Publication Cover
Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 33, 2021 - Issue 10
806
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The skull of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 revisited: insights from craniofacial bones, palate and lower jaw

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 2444-2485 | Received 27 Mar 2020, Accepted 13 Jul 2020, Published online: 18 Aug 2020

References

  • Allain R. 2002. Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. J Vert Paleontol. 22:548–563. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0548:DOMDTI]2.0.CO;2.
  • Aranciaga-Rolando AM, Cerroni MA, Novas FE. 2019. Skull Anatomy and Pneumaticity of the Enigmatic Coelurosaurian Theropod Bicentenaria Argentina. Anat Rec 303(7):1884–1900. doi:10.1002/ar.v303.7
  • Bakker RT, Kralis D, Siegwarth J, Filla J. 1992. Edmarka rex, a new, gigantic theropod dinosaur from the middle Morrison formation, Late jurassic of the Como Bluff outcrop region. Hunteria. 2:1–24.
  • Bonaparte JF. 1985. A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia. Natl Geogr Res. 1:149–151.
  • Bonaparte JF. 1991. The Gondwanan theropod families Abelisauridae and Noasauridae. Hist Biol. 5:1–25. doi:10.1080/10292389109380385.
  • Bonaparte JF, Novas FE. 1985. Abelisaurus comahuensis, n. gen., n. sp., Carnosauria del Cretacico tardio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana. 21:259–265.
  • Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA. 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the middle cretaceous of patagonia. natural history museum of Los Angeles county. Contrib Sci. 416:1–41.
  • Bonaparte JF, Powell JE. 1980. A continental assemblage of Tetrapods from the upper cretaceous beds of El Brete, Northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Mem S Geo F. 139:19–28.
  • Brochu CA. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographicanalysis of the skull. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem. 7:1–138. doi:10.2307/3889334.
  • Calvo JO, Rubilar-Rogers D, Moreno K. 2004. A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: theropoda) from northwest Patagonia. Ameghiniana. 41:555–563.
  • Canale JI, Scanferla CA, Agnolín FL, Novas FE. 2008. New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods. Naturwissenschaften. 96:409–414. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4.
  • Carr TD, Varricchio DJ, Sedlmayr JC, Roberts EM, Moore JR. 2017. A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system. Sci Rep. 7:44942. doi:10.1038/srep44942.
  • Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA. 2002. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. J Vert Paleontol. 22:510–534. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0510:TOOMKA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JJW. 2011. New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: ceratosauria). Sm C Paleob. 95:1–53.
  • Carrano MT, Sampson SD. 2008. The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: theropoda). J Syst Palaeontol. 6:183–236. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246.
  • Cerroni MA, Canale JI, Novas FE, Paulina-Carabajal A. 2020a. An exceptional neurovascular system in abelisaurid theropod skull: new evidence from Skorpiovenator bustingorryi. J Anat. 00: 1– 15. doi:10.1111/joa.13258.
  • Cerroni MA, Motta MJ, Agnolín FL, Aranciaga-Rolando AM, Brissón-Egli F, Novas FE. 2020b. A new abelisaurid from the Huincul formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina. J S Am Earth Sci. 98:102445. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445.
  • Cerroni MA, Paulina-Carabajal A. 2019. Novel information on the endocranial morphology of the abelisaurid theropod Carnotaurus sastrei. C R Palevol. 18(8):985–995. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.09.005.
  • Charig AJ, Milner AC. 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bull Nat Hist Mus Geol. 53:11–70.
  • Chatterjee S. 1978. Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India. J Paleontol. 52:570–580.
  • Chokchaloemwong D, Hattori S, Cuesta E, Jintasakul P, Shibata M, Azuma Y, Liu J. 2019. A new carcharodontosaurian theropod (Dinosauria: saurischia) from the lower Cretaceous of Thailand. PLoS One. 14(10):e0222489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222489.
  • Chure DJ. 1998. On the orbits of theropod dinosaurs. Gaia. 15:233–240.
  • Chure DJ, Loewen MA. 2020. Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison formation (upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ. 8:e7803. doi:10.7717/peerj.7803.
  • Colbert E. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Mus N Ariz Bull Ser. 57:1–160.
  • Coria RA, Chiappe LM, Dingus L. 2002. A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 22:460–465. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0460:ANCROC]2.0.CO;2.
  • Coria RA, Currie PJ. 2006. A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas. 28:71–118.
  • Coria RA, Currie PJ. 2016. A new megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. PLoS One. 11(7):e0157973. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157973.
  • Coria RA, Salgado L. 1998. A basal Abelisauria Novas, 1992 (Theropoda-Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Gaia. 15:89–102.
  • Cuesta E, Vidal D, Ortega F, Sanz JL. 2018. The cranial osteology of Concavenator corcovatus (Theropoda; Carcharodontosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. J Vert Paleontol. 91:176–194.
  • Currie PJ. 2003. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 48:91–226.
  • Currie PJ, Zhao X-J. 1993. A new large theropod (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China. Can J Earth Sci. 30:2037–2081. doi:10.1139/e93-179.
  • D’Emic MD, O’Connor PM, Pascucci TR, Gavras JN, Mardakhayava E, Lund EK, Evans AR. 2019. Evolution of high tooth replacement rates intheropod dinosaurs. PLoS One. 14(11):e0224734. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224734.
  • Dal Sasso C, Maganuco S, Cau A. 2018. The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds. PeerJ. 6:e5976. doi:10.7717/peerj.5976.
  • Delcourt R. 2018. Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers. Sci Rep. 8(1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x.
  • Eddy DR, Clarke JA. 2011. New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and its implications for the phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: theropoda). PLoS ONE. 6(3):e17932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017932.
  • Elzanowski A. 1999. A comparison of the jaw skeleton in theropods and birds, with a description of the palate in the Oviraptoridae. Sm C Paleob. 89:311–323.
  • Ezcurra MD. 2006. The cranial anatomy of the coelophysoid theropod Zupaysaurusrougieri from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. Hist Biol. 19(2):185–202. doi:10.1080/08912960600861467.
  • Farke AA, Sertich JJW. 2013. An abelisauroid theropod dinosaur from the Turonian of Madagascar. PLoS One. 8(4):e62047. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062047.
  • Fedorov A, Beichel R, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Finet J, Fillion-Robin JC, Pujol S, Buatti J, Jennings D, Fennessy F, Sonka M. 2012. 3D slicer as an image computing platformfor the quantitative imaging network. Magn Reson Imaging. 30(9):1323–1341. doi:10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001.
  • Filippi LS, Méndez AH, Gianechini F, Juárez Valieri RD, Garrido AC. 2017. Osteology of Viavenator exxoni (Abelisauridae; Furileusauria) from the Bajo de la Carpa formation, NW Patagonia, Argentina. Cret Res. 83:95–119. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.07.019.
  • Filippi LS, Méndez AH, Juárez Valieri RD, Garrido AC. 2016. A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurid. Cret Res. 61:209–216. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.018.
  • Gandolfo MA, Cúneo RN, Hermsen EJ. 2014. Reporte preliminar sobre la paleoflora de la Formación La Colonia (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano, Cretácico tardío), Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. B Soc Geol Mex. 66(1):11–23. doi:10.18268/BSGM2014v66n1a2.
  • Gauthier J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin ofbirds. Mem Calif Acad Sci. 8:1–55.
  • Gianechini FA, Apesteguía S, Landini W, Finotti F, Valieri RJ, Zandonai F. 2015. New abelisaurid remains from the Anacleto formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Cret Res. 54:1–16. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.11.009.
  • Gilmore CW. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States national museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bull U S Natl Mus. 110:1–159.
  • Henderson DM. 2002. The eyes have it: the sizes, shapes, and orientations of theropod orbits as indicators of skull strength and bite force. J Vert Paleontol. 22(4):766–778. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0766:TEHITS]2.0.CO;2.
  • Hendrickx C, Araújo R, Mateus O. 2014. The nonavian theropod quadrate II: systematic usefulness, major trends and cladistic and phylogenetic morphometrics analyses. PeerJ Prepr. 2:e380v2.
  • Hendrickx C, Mateus O. 2014a. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the largest terrestrial predator from Europe, and a proposed terminology of the Maxilla anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. PLoS One. 9(3):e88905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088905.
  • Hendrickx C, Mateus O. 2014b. Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth. Zootaxa. 3759:1–174. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1.
  • Hieronymus TL 2009. Osteological correlates of Cephalic skin structures in Amniota: documenting the evolution of display and feeding structures with fossil data [thesis]. Athens: Ohio University.
  • Hieronymus TL, Witmer LM, Tanke DH, Currie PJ. 2009. The facial integument of centrosaurine ceratopsids: morphological and histological correlates of novel skin structures. Anat Rec. 292:1370–1396. doi:10.1002/ar.20985.
  • Holliday CM. 2009. New insights into Dinosaur jaw muscle anatomy. Anat Rec. 292:1246–1265. doi:10.1002/ar.20982.
  • Holliday CM, Witmer LM. 2008. Cranial kinesis in dinosaurs: intracranial joints, protractor muscles, and their significance for cranial evolution and function in diapsids. J Vert Paleontol. 28(4):1073–1088. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1073.
  • Holtz TR. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. J Paleontol. 68(5):1100–1117. doi:10.1017/S0022336000026706.
  • Holtz TR, Molnar RE, Currie PJ. 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley: California University Press; p. 343–362.
  • Holtz TR. 2004. Tyrannosauroidea. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; p. 111–136.
  • Hurum JH, Sabath K. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 48(2):161–190.
  • Lamanna MC, Martínez RD, Smith JB. 2002. A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Cretaceous of Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 22:58–69. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0058:ADATDF]2.0.CO;2.
  • Leone Gold MJ, Brusatte SL, Norell MA. 2013. The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs. Am Mus Novit. 3790:1–46. doi:10.1206/3790.1.
  • Longrich NR, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Jalil N-E, Khaldoune F, Jourani E. 2017. An abelisaurid from the latest Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) of Morocco, North Africa. Cret Res. 76:40–52. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.03.021.
  • Madsen JH Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Bull Utah Geol Min. Surv.109:1–163.
  • Madsen JH Jr., Welles SP. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda), a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publications .00-2:1–80.
  • Martinez RN, Sereno PC, Alcober OA, Colombi CE, Renne PR, Montañez IP, Currie BS. 2011. A basal Dinosaur from the dawn of the Dinosaur era in Southwestern Pangaea. Science. 331(6014):206–210. doi:10.1126/science.1198467.
  • Mazzetta GV, Fariña RA, Vizcaíno SF. 1998. On the palaeobiology of the South American horned theropod Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte. Gaia. 18:185–192.
  • Méndez AH. 2014. The cervical vertebrae of the Late Cretaceous abelisaurid dinosaur Carnotaurus sastrei. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 59(3):569–579.
  • Molnar R. 2005. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in theropods. In: Carpenter K, editor. The Carnivorous Dinosaur. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; p. 284–312.
  • Motta M, Aranciaga-Rolando AM, Rozadilla S, Agnolin FL, Chimento NR, Brissón-Egli F, Novas FE. 2016. New theropod fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Bull NM. Mus Nat Hist Sci. 71:231–253.
  • Novas FE 1989. Los dinosaurios carnívoros de la Argentina [thesis]. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
  • Novas FE. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Ameghiniana. 28:401.
  • Novas FE. 1997. Abelisauridae. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 1–2.
  • Novas FE. 2009. The age of dinosaurs in South America. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.
  • Novas FE, Chatterjee S, Rudra D, Datta PM. 2010. New aspects of Mesozoic biodiversity. In: Bandyopadhyay S, editor. Rahiolisaurus gujaratensis, n. gen. n. sp., A New Abelisaurid Theropod from the Late Cretaceous of India. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer; p. 45–62.
  • Novas FE, Agnolín FL, Bandyopadhyay S. 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A rewiew of specimens described by Huene and Matley (1933). Rev Mus Argentino Cienc Nat. 6(1):67–103. n s. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.6.74.
  • Novas FE, Agnolín FL, Ezcurra MD, Porfiri JD, Canale JI. 2013. Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: the evidence from the Patagonia. Cret Res. 45:174–215. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001.
  • Paulina-Carabajal A. 2011a. The braincase anatomy of Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: abelisauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 31:378–386. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550354.
  • Paulina-Carabajal A. 2011b. Braincases of abelisaurid theropods from the upper Cretaceous of north Patagonia. Palaeontology. 54:793–806. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01055.x.
  • Perez-Moreno BP, Sanz JL, Buscalioni AD, Moratalla JJ, Ortega F, Raskin-Gutman D. 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature. 30:363–367. doi:10.1038/370363a0.
  • Pol D, Rauhut OWM. 2012. A middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and theearly diversification of theropod dinosaurs. Proc R Soc Lond B. 279:3170–3175. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0660.
  • Porter WR, Witmer LM. 2020. Vascular patterns in the heads of Dinosaurs: evidence for blood vessels, sites of thermal exchange, and their role in physiological Thermoregulatory strategies. Anat Rec. 303(4):1075–1103. doi:10.1002/ar.24234.
  • Ratsimbaholison NO, Felice RN, O’Connor PM. 2016. Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of the abelisaurid dinosaur Majungasaurus crenatissimus from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Acta Palaeontol Pol. 61(2):281–292.
  • Rauhut OWM. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Spec Pap Palaeontol. 69:1–213.
  • Rauhut OWM. 2004. Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: theropoda) from Patagonia. J Vert Paleontol. 24:894–902. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0894:PAAOGS]2.0.CO;2.
  • Rayfield EJ. 2004. Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurusrex. Proc R Soc Lond B. 271:1451–1459. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2755.
  • Rowe T. 1989. A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona. J Vert Paleontol. 9:125–136. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748.
  • Sampson SD, Witmer LM. 2007. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem. 8:32–102. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:CAOMCT]2.0.CO;2.
  • Sampson SD, Witmer LM, Forster CA, Krause DW, O’Connor PM, Dodson P, Ravoavy F. 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana. Science. 280:1048–1051. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1048.
  • Sereno PC, Beck AL, Dutheil DB, Gado B, Larsson HC, Lyon GH, Marcot JD, Rauhut OWM, Sadleir RW, Sidor CA, et al. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of the spinosaurids. Science. 282:1298–1300. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298.
  • Sereno PC, Brusatte SL. 2008. Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous El Rhaz formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontol. Pol.53:15–46. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0102.
  • Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Iarochene M, Larsson HC, Lyon GH, Magwene PM, Sidor CA, Varrichio DJ, Wilson JA. 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science. 272:986–991. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986.
  • Sereno PC, Martínez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, Larsson HCE. 2008. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS One. 3:e3303. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003303.
  • Sereno PC, Novas FE. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. J Vert Paleontol. 13:451–476. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011525.
  • Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Conrad JL. 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous. Proc R Soc Lond B. 271:1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692.
  • Smith JB. 2007. Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem. 8:103–126. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[103:DMAVIM]2.0.CO;2.
  • Snively E, Russell AP. 2007. Functional variation of neck muscles and their relation to feeding style in Tyrannosauridae and other large Theropod Dinosaurs. Anat Rec. 290:934–957. doi:10.1002/ar.20563.
  • Sues H-D, Frey E, Martill DM, Scott DM. 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. J Vert Paleontol. 22(3):535–547. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0535:ICASDT]2.0.CO;2.
  • Tahara R, Larsson Hans C. E. 2011. Cranial pneumatic anatomy of Ornithomimus edmontonicus (Ornithomimidae: Theropoda). J Vert Paleontol. 31(1):127–143. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.539646
  • Tortosa T, Buffetaut E, Vialle N, Dutour Y, Turini E, Cheylan G. 2013. A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: palaeobiogeographical implications. Ann Paleontol. 100:63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003.
  • Tykoski RS 1998. The osteology of Syntarsus kayentakatae and its implications for ceratosaurid phylogeny [thesis]. Austin: University of Texas.
  • Tykoski RS, Rowe T. 2004. Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; p. 47–70.
  • von Huene F, Matley CA. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Geol Surv India Palaeontol Indica. 21:1–74.
  • Wang S, Stiegler J, Amiot R, Wang X, Du G-H, Clark JM, Xu X. 2017. Extreme Ontogenetic changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod. Current Biol. 27(1):144–148. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043.
  • Wilson JA, Sereno PC, Srivastava S, Bhatt DK, Khosla A, Sahni A. 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contrib Mus Paleont Univ Michigan. 31(1):1–42.
  • Witmer LM. 1995. Homology of facial structures in extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians), with special reference to paranasal pneumaticity and nasal conchae. J Morphol. 225:269–327. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052250304.
  • Witmer LM. 1997a. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study in soft-tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Soc Vert Paleontol Mem. 3:1–73. doi:10.2307/3889342.
  • Witmer LM. 1997b. Craniofacial air sinus systems. In: Currie PJ, Padian K, editors. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 151–159.
  • Witmer LM, Ridgely RC. 2008. The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: theropoda and ankylosauria) and their contribution to Cephalic structure. Anat Rec. 291:1362–1388. doi:10.1002/ar.20794.
  • Xu X, Clark JM, Mo J, Choiniere J, Forster CA, Erickson GM, Hone DW, Sullivan C, Eberth DA, Nesbitt S, Zhao Q, Hernandez R, Jia C-K, Han F-L, Guo Y. 2009. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature: 459:940–944.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.