläontol Z. 75(2):163–187.
  • Nagel D. 2003. Carnivora from the Middle Miocene Hominoid locality of Çandir (Turkey). Cour Forsch-Inst Senckenberg. 240:113–131.
  • Nasciemento FOD. 2014. On the correct name for some subfamilies of Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Pap Avulsos Zool. 54(21):307–313.
  • Nordmann von A. 1858. Palaeontologie Südrußlands. Helsingfors: H. C. Friis; p. 360.
  • Paradis E, Schliep K. 2018. ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics. 35(3):526–528.
  • Paterson RP, Samuels JX, Rybczynski N. 2017. The earliest known mustelid in North America and the convergent evolution of small body size in Mustelidae. Geol Soc Am Abstracts with Programs. 49(6):Paper 229–10.
  • Paterson RP, Samuels JX, Rybczynski NR, Ryan MJ, Maddin HC.  2019. The earliest mustelid in North America. Zool J Linn Soc. zlz091, doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz091zlz091.
  • Peigné S. 2012. Les Carnivora de Sansan. Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat. 203:559–660.
  • Petter G. 1963. Contribution à l’étude des Mustélidés des bassins néogènes du Vallès-Pénédès et de Calatayud-Teruel (Espagne orientale). Mém Soc Géol Fr, Nouv Sér. 42(97):1–44.
  • Petter G. 1964. Deux Mustélides nouveaux du pontien d’Espagne orientale. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat, 2e Série. 36(2):270–278.
  • Petter G. 1967. Mustélidés nouveaux du Vallésien de Catalogne. Ann Paléontol. 53:93–113.
  • Petter G. 1976. Étude d’un nouvel ensemble de petits carnivores d’Espagne. Géol Méditerr. 3:135–154.
  • Pickford M, Pourabrishami Z. 2013. Deciphering Dinotheriensande deinotheriid diversity. Palaeobiodivers Palaeoenviron. 93(2):121–150.
  • Pilgrim GE. 1932. The genera Trochictis, Enhydrictis, and Trocharion, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Mustelidae. Proc Zool Soc London. 4:845–867.
  • Pocock RI. 1921. On the external characters and classification of the Mustelidae. Proc Zool Soc London. 91:803–837.
  • Pomel A. 1846. Mémoire pour servir à la géologie paléontologiques des terrains tertiaries du Département de l’Allier. Bull Soc Géol France. (2)3:353–373.
  • R Core Team. 2019. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Robles JM, Abella J, Madurell-Malapeira J, Alba DM. 2014. Appendix 2. Miocene carnivorans from the Vallés-Penedès Basin. In: Robles JM. Miocene carnivorans from the Vallés-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula) [dissertation]. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; p. 365–434.
  • Robles JM, Alba DM, Moyà-Solà S, Casanovas-Vilar I, Galindo J, Rotgers C, AlméCija S, Carmona R. 2010. New Craniodental Remains of Trocharion albanense Major, 1903 (Carnivora, Mustelidae), from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Middle to Late Miocene, Barcelona, Spain). J Vert Paleontol. 30(2):547–562.
  • Roussiakis SJ. 2002. Musteloids and feloids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the late Miocene locality of Pikermi (Attica, Greece). Géobios. 35:699–719.
  • Rybczynski N, Dawson MR, Tedford RH. 2009. A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature. 458:1021–1024.
  • Salesa MJ, Antón M, Siliceo G, Pesquero MD, Morales J, Alcalá L. 2013. A non-aquatic otter (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Late Miocene (Vallesian, MN 10) of La Roma 2 (Alfambra, Teruel, Spain): systematics and functional anatomy. Zool J Linn Soc. 169:448–482.
  • Sato JJ, Wolsan M, Prevosti FJ, D’Elía G, Begg C, Begg K, Hosoda T, Campbell KL, Suzuki H. 2012. Evolutionary and biogeographic history of weasel-like carnivorans (Musteloidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 63(3):745–757.
  • Schmidt-Kittler N. 1981. Zur Stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora). Eclogae Geol Helv. 74:753–801.
  • Schmidt-Kittler N. 1995. The Vertebrate Locality Maramena (Macedonia, Greece) at the Turolian-Ruscinian Boundary (Neogene). 7. Carnivora (Mammalia). Münchner Geowiss Abh. 28(A):75–86.
  • Schreuder A. 1935. A note on the Carnivora of the Tegelen Clay, with some remarks on the Grisoninae. Arch Néerl Zool. 2:73–94.
  • Smith JB, Dodson P. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. J Vert Paleontol. 23(1):1‒12.
  • Smith K, Czaplewski N, Cifelli RL. 2016. Middle Miocene carnivorans from the Monarch Mill Formation, Nevada. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 61(1):231–252.
  • Sommer J, Kullmer O, Holzförster F, Lutz H. 2009. Die obermiozänen Dinotheriensande (Eppelsheim-Formation) bei Eppelsheim/Rheinhessen unter dem Gesichtspunkt neuer sedimentologischer, taphonomischer und paläoökologischer Ergebnisse. Mainzer Naturwissen Arch. 47:327–345.
  • Spassov N. 2001. Zorillas (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lctonychini) from the Villafranchian of Bulgaria with a description of a new species of Baranogale Kormos, 1934. Geodiversitas. 23(1):87–104.
  • Steininger FF. 1999. Chronostratigraphy, geochronology and biochronology of the Miocene ‘European Land Mammal Mega-Zones” (ELMMZ) and the Miocene ‘Mammal-Zones (MN-Zones)”. In: Rössner GE, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene land mammals of Europe. München: Verlag Dr. Friedlich Pfeil; p. 9–24.
  • Storz JF, Wozencraft WZ. 1999. Melogale moschata. Mammalian Species. 631:1–4.
  • The NOW Community. 2019. New and old worlds database of fossil mammals (NOW). http://www.helsinki.fi/science/now/
  • Thenius E. 1949a. Über die systematische und phylogenetische Stellung der Genera Promeles und Semantor. Sitzungsber Österr Akad Wiss, Math-naturwiss Kl, Abt 1. 158:323–336.
  • Thenius E. 1949b. Die Carnivoren von Göriach (Steiermark). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Säugetierreste des steirischen Tertiärs IV. Sitzungsber Österr Akad Wiss, Math-naturwiss Kl, Abt 1. 158:695–762.
  • Tobien H. 1955. Neue und wenig bekannte Carnivoren aus den unterpliocänen Dinotheriensanden Rheinhessens. Notizbl Hess Landesamts Bodenforsch. 83:7–81.
  • Valenciano A, Abella J, Göhlich UB, Álvarez-Sierra MÁ, Morales J. 2017. Re-evaluation of the very large Eomellivora fricki (Pia, 1939) (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Mellivorinae) from the Late Miocene of Austria. Palaeontol Electronica 20.1.17A: 1–22.
  • Valenciano A, Mayda S, Alpagut B. 2019. First record of Lartetictis (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae) in Turkey from the middle Miocene hominoid locality of Paşalar. Hist Biol. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1588894
  • Villalta Comella de JF, Crusafont Pairó M. 1943. Los Vertebrados del Mioceno continental de la Cuenca del Vallés-Pénédes. (Provincia de Barcelona). I: insectívoros. II: carnívoros. Bol Inst Geol Min Esp. 56:145–336.
  • Viret J. 1933. Contribution à l’Étude des Carnassiers Miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) Lyon. Trav Lab Géol Fac Sci Lyon, Ancienne Série. 21(18):1–31.
  • Viret J. 1950. Meles thorali n. sp. du loess villafranchien de Saint-Vallier (Drôme). Eclogae Geol Helv. 43:274–287.
  • Viret J. 1951. Catalogue critique de la faune des Mammifères miocènes de La Grive Saint-Alban (Isère). Nouv Arch Mus Hist Nat Lyon. 3:1–104.
  • Viret J, Crusafont-Pairó M. 1955. Plesiomeles cajali n. gen. n. sp., un Méliné du Vallésien d’Espagne. Eclogae Geol Helv. 48(2):447–452.
  • Wagner W. 1947a. Das Gebiet des unterpliozänen Ur-Rheins in Rheinhessen und seine Tierwelt. Naturwissenschaften. 34(6):171–176.
  • Wagner W. 1947b. Die unterpliozäne Wirbeltierfauna vom Wissberg bei Gau-Weinheim in Rheinhessen. Wiss Veröffentlichungen Tech Hochsch Darmstadt. 1(4):1–11.
  • Wang X, Grohé C, Su DF, White SC, Ji X, Kelley J, Jablonski NG, Deng T, You Y, Yang X. 2017. A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines. J Syst Palaeontol. 16(1):39–65.
  • Wang X, Grohé C, Su DF, White SC, Ji X, Kelley J, Jablonski NG, Deng T, You Y, Yang XA. 2005. New otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines. J Syst Palaeontol. 16:39–65.
  • Wang X, Qiu Z, Wang B. 2004. A new Leptarctinae (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Early Miocene of the northern Tibetan Palteau: implications for the phylogeny and zoogeography of basal mustelids. Zool J Linn Soc. 142:405–421.
  • Weithofer A. 1888. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna von Pikermi bei Athen. Beitr Paläontol Österr-Ung. 4:225–292.
  • Werdelin L. 2005. The Carnivora of Rudabánya (MN 9, Late Miocene, Hungary). Palaeontogr Ital. 90:163–180.
  • Wiens JJ. 1998. Does adding characters with missing data increase or decrease phylogenetic accuracy? Syst Biol. 47(4):625–640.
  • Wiens JJ. 2006. Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses. J Biomed Inform. 39(1):34–42.
  • Wolsan M. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora). Acta Theriol. 38:345–384.
  • Wolsan M, Sato JJ. 2010. Effects of data incompleteness on the relative performance of parsimony and Bayesian approaches in a supermatrix phylogenetic reconstruction of Mustelidae and Procyonidae (Carnivora). Cladistics. 26(2):168–194.
  • Wyss AR, Flynn JJ. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, editors. Mammal Phylogeny: placentals. New York: Springer; p. 32–52.
  • Zittel von KA. 1891. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, I. Palaeozoologie Bd. IV: vertebrata (Mammalia). München und Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg; p. 799.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.