Fossil fruits of Trapa L. from the late Miocene of southeastern Qaidam Basin (Qinghai, China)

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III). 2009. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc. 161(2):105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV). 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc. 181(1):1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung AT, Rio CD, Wang TX, Liu J, Spicer TEV, Su T. 2021. Fossil fruits and pollen grains of Trapa from the Upper Pliocene of the Sanying Formation (Yunnan, China). Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 293:104498. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry EW. 1914. Two new tertiary species of Trapa. Torreya. 14(6):105–108.
   Google Scholar
• Berry EW. 1916. The lower Eocene floras of southeastern North America. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 91.
   Google Scholar
• Brown RW. 1962. Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. Geological Survey Professional Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Chang MM, Miao DS. 2016. Review of the Cenozoic fossil fishes from the Tibetan Plateau and their bearings on paleoenvironment. Chin Sci Bull. 61(9):981–995. doi:10.1360/N972015-01372.
   Google Scholar
• Chang MM, Wang XM, Liu HZ, Miao DS, Zhao QH, Wu GX, Liu J, Li Q, Sun ZC, Wang N. 2008. Extraordinarily thick-boned fish linked to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibetan Plateau). P Natl Acad Sci Usa. 105(36):13246–13251. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805982105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CJ, Ding BY, Funston AM. 2007. Trapaceae. Flora of China. Beijing (BJ): Science Press. (in Chines).
   Google Scholar
• Cheng F, Garzione CN, Jolivet M, Guo ZJ, Zhang DW, Zhang CH. 2018. A new sediment accumulation model of Cenozoic depositional ages from the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res-Earth. 123(11):3101–3121. doi:10.1029/2018JF004645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng F, Jolivet M, Hallot E, Zhang DW, Zhang CH, Guo ZJ. 2017. Tectono-magmatic rejuvenation of the Qaidam craton, northern Tibet. Gondwana Res. 49:248–263. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YM, Yang XN. 2016. Miocene woods from the Qaidam Basin on northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with implications for paleoenvironmental change. J Asian Earth Sci. 116:198–207. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.11.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen GJ, Liu J. 2007. First fossil Barbin (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) from Oligocene of Qaidam Basin in Northern Tibetan Plateau. Vertebr Palasiat. 4:330–341. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Chen HY, Yang T, Han L, Wang Y, Wang HJ, Bao L, Li WJ, Cai JH, Liang WY, Dai YZ, et al. 2021. The Oligocene equisetum from Qaidam Basin, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau in China and its implications. Hist Biol. 33(11):2845–2853. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1830280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti E, Litt A, Sytsma KJ. 1996. Circumscription of Myrtales and their relationships to other rosids: evidence from rbc L sequence data. Am J Bot. 83:221–233. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12700.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng T, Wang XM. 2004. Late Miocene Hipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) fossils of Eastern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, China. Vertebr Palasiat. 42(4):316–333. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Ding BY, Jin XF. 2020. Taxonomic notes on genus Trapa L. (Trapaceae) in China. Guihaia. 40(1):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Dorf E. 1942. Upper cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region. II. Flora of the Lance formation at its type locality, Niobrara County, Wyoming. Vol. 508, Washington (DC): Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. p. 83–124.
   Google Scholar
• Dorofeev PI. 1963. Tertiary Floras of Western Siberia. Moscow (MOW): Izdat. Akad. Nauk.
   Google Scholar
• Endô S. 1934. The geological age of the Fu-shun group, South Manchuria. Proc Imperial Acad Japan. 10:486–489. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.10.486.
   Google Scholar
• Erdei B, Dolezych M, Hably L. 2009. The buried Miocene forest at Bükkábrány, Hungary. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 155:69–79. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang XM, Zhang WL, Meng QQ, Gao JP, Wang XM, King J, Song CH, Dai S, Miao YF. 2007. High-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Province, China and its implication on tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Earth Planet Sc Lett. 258(1–2):293–306. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao ZH, Li RY, Wang QJ, Dong C, Yan DF, Sun BN. 2013. Trace fossil assemblages in the Miocene from northeast margin of Qaidam Basin and its sedimentary environment. Acta Sedimentol Sin. 31(3):413–420. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Goeppert HR. 1852. Ueber die Braunkohlenfloral des nordőstlichen Deutschlands. Z Dtsch Geol Ges. 4:484–496. (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Goeppert HR. 1855. Die tertiäre Flora von Schossnitz in Schlesien. Görlitz: Heyn’scheBuchhandlung.
   Google Scholar
• Graham SA. 2013. Fossil records in the Lythraceae. Bot Rev. 79(1):48–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham SA, Graham A. 2014. Ovary, fruit, and seed morphology of the Lythraceae. Int J Plant Sci. 175(2):202–240. doi:10.1086/674316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregor HJ. 1980. Die miozänen Frucht-und Samen-Floren der Oberpfälzer Braunkohle. II. Funde aus den Kohlen und Tonigen zwischenmitteln. Palaeontogr Abt B. 174:7–94. (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Guo SX. 1979. Late cretaceous and early tertiary floras from the southern Guangdong and Guangxi with their stratigraphic significance. In: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, editor. Mesozoic and Cenozoic red beds of South China. (in Chinese). Beijing (BJ): Science Press; p. 223–231.
   Google Scholar
• Guo SX. 1984. Late cretaceous plants from the Sunghuajiang-Liaohe Basin, Northeast China. Acta Palaeontol Sin. 23:85–90. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Guo SX. 2011. The late Miocene bangmai flora from Lincang County of Yunnan, Southwestern China. Acta Palaeontol Sin. 50:353–408. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Han ZC, Jia H, Meng XN, Ferguson DV, Luo MY, Liu P, Wang JJ, Quan C. 2022. A new clue for the late Eocene freshwater ecosystem of Central China evidenced by new fossils of Trapa L. and Hemitrapa Miki (Lythraceae). Biology. 11(10):1442. doi:10.3390/biology11101442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han F, Yang TL, Zhang KX, Hou YF, Song BW. 2020. Early Oligocene Podocarpium (Leguminosae) from Qaidam Basin and its paleoecological and biogeographical implications. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 282:104309. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heer O. 1881. Contributions à la flore fossile du Portugal. Lisbon (LIS): Imprimerie de”Académie Royale des Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• He PJ, Song CH, Wang YD, Wang DC, Chen LH, Meng QQ, Fang XM. 2021. Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis. Basin Res. 33(3):1731–1748. doi:10.1111/bre.12533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He CX, Tao JR. 1997. A study on the Eocene flora in Yilan County, Heilongjiang. J Syst Evol. 35:249–256. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Hickey LJ. 2001. On the nomenclatural status of the morphogenera, Quereuxia and Trapago. Taxon. 50:1119–1124. doi:10.2307/1224729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollick A. 1930. The upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska. United States Geol Surv Prof Pap. 159:1–116.
   Google Scholar
• Hou YF, Song BW, Li XC, Han F, Zhang X, Zhang KX. 2022. First record of cyclocarya from the early Oligocene Qaidam Basin, north Tibet: implications for the paleogeography and paleoecology. J Earth Sci-China. published online.
   Google Scholar
• Jankovič M, Pantič N. 1953. Fossilarten der Gattung Trapa L. in Nord-Ost-Bosnien. Ann Geol Peninsule Balk. 21:133–142. (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Kovar-Eder J, Gregor HJ. 1984. Eine neue ober-pliozäne Trapa-Art aus den Willershausener Seeablagerungen (Niedersachsen, BRD). Ann Naturhist Mus Wien. 86:63–70. (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Kovar-Eder J, Schwarz J, Wójcicki JJ. 2002. The predominantly aquatic flora from Pellendorf, Lower Austria, Late Miocene, Pannonian-a systematic study. Acta Palaeobot. 42:125–151.
   Google Scholar
• Kovar-Eder J, Wójcicki JJ. 2001. A Late Miocene (Pannonian) flora from Hinterschlagen, Hausruck lignite area, Upper Austria. Acta Palaeobot. 41:221–251.
   Google Scholar
• Kovar-Eder J, Wójcicki JJ, Zetter R. 2005. Trapaceae from the late Miocene of Austria and the European context. Acta Palaeobot. 45:165–186.
   Google Scholar
• Lesquereux L. 1878. Contributions to the fossil flora of the western territories. Part 2. The tertiary flora. Report of the United States geological survey of the territories. Report. 7:366.
   Google Scholar
• Li QJ, Deng WYD, Wappler T, Utescher T, Maslova N, Liu YS, Jia H, Song CY, Su T, Quan C. 2022. High frequency of arthropod herbivore damage in the Miocene Huaitoutala flora from the Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 297:104569. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Li YX, Li H, Niu YZ, Liu P, Dong YK. 2017. The new discovery of Oligocene barbinae fossil in Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. J Northwest Univ Nat Sci Ed. 47(5):752–760. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Li Q, Wang XM. 2015. Discovery of Neogene beavers (Castoridae, Mammalia) in central Qaidam Basin, and their paleoenvironmental significance. Quat Sci. 35(3):584–595. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Li LL, Wu CD, Fan CF, Li JJ, Zhang CH. 2017. Carbon and oxygen isotopic constraints on paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the southwestern Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau. Geosci Front. 8(5):1175–1186. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2016.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo MY, Jia H, Li QJ, Meng XN, Ferguson DK, Liu P, Han ZC, Wang JJ, Quan C. 2022. Middle Miocene lotus (Nelumbonaceae, Nelumbo) from the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet Plateau. Biology. 11(9):1261. doi:10.3390/biology11091261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu HJ, Xiong SF. 2009. Magnetostratigraphy of the Dahonggou section, northern Qaidam Basin and its bearing on Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qilian Shan and Altyn Tagh Fault. Earth Planet Sc Lett. 288(3–4):539–550. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Closas C. 1995. Plant taphonomy of La Cerdanya Basin (Vallesian, Eastern Pyrenees). Geobios-Lyon. 28:287–298. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80175-8.
   Google Scholar
• Mehdiyeva NP, Alizade VM, Zambrana NYP, Bussmann RW. 2017. Trapa hyrcana Woronow Lythraceae. In: Bussmann R, editor. Ethnobotany of the caucasus. Berlin (BRB): Springer International Publishing; p. 705–706.
   Google Scholar
• Miao YF, Song CH, Fang XM, Meng QQ, Zhang P, Wu FL, Yan XL. 2016. Late Cenozoic genus Fupingopollenites development and its implications for the Asian summer monsoon evolution. Gondwana Res. 29:320–333. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miki S. 1938. On the change of flora of Japan since the upper Pliocene and the floral composition at the present. Jpn J Bot. 9:213–251.
   Google Scholar
• Penhallow DP. 1908. Report on Tertiary plants of British Columbia collected by Lawrence M. Lambe in 1906 together with a discussion of previously recorded Tertiary floras. Ottawa (ONT) (Canada): Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, No. 1013.
   Google Scholar
• Phartyal SS, Rosbakh S, Poschlod P. 2018. Seed germination ecology in Trapa natans L., a widely distributed freshwater macrophyte. Aquat Bot. 147:18–23. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2018.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan C 2005. Late Cretaceous plants and stratigraphy of Jiayin along the Heilongjiang River, China. [dissertation]. Jilin (JL): Jilin University. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Scotese CR 2016. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData plotter program. PALEOMAP Project. [accessed September 2022]. http://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/.
   Google Scholar
• Song CH, Hu SH, Han WX, Zhang T, Fang XM, Gao JP, Wu FL. 2014. Middle Miocene to earliest Pliocene sedimentological and geochemical records of climate change in the western Qaidam Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 395:67–76. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song XY, Spicer RA, Yang J, Yao YF, Li CS. 2010. Pollen evidence for an Eocene to Miocene elevation of central southern Tibet predating the rise of the High Himalaya. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 297:159–168. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.07.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song BW, Spicer RA, Zhang KX, Ji JL, Farnsworth A, Hughes AC, Yang YB, Han F, Xu YD, Spicer T, et al. 2020. Qaidam Basin leaf fossils show northeastern Tibet was high, wet and cool in the early Oligocene. Earth Planet Sc Lett. 537:10. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song BW, Zhang KX, Ji JL, Han F, Wang CW, Wang JX, Ai KK. 2017. Occurrence of middle Miocene fossil cyprinid fish in the Northern Qaidam Basin and its paleoenvironmental implications. Acta Geol Sin (Engl Ed). 91(5):1530–1541. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton TW, Knowlton FH. 1897. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Laramie and related formations in Wyoming. Bull Geol Soc Am. 8:127–156. doi:10.1130/GSAB-8-127.
   Google Scholar
• Sun G, Dilcher DL. 2002. Early angiosperms from the lower cretaceous Jixi, eastern Heilongjiang, China. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 121:91–112. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(02)00083-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun B, Wang YF, Li CS, Yang J, Li JF, Li YL, Deng T, Wang SQ, Zhao M, Spicer RA, et al. 2015. Early Miocene elevation in northern Tibet estimated by palaeobotanical evidence. Sci Rep-UK. 5:10379. doi:10.1038/srep10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun G, Zheng SL, Sun CL, Sun YW, Mei SW. 2003. Recent advance on the study of Archaefructus with discussion on its geological age. J Jilin Univ (Earth Sci Ed). 33(4):393–398. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Tao JR. 1963. Study on the tertiary Trapa in Central Yunnan. In: Collection of abstracts for 30th Anniversary of the Chinese Botanical Society, 164. (in Chinese). Beijing (BJ): Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China; p. 1–383.
   Google Scholar
• Tao JR, Chen MH. 1983. Neogene flora of south part of the watershed of Salween–Mekong–Yangtze rivers (the Linczan region) Yunnan. Exploration of Hengduan Mountain area. Beijing (BJ): Beijing Publishing House of Sciences and Technology. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Tao JR, Kong ZC. 1973. The fossil florule and sporo-pollen assemblage of the Shang-In Coal Series of Erhyuan, Yunnan. J Integr Plant Biol. 15:120–126. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Tian Q, Fang XM, Bai Y, Chen CH, Hou JZ, Zhang T. 2021. An early Miocene lowland on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Front Earth Sc-Switz. 9:1220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Qiu ZD, Li Q, Wang BY, Qiu ZX, Downs WR, Xie GP, Xie JY, Deng T, Takeuchi GT, et al. 2007a. Vertebrate paleontology, biostratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoenvironment of Qaidam Basin in northern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 254:363–385. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Takeuchi GT, Qiu ZD, Li Q, Wang BY, Qiu ZX, Deng T, Chang MM, Liu J, Downs WR, et al. 2007b. Mammalian and fish biostratigraphy, geochronology, and paleoenvironment of Qaidam Basin in northern Tibetan Plateau. J China Univ Geosci. 18(2):566–568.
   Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Wang BY. 2001. New material of Chalicotherium from the Tsaidam Basin in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Palaontol Z. 75(2):219–226. doi:10.1007/BF02988015.
   Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Wang Y, Li Q, Tseng ZJ, Takeuchi GT, Deng T, Xie GP, Chang MM, Wang N. 2015. Cenozoic vertebrate evolution and paleoenvironment in Tibetan Plateau: progress and prospects. Gondwana Res. 27(4):1335–1354. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XM, Xie GP, Li Q, Qiu ZD, Tseng ZJ, Takeuchi GT, Wang BY, Fortelius M, Rosenström-Fortelius A, Wahlquist H, et al. 2011. Early explorations of Qaidam Basin (Tibetan Plateau) by Birger Bohlin-reconciling classic vertebrate fossil localities with modern biostratigraphy. Vertebr Palasiat. 3:285–310. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wang CS, Zhao XX, Liu ZF, Lippert PC, Graham SA, Coe RS, Yi HS, Zhu LD, Liu S, Li YL. 2008. Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 105:4987–4992. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703595105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward LF. 1885. Synopsis of the flora of the Laramie Group. Annual Report, United States Geological Survey 6.
   Google Scholar
• Ward LF 1887. Types of the Laramie flora. Washington (DC): Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey No. 37.
   Google Scholar
• Wei YY, Xiao AV, Wu L, Mao LG, Zhao HG, Shen Y, Wang LQ. 2016. Temporal and spatial patterns of Cenozoic deformation across the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau. Terra Nova. 28(6):409–418. doi:10.1111/ter.12234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ. 2001. A new species of Trapa (Trapaceae) from Kashmir. Polish Bot J. 46(2):133–136.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ. 2002. Trapa assamica (Trapaceae), a remarkable new extant species from the Indian Subcontinent. Polish Bot J. 47(1):5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Bajzáth J. 1997. Trapa praehungarica, a new fossil species from the Upper Pannonian of Hungary. Acta Palaeobot. 37:51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Song SY, Wang YF. 1999. Fossil Trapa L. of China. 1. A new locality from the Miocene of the Liang He Coal mine, West Yunnan. Acta Palaeobot. 39:5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Velitzelos D. 2007. Trapa kvacekii (Trapaceae), a remarkable new fossil species from the late Miocene of Greece. Acta Palaeobot. 47:419–424.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Wilde V. 2001. A new species of Trapa (Trapaceae) from the Pliocene of the Zennern Depression, near Fritzlar (Hesse, Germany). Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 81:17–23. doi:10.1007/BF03043292.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Zastawniak E. 1998. Trapa srodoniana, a new fossil species from the Pliocene of Bełchatow (Middle Poland). Acta Palaeobot. 38:167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Zastawniak E. 2002. Late Miocene Trapa L. (Trapaceae) of Sośnica (SW Poland) revisited. Acta Palaeobot. 42(1):29–38.
   Google Scholar
• Wójcicki JJ, Zastawniak E. 2003. The trapaceae family in the tertiary of Europe-preliminary results. Bot Guideb. 26:153–185. (in Polish).
   Google Scholar
• Writing Group of Cenozoic Plants of China (WGCPC). 1978. Cenozoic plants from China, fossil plants of China. Vol. 3. Beijing (BJ): Science Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xia WC, Zhang N, Yuan XP, Fan LS, Zhang BS. 2001. Cenozoic Qaidam Basin, China: a stronger tectonic inversed, extensional rifted basin. AAPG Bull. 85(4):715–736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue JH, Xue ZQ, Wang RX, Rubtsova TA, Pshennikova LM, Guo YM. 2016. Distribution pattern and morphological diversity of Trapa L. in the Heilong and Tumen River Basin. Plant Sci J. 34(4):506–520. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xu H, Su T, Zhang ST, Deng M, Zhou ZK. 2016. The first fossil record of ring-cupped oak (Quercus L. subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (Oersted) Schneider) in Tibet and its paleoenvironmental implications. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 442:61–71. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JX, Wang YF, Du NQ. 2003. Late Pliocene vegetation and palaeoclimate of Yangyi and Longling of Western Yunnan Province. J Palaeogeog. 5:217–223. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Yang T, Han L, Chen HY, Wang Y, Wang HJ, Bao L, Li WJ, Cai JH, Liang WY, Dai YZ, et al. 2021b. Oligocene Desmanthus (Leguminosae) from the Qaidam Basin in northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China, and its implications for paleoclimate and paleoelevation. Hist Biol. 33(11):2744–2754. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1826471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Jia JW, Chen HY, Zhang YX, Wang Y, Wang HJ, Bao L, Zhang L, Li WJ, Xie SP, et al. 2021a. Oligocene Ailanthus from northwestern Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China and its implications. Geol J. 56(2):616–627. doi:10.1002/gj.3904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Liang WY, Cai JH, Gu HR, Han L, Chen HY, Wang HJ, Bao L, Yan DF. 2022. A new cyprinid from the Oligocene of Qaidam Basin, north-eastern Tibetan plateau, and its implications. J Syst Palaeontol. published online.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang T, Zhang L, Li WJ, Jia JW, Han L, Zhang YX, Chen YQ, Yan DF. 2018. New schizothoracine from Oligocene of Qaidam Basin, northern Tibetan Plateau, China, and its significance. J Vertebr Paleontol. 38(2):e1442840. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1442840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan DF, Zhang L, Han L, Yang T, Chen YQ. 2018. Podocarpium from the Oligocene of NW Qaidam Basin, China and its implications. Rev Palaeobot Palyno. 259:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin A, Dang YQ, Wang LC, Jiang WM, Zhou SP, Chen XH, Gehrels GE, McRivette MW. 2008a. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions (Part 1): the southern Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam basin. Geol Soc Am Bull. 120(7–8):813–846. doi:10.1130/B26180.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin A, Dang YQ, Zhang M, Cheng XH, McRivette MW. 2008b. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions (Part 3): structural geology, sedimentation, and regional tectonic reconstruction. Geol Soc Am Bull. 120(7–8):847–876. doi:10.1130/B26232.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science. 292(5517):686–693. doi:10.1126/science.1059412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZC. 1980. Angiospermae. In: Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, editor. Paleontological Atlas of Northeast China, Part II, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Volume. Beijing (BJ): Geological Publishing House. (in Chinese); p. 1–372.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng SL, Zhang Y. 1994. Cretaceous plants from Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Acta Palaeontol Sin. 33:756–764+805–808. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhuang GS, Brandon MT, Pagani M, Krishnan S. 2014. Leaf wax stable isotopes from Northern Tibetan Plateau: implications for uplift and climate since 15 Ma. Earth Planet Sc Lett. 390:186–198. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu LD, Wang CS, Zheng HB, Xiang F, Yi HS, Liu DZ. 2006. Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of basins in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their implication for the northward growth of the Plateau. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl. 241(1):49–60. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar