New material of Amphicyon zhanxiangi from laogou, linxia basin suggests a possible southern dispersal with increasing omnivory

References

• Barry JC, Lindsay EH, Jacobs LL. 1982. A biostratigraphic zonation of the middle and upper siwaliks of the potwar plateau of Northern Pakistan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 37(1):95–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(82)90059-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baryshnikov GF, Puzachenko AY, Abramov AV. 2003. New analysis of variability of cheek teeth in badgers (carnivora, mustelidae, meles). Russian Journal of Theriology. 1(2):133–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.15298/rusjtheriol.01.2.07.
   Google Scholar
• Deng T. 2003. New material of hispanotherium matritense (rhinocerotidae, perissodactyla) from laogou of hezheng county (Gansu, china), with special reference to the Chinese middle miocene elasmotheres. Geobios. 36(2):141–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00003-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng T. 2004a. Establishment of the middle miocene hujialiang formation in the linxia basin of Gansu and its features. Journal of Stratigraphy. 28:307–312.
   Google Scholar
• Deng T. 2004b. A new species of the rhinoceros alicornops from the middle miocene of the linxia basin, Gansu, China. Palaeontology. 47(6):1427–1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00420.x.
   Google Scholar
• Deng T. 2006. Neogene rhinoceroses of the Linxia basin (Gansu, China). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 256:43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Deng T, Qiu ZX, Wang BY, Wang XM, Hou SK. 2013. Late cenozoic biostratigraphy of the linxia basin, northwestern China. In: Wang X, Flynn LJ, Fortelius M, editors. Fossil mammals of Asia. New York: Columbia University Press; p. 243–273.
   Google Scholar
• Gao Y. 1987. Fauna Sinica. Mammalia. In: Carnivora. Vol. 8. Beijing: Science Press. p. 1-377.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg L. 1961. La Faune des carnivores Miocènes de Sansan. Mémoires du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (n. ser.). 9:1–190.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg L. 1999. Order Carnivora. In: Rossner GE, Heissig K, editors. The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. München: Pfeil; p. 109–148.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg L, Antunes MT. 1968. Amphicyon giganteus, carnassier géant du Miocène. Annales de paléontologie, Vertébrés. Vol. 54. p. 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt RM Jr. 1998. 11 Amphicyonidae. In: Janis CM, Scott KM, Jacobs LL, editors. Evolution of tertiary mammals of north america: Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulatelike mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 196–227.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt RM Jr. 2003. Chapter 4: Intercontinental migration of large mammalian carnivores: earliest occurrence of the old world beardog amphicyon (carnivora, amphicyonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 279:77–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0077:C>2.0.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo Q, Liu J, Chen J. 2019a. Morphological homology, evolution and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64:693–710. doi:https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00629.2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo Q, Sun D, Flynn JJ. 2020. Paleobiogeographic implications of additional felidae (carnivora. Mammalia) Specimens from the Siwaliks. Historical Biology, 1-14.
   Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo Q, Wang S, Li C, Sun D, Zhang X. 2019b. New material of gobicyon (carnivora, amphicyonidae, haplocyoninae) from northern China and a review of aktaucyonini evolution. Papers in Palaeontology. 7:1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo QG, Li CX, Wang SQ, Sun DH. 2018b. Amphicyon zhanxiangi sp. nov., a new amphicyonid (mammalia, carnivora) from northern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38(6):e1539857. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1539857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo QG, Li CX, Zhang XX, Wang SQ, Ye J, Li Y. 2018c. Diversity of amphicyonidae (carnivora, mammalia) in the middle miocene halamagai formation in ulungur river area, xinjiang, northwestern China.  Historical Biology. 32:187-202.
   Google Scholar
• Jiangzuo Q-G, Liu J-Y, Wagner J, Chen J. 2018a. Taxonomical revision of “arctonyx” fossil remains from the liucheng gigantopithecus cave (south China) by means of morphotype and morphometrics, and a review of late pliocene and early pleistocene meles fossil records in China. Palaeoworld. 27(2):282–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2017.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss SE. 1965. Revision der europaischen Amphicyoninae (Canidae, Carnivora, Marnm.). Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1:1–169.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew WD. 1929. Critical observations upon siwaliks mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 56:437–560.
   Google Scholar
• Peigné S. 2012. Les carnivora de sansan. In: Peigné S, Sen S, editors. Mammiferes de sansan. Paris: Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle; p. 559–660.
   Google Scholar
• Peigné S, Chaimanee Y, Yamee C, Tian P, Jaeger -J-J. 2006. A new amphicyonid (mammalia, carnivora, amphicyonidae) from the late middle miocene of northern Thailand and a review of the amphicyonine record in Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 26(5):519–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peigné S, Heizmann EP. 2003. The amphicyonidae (mammalia: carnivora) from ulm-westtangente (MN 2, early miocene), baden-württemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Ser. B. 343:1–133.
   Google Scholar
• Penteriani V, Melletti M. 2020. Bears of the world: Ecology, conservation and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1910. Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the tertiaries of India. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 40:63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim GE. 1932. The fossil Carnivora from India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India—Palaeontologia Indica, New Series. 18:1–232.
   Google Scholar
• Pocock RI. 1941. The fauna of british india, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia, Vol. 2. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Qi GQ. 2006. 3.3 Carnivora bodwich, 1921. In: Qi GQ, Dong W, editors. Lufengpithecus hudienensis site. Beijing: Science Press; p. 148–176.
   Google Scholar
• Qi GQ, Dong W, Zheng L, Zhao LX, Gao F, Yue LP, Zhang YX. 2006. Taxonomy, age and environment status of the Yuanmou hominoids. Chinese Science Bulletin. 51(6):704–712. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-0704-5.
   Google Scholar
• Siliceo G, Morales J, Antón M, Salesa MJ. 2020. New fossils of amphicyonidae (carnivora) from the middle miocene (MN6) site of carpetana (Madrid, Spain). Geodiversitas. 42(15):223–238. doi:https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a15.
   Google Scholar
• Takai M, Saegusa H, Thaung-Htike Z-M-M-T. 2006. Neogene mammalian fauna in Myanmar. Asian Paleoprimatology. 4:143–172.
   Google Scholar
• Viranta S. 1996. European miocene amphicyonidae. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 204:1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner J, Čermák S. 2012. Revision of the early middle pleistocene bears (ursidae, mammalia) of central Europe, with special respect to possible co-occurrence of spelaeoid and arctoid lineages. Bulletin of Geosciences. 87:461–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S-Q, He W, Chen S. 2013. Gomphotheriid mammal platybelodon from the middle miocene of linxia basin, Gansu, China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58:221–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S-Q, Ji X-P, Deng T, Fu L-Y, Zhang J-H, Li C-X, He Z-L. 2019. Yunnan, a refuge for trilophodont proboscideans during the late miocene aridification of east Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 515:162–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.034.
   Google Scholar
• Wang SQ, Zhang XX, Li CX. 2020. Reappraisal of serridentinus gobiensis osborn & granger and miomastodon tongxinensis chen: the validity of miomastodon. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58:134–158.
   Google Scholar
• Wang SQ, Zong LY, Yang Q, Sun BY, Li Y, Shi QQ, Yang XW, Ye J, Wu WY. 2016. Biostratigraphic subdividing of the neogene dingjia’ergou mammalian fauna, tongxin county, Ningxia province, and its background for the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. Quaternary Sciences. 36:789–809.
   Google Scholar
• Zong GF. 1997. 5.3.4 Carnivora. In: He ZQ, editor. Yuanmou hominoid fauna. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press; p. 69–88.
   Google Scholar