44
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Problems of permo‐triassic terrestrial vertebrate extinctions

Pages 17-35 | Received 22 Sep 1987, Accepted 12 Jul 1988, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

References

  • Alvarez , L. , Alvarez , W. , Asaro , F. and Michael , H.V. 1980 . Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous‐Tertian‐Extinction. . Science. , 208 : 1095 – 1108 .
  • _____ , Asaro , F. and Michael , H.V. 1984 . The end of the Cretaceous: Sharp boundary or Gradual transition? . Science. , 223 : 1183 – 1185 .
  • Anderson , J.M. 1973 . the biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic. . Palaeontologia Africana. , 16 : 59 – 83 .
  • _____ . World Permo‐Triassic correlations: Their biostratigraphic basis. Proceedings of the 5th International Gondwana Symposium . Edited by: Cresswell , M.M. and Vella , P. pp. 3 – 16 . Wellington, , New Zealand
  • _____ and Cruickshank , A.R.I. 1978 . The biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic. Part 5. A review of the classification and distribution of Permo‐Triassic tetrapods. . Paleontologia Africana. , 21 : 15 – 44 .
  • Asaro , F. , Alvarez , L. , Alvarez , W. and Michael , H.V. 1982 . “ Geochemical anomalies near the Ecocene: Oligocene and Permian: Triassic boundaries. ” . In The Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on Earth , Geological Society of America. Special Paper 190 Edited by: Silver , L.T. and Schultz , P.A. 402 – 414 . 401 – 414 .
  • Benton , M.J. 1985a . Mass extinction among non‐marine tetrapods. . nature. , 316 : 811 – 814 .
  • _____ . 1985b . The diversification of Mesozoic non‐marine tetrapods and problems in historical diversity analysis. . Special Papers in Palaeontology , 33 : 195 – 202 .
  • Chen , Jin‐Shi . 1984 . “ Carbon isotope variation in carbonates at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic in China. ” . In Developments in Geoscience. , 247 – 257 . Beijing : Academic Sinica .
  • Cheng , Zheng‐Wu. Permo‐Triassic continental deposits and vertebrate faunas of China. 5th International Gondwana Symposium. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 65 – 69 .
  • Clark , D. , Wang , Chen‐Yuan. , Orth , C.L. and Gilmore , J.S. 1986 . Conodont survival and low indium abundances across the Permo‐Triassic boundary in South China. . Science. , 233 : 984 – 986 .
  • Cluver , M.A. 1971 . The cranial morphology of the dicynodont genus . Lvstrosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum , 56 : 155 – 274 .
  • _____ and King , G.M. 1983 . A reassessment of the relationships of the Permian Dicynodontia (Reptilia: Therapsida) and a new classification of the dicynodonts. . Annals of the South African Museum. , 91 : 195 – 273 .
  • Colbert , E.H. 1974 . “ Lvstrosaurus from Antarctica. ” . In American Museum Sovitates 44 New York No. 2535
  • _____ . 1982 . The distribution of Lvstrosaurus in Pangea and its implications. . Geobios , 6 : 375 – 383 . mémoire special
  • Cope , E.D. 1870 . The Lvstrosaurus frontosus. . Proceedings of the American Philosophical society. , XI : 419
  • Courtillot , V. and Besse , J. 1987 . Maenetic core reversals, pole wandering, and core‐mantle coupline. . Science. , 237 : 1140 – 1147 .
  • Cruickshank , A.R.I. 1978 . Feeding adaptations in Triassic dicynodonts. . Palaeontologia Africana. , 21 : 121 – 132 .
  • Efremov , I.A. 1940 . A skeleton of Lvstrosaurus from the Doneus River. Chkalov Province. . Doklady. Academy of Sciences. U.S.S.R. , 10 : 73 – 81 .
  • Farabegoli , E. , Levanti , D. and Perri , M.C. 1986 . “ Belerophon formation in the Southwestern Carnila. ” . In Field Guide Book: Permian and Pemian Triassic Boundary in the South‐Alpine segment of the Western Tethys. 69 – 75 .
  • Fisher , A.G. and Arthur , M.A. 1978 . “ Secular variations in the pelagic realm. ” . In Deep Water Carbonate Environments. , Edited by: Cook , H.E. and Evans , P. 19 – 50 . Tulsa, Oklahoma : Society of Ecomomic Paleontologists and Mineralogists .
  • Hopson , J.A. and Barghusen , H.T. 1986 . “ An analysis of therapsid relationships. ” . In The Ecology of Mammal‐like Reptiles. , Edited by: Hotton , N. , MacLean , P.D. , Roth , J. and Roth , E.C. 83 – 106 . Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • Hotton , N. III . 1986 . “ Dicynodonts and their role as primary consumers. ” . In The Ecology of Mammal‐like Reptiles , Edited by: Hotton , N. III , Maclean , P.D. , Roth , J. and Roth , E.C. 71 – 82 . Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
  • _____ . 1967 . “ Stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Beaufort Series (Permian‐Triassic), South Africa. ” . In Essays in Paleontology and Stratigraphy , Edited by: Teichert , K. and Yochelson , E. 390 – 428 . University of Kansas. Department of Biology Special Publication 2 .
  • Hsü , K. 1984 . “ Geochemical markers of impacts and their effects on environments. ” . In Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution. , Edited by: Holland , H.D. and Trendall , A.F. 63 – 74 . Berlin. London. New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Johnson , M.R. and Keyser , A.W. 1979 . “ The geology of the Beaufort West area ” . In Geological Survey of South Africa. 3222 , 14 Beaufort West .
  • Kalendadze , N.N. 1974 . On intercontinental links of the tetrapod fauna in the Triassic Period. . Journal of Paleontology. Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R. , : 79 – 86 . (Russian)
  • _____ . 1975 . The First Discovery of Lvstrosaurus in the European region of the U.S.S.R. . Journal of Paleontology. Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R. , 4 : 140 – 142 . (Russian)
  • Kemp , T.S. 1982 . The Mammal‐like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals. , 363 London. New York : Academic Press .
  • Keyser , A.W. and Cruickshank , A.R.I. 1979 . The origins and classification of Triassic dicynodonts. . Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa. , 82 : 81 – 108 .
  • _____ and Smith , R.M.H. 1978 . Vertebrate biozonation of the Bearfon Group with special reference to the Western Karoo Basin. Open Files. . Geological Survey, Republic of South Africa , 36 : 1 – 53 .
  • Kitching , J.W. 1968 . On the Lystrosaurus zone and its fauna with special reference to some immature Lystrosauridae. . Palaeontologia Africana. Annals. , XI : 61 – 76 .
  • _____ . 1977 . “ The distribution of the Karoo vertebrate fauna ” . In Memoirs So I. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research , 1 – 131 . Johannesburg : University of Witwatersrand .
  • Kozur , H. 1973 . Beitrage sur Stratigraphie und Palaontologie der Trias. . Geologisch‐Paläentologische Mitteilungen. Innsbruck , 3 : 1 – 30 .
  • Li , Zi‐Shun , Zhan , Li‐Pei , Zhu , Xiu‐Fang , Zhang , Jing‐Hua , Liu , Gui‐Gang , Sheng , Huai‐Bien , Dai , Jin‐Ye , Huang , Neng‐Guan , Xie , Longe‐Chun and Yan , Zheng . 1984 . Mass extinction and geological events between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Era. . Acta Geologica Sinica , 60 (1) : 1 – 15 . (Chinese, English Abstract)
  • Loper , D.E. and McCartney , K. 1986 . Mantle plumes and the periodicity of magnetic field reversals. . Geophysics Research Letters , 13 : 1525 – 1528 .
  • _____ , McCartney , K. and Buznya , G. 1988 . A model of correlated periodicity in magnetic field reversals. climate and mass extinctions. . Journal of Geology. , 96 : 1 – 15 .
  • McLaren , D. 1983 . Bolides and biostratigraphy. . Bulletin Geological Society of America , 94 : 317 – 324 .
  • Newell , N.D. 1973 . The very last minute of the Paleozoic era. . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. Memoir , 2 : 1 – 10 .
  • Officer , C.B. and Drake , C.L. 1983 . Terminal Cretaceous events. . Science , 227 : 1161 – 1167 . 652 – 654 .
  • Olson , E.C. 1982 . “ Extinction of Permian and Triassic non‐marine vertebrates. ” . In Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth , Geological Society of America, Special Paper Edited by: Silver , L.T. and Shultz , P.H. 501 – 511 . 190
  • _____ . Nonmarine vertebrates and late Paleozoic Climates. Ninth International Congress on Stratigraphy and Geology of the Carboniferous. Compte Rendu; . Edited by: Dutro , J. Jr. and Pfefferkorn . Vol. 5 , pp. 403 – 414 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois Press .
  • Raup , D.M. and Gould , S.J. 1974 . Stochastic simulation and its evolutionary implications. . Systematic Zoology , 23 : 305 – 322 .
  • _____ and Sepkoski , J.J. Jr. 1984 . Periodicity of extinction in the geological past. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. , 81 : 801 – 804 .
  • _____ and Sepkoski , J.J. Jr. 1986 . Periodic extinctions of families and genera. . Science , 231 : 833 – 836 .
  • Repelin , J. 1923 . Sur un fragmente de crane de Dicynodon recueilli par H. Counillon dans les environs de Louang. . Bulletin du Service Géologique de l'Indochine, Hanoi , 12 (11) : 5 – 9 .
  • Retallack , G .J. 1980 . “ Late Carboniferous to middleTriassic mcgaflora. Floras from the Sydney Basin ” . In A Guide to the Sydney Basin , Geological Survey of Neu‐South Wales, Bulletin Edited by: Herbert , C. and Helby , R. J. 384 – 430 . 26
  • Robinson , P.L. 1971 . A problem of faunal replacements in Permo‐Carboniferous continents. . Palaeontology , 14 : 131 – 153 .
  • Schopf , T.J.M. 1974 . Pcrmo‐Triassic extinctions: Relations to sea‐floor spreading. . Journal of Geology. , 83 : 129 – 143 .
  • Sheng , Jin‐Zhang , Chen , Chu‐Zehn , Wang , Yi‐Gang , Rui , Lin and Liao , Zhu‐Oting . On the lower boundary of the Triassic in the central and eastern Tethys. Developments in Geoscience. Contribution 27, International Geological Congress . Moscow. Beijing, China. pp. 105 – 116 .
  • Silver , L. and Schultz , P. 1982 . Geological implications of impacts or large asteroids and comets on the Earth , Geological Society of America, Special Paper Vol. 190 , 527
  • Stanley , S.M. 1984 . “ Marine mass extinctions: A dominant role for temperature. ” . In Extinctions , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 69 – 117 . University of Chicago Press .
  • Sun , Y.‐Y. , Ma , S.‐L. , Mao , X.‐Y. , Xu , D.‐Y. , Zhang , Q.‐W. , Yang , Z.‐Z. , Sheng , J.‐Z. , Cheng , C.‐Z. , Rui , L. , Liang , X.‐L. , Zhao , J.‐M. and He , J.‐W. 1984 . “ The discovery of an indium anomaly in the Permian‐Triassic Boundary in Changxing. Zhejiang, China and its significance in the Permian. ” . In Developments in Geoscience. , 235 – 245 . Beijing : Science Press .
  • Toon , O.B. 1984 . “ Sudden changes in atmosphere composition and climate. ” . In Patterns of Change in Earth History , Edited by: Holland , H.D. and Trendall . 41 – 61 . Berlin. London. New York : Spririger‐Verlag .
  • Tozer , E.T. 1967 . A standard for Triassic time. . Canada Geological Survey. Bulletin , 156 : 1 – 103 .
  • Tripath , C. and Satsangi , P.P. 1963 . “ Lystrosaurus fauna of the Panchei series of the Raniganj coalfield ” . In Paleontologia India. Vol. 37 , 65 >Calcutta N.S.
  • Valencio , D.A. and Mitchell , J. Paleomagnetism and K‐Ar ages of Permo‐Triassic igneous rocks from Argentian and the international correlations of the Upper Paleozoic‐Lower Mezocois formations. 22nd International Congress (Montreal). Section 3: Tectonics. pp. 189 – 195 .
  • Waterhouse , J.B. 1978 . “ Chronostratigraphy for the world Permian. ” . In The Geological Time Scale , Studies in Geology Edited by: Cohee , G.V. , Glassner , M.F. and Hedberg , H.D. 299 – 322 . 6 American Association of Petroleum Geologists .
  • Xu , Dao‐Yi , Ma , S.‐L. , Chai , Z.‐F. , Mao , X.‐Y. , Sun , Y.‐Y. , Zhang , Q.‐W. and Yang , Z.‐Z. 1985 . Abundance variation of indium and trace elements at the Permian/Triassic boundary at Shangsi. China. . Nature (London) , 314 : 154 – 156 .
  • _____ . 1986 . “ Three main mass extinctions‐significant indicators of major natural divisions of geological history in the Phanerozoic. ” . In Modern Geology. , Vol. 10 , 365 – 375 . United Kingdom : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Inc. .
  • Yang , Ji‐Duan , Qu , Li‐Fan , Zhou , Hui‐Gin , Cheng , Zhen‐Gwu , Zhou , Tone‐Shun , Hou , Jing‐Peng , Wu , Xiao‐Zu , Zhang , Zhi‐Min and Wang , Zhi . 1984 . “ Permian and Triassic Strata and Fossil Assemblages in the Dalongkou Area of Jimsar. Xinjiang ” . In Geological Memoirs 2 (3) , 262 Beijing, , China : Geological Publishing House . (Chinese. English Summary)
  • Yin , Hong‐Fu , Xu , Gui‐Rong and Ding , Mei‐Hua . 1984 . Paleozoic‐Mesozoic alternation of marine biota in South China. . Scientific Papers on Geology for International Exchange. , 1 : 195 – 204 .
  • Yuan , P.L. and Young , C.C. 1934 . On the occurrence of Lvstrosaurus in Sinkiang. . Bulletin of the Geological Society of China. , 12 : 575 – 580 .
  • Department of Biology. University of California. Los Angeles. California 90024, USA.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.