Publication Cover
Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 12, 1996 - Issue 1
99
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

On the timing of palaeoenvironmental changes at the Permo‐Triassic (P/TR) boundary using conodont biostratigraphy

, &
Pages 39-62 | Received 26 Jun 1995, Accepted 06 Sep 1995, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

References

  • Balme , B.E. 1970 . Palynology of Permian and Triassic strata in the Salt Range and Surghar Range, West Pakistan . Special Publication of the University of Kansas, Department of Geology , 4 : 305 – 453 .
  • Balme , B.E. 1979 . Palynology of Permian‐Triassic boundary beds of Kap Stosch, East Greenland . Meddelser om Gronland , 200 : 1 – 37 .
  • Baud , A. Tethys just after the end of Permian mass extinction . GSGP Pangea meeting . Calgary. Vol. 15 , Program and abstracts book
  • Baud , A. and Magaritz , M. 1988 . “ Carbon isotope profile in the Permian‐Triassic of central Tethys: the Kashmir sections (India) ” . In Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt , Project 199 Vol. 15 , 2 Vienna : IGCP .
  • Baud , A. , Magaritz , M. and Holser , W.T. 1989 . Permian‐Triassic of the Tethys: carbon isotope studies . Geologische Rundschau , 78 : 649 – 677 .
  • Birkenmajer , K. 1977 . Erosional unconformity at the base of the marine Lower Triassic at Wegener Halvo, central Greenland . Rapports Gronlands geologische Undersogelse , 85 : 103 – 107 .
  • Brandner , R. 1988 . “ The Permian‐Triassic boundary in the Dolomites (Southern Alps, Italy), San Antonia section ” . In Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Band , Project 99 Vol. 15 , 49 – 56 . Vienna : IGCP .
  • Broglio Loriga , C. , Neri , C. , Pasini , M. and Posenato , R. 1988 . Marine fossil assemblages from Upper Permian to lowermost Triassic in the western Dolomites (Italy) . Memoire della Società de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 5 – 44 .
  • Budurov , K.J. , Gupta , V.J. , Kachroo , R.K. and Sudar , M.N. 1988 . Problems of the Lower Triassic conodont stratigraphy and the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Memoire della Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 321 – 328 .
  • Chai , C. , Zhou , Y. , Mao , X. , Ma , S. , Ma , J. , Kong , P. and He , J. 1992 . “ Geochemical constraints on the Permo‐Triassic boundary event in South China ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 109 – 119 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Chen , J. , Chu , X. , Shao , M. and Zhong , H. 1991 . Carbon isotope study of the Permian‐Triassic sequences in China . Chemical Geology , 89 : 239 – 251 .
  • Dagys , A. 1994 . Correlation of the lowermost Triassic . Albertiana , 14 : 38 – 44 .
  • Dagys , A.S. and Dagys , A.A. 1988 . Biostratigraphy of the lowermost Triassic and the boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic . Memoire della Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 313 – 320 .
  • Ding , M. 1988 . Permian‐Triassic boundary and conodonts in South China . Memoire della Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 263 – 268 .
  • Ding , M. 1992 . “ Conodont sequences in the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of south China and the nature of conodont faunal changes at the systematic boundary ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 109 – 119 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Embry , A.F. 1988 . “ Triassic sea‐level changes: evidence from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ” . In Sea‐level changes: an integrated approach , Edited by: Wilgus , C.K. Vol. 42 , 109 – 119 . SEPM Special Publication .
  • Grasmuck , K. and Trümpy , R. 1969 . Triassic stratigraphy and general geology of the country around Fleming Fjord (East Greenland) . Meddelser om Gronland , 168 ( 2 ) : 5 – 71 .
  • Gruszczynski , M. , Halas , S. , Hoffman , A. and Malkowski , K. 1989 . A brachiopod calcite record of the oceanic carbon and oxygen isotope shifts at the Permian/Triassic transition . Nature , 337 : 64 – 68 .
  • Guex , P.J. 1978 . Le Trias inferieur des Salt ranges (Pakistan): problemes biochronologiques . Eclogae geologicae Helvetica , 71 : 105 – 141 .
  • Gullo , M. and Kozur , H. 1993 . First evidence of Scythian conodonts in Sicily . Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paleontologies Monatsheft , 1993 : 477 – 488 .
  • Haag , M. and Heller , F. 1991 . Late Permian to Early Triassic magnetostratigraphy . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 107 : 42 – 54 .
  • Hallam , A. 1994 . The earliest Triassic as an anoxic event, and its relationship to the end‐Palaeozoic mass extinction . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir , 17 : 797 – 804 .
  • Henderson , C.M. Are Permian‐Triassic boundary events diachronous? Evidence from the Canadian Arctic . GSGP Pangea meeting . Calgary. pp. 136 Program and abstracts book
  • Holser , W.T. Schonlaub , H.‐P. 1989 . A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary . Nature , 337 : 39 – 44 .
  • Ishibashi , T. and Nakazawa , K. 1989 . Triassic ammonites from West Spitsbergen . Memoir of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Series D, Geology , 26 (3) : 215 – 241 . 6 pis, Fukuoka
  • Isozaki , Y. 1995 . Superanoxia across the Permo‐Triassic boundary: record in accreted deep‐sea pelagic chert in Japan . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir , 17 : 805 – 812 .
  • Isozaki , Y. and Maruyana , S. 1992 . Deep‐sea anoxia across the Permo‐Triassic boundary: records in accreted pelagic chert in Japan . Eos , 73 : 272
  • Jin , Y. , Sheng , J. , Glenister , B.F. , Furnish , W.M. , Kotylar , G.V. , Wardlaw , B.R. , Kozur , H. , Ross , C.E. and Spinosa , C. 1994 . Revised operational scheme of Permian chronostratigraphy . Permophiles , 25
  • Kozur , H. 1974 . Probleme der Triasgliederung und Parallelisierung der germanischen und tethyalen Trias. Teil 1: Abgrenzung und Gliederung der Trias . Freiberger Forschungshefte , C298 : 139 – 197 .
  • Kozur , H. 1977 . Die Faunenandererungen nahe der Perm/Trias‐ und Trias/Jura‐Grenze und ihre moglichen Ursachen. Teil 1: Die Lage der Perm/Trias‐Grenze und die Änderung der Faunen and Floren im Perm/rrias‐Grenzbereich . Freiberger Forschungshefre , C326 : 73 – 86 .
  • Kozur , H. 1984 . “ Perm ” . In Ariss der Historischen Geologie Edited by: Tröger , K.‐A. 270 – 307 . Berlin
  • Kozur , H. 1985 . Biostratigraphic evaluation of the Upper Paleozoic conodonts, ostracods, and holothurian sclerites of the Bükk Mts., Part II: Upper Paleozoic ostracods . Acta Geologica Hungarica , 28 : 225 – 256 .
  • Kozur , H. 1989 . The Permian‐Triassic boundary in marine and continental sediments . Zentralblatt Geologie Palaontologie Teil I 1988 , 11/12 : 1245 – 1277 .
  • Kozur , H. 1993 . Report of P‐T boundary working group . Albertiana , 12 : 33
  • Kozur , H. 1994a . The Permian/Triassic boundary and possible causes of the faunal change near the P/T boundary . Permophiles , 24 : 51 – 54 .
  • Kozur , H. 1994b . The correlation of the Zechstein with the marine standard . Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt , 137 : 85 – 103 .
  • Kozur , H. 1995 . Permian conodont correlation and its importance for the Permian stratigraphic standard scale . Geologie und Palaontologie Mitteilung Innsbruck , 20 : 165 – 205 .
  • Kozur , H. , Levan , EJ. , Lozovskij , V.R. and Pjatakova , M.V. 1978 . Subdivisions of Permian‐Triassic boundary beds in Transcaucasia on the basis of conodonts . Byelletin Obstchestva Ispytateley Prirody Moskva, otdel geologii , 53 : 15 – 24 . [in Russian]
  • Kummel , B. and Teichert , C. 1970 . Stratigraphic. boundary problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan . Special Publication of the University of Kansas, Department of Geology , 4 : 1 – 474 .
  • Magaritz , M. , Bar , R. , Baud , A. and Holser , W.T. 1988 . The carbon isotope shift at the Permian/Triassic boundary in the southern Apis is gradual . Nature , 331 : 337 – 339 .
  • Magaritz , M. and Holser , W.T. 1991 . The Permian‐Triassic of the Gartnerkofel‐1 Core (Carnic Alps, Austria): carbon and oxygen isotope variation . Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Band , 45 : 149 – 163 .
  • Matsuda , T. 1981 . Early Triassic conodonts from Kashmir, India. Parti: Hindeodus andlsarcicella . Journal of Geosciences, Osaka University , 24 : 75 – 108 .
  • Mojsisovic von , E. , Waagen , W. and Diener , C. 1895 . Entwurf einer Gliederung der pelagischen Sedimente des Trias‐Systems . Sitz‐Berichte Akademie Wissen. Wien , 104 (1) : 1271 – 1302 .
  • Nakazawa , K. 1981 . Analysis of late Permian and early Triassic faunas of Kashmir . Palaeontologica Indica, new series , 46 : 193 – 204 .
  • Nakazawa , K. 1985 . “ The Permian and Triassic Systems in the Tethys ‐ their paleogeography ” . In The Tethys: her paleogeography and paleobiogeography from Paleozoic to Mesozoic , Edited by: Nakazawa , K. and Dickins , J.M. 93 – 111 . Tokai Univeristy Press .
  • Nakazawa , K. 1992 . The Permian/Triassic boundary . Albertiana , 10 : 23 – 30 .
  • Nakazawa , K. , Bando , Y. and Matsuda , T. 1980 . The Otoceras woodwardi Zone and the time‐gap at the Permian‐Triassic boundary in East Asia . Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia , 21 : 75 – 90 . (Tsukuba Symposium Volume)
  • Nakazawa , K. , Kapoor , H.M. , Ishii , K. , Bando , Y. , Maegoya , T. , Shimizu , D. , Nogami , Y. , Tokuoka , T. and Nohda , S. 1971 . Preliminary report on the Permo‐Trias of Kashmir . Memoir of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series Geology and Mineralogy , 37 : 163 – 172 .
  • Nakazawa , K. , Kapoor , H.M. , Ishii , K. , Bando , Y. , Okimura , Y. and Tokuoka , T. 1975 . The Upper Permian and Lower Triassic in Kashmir, India . Memoir of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series Geology and Mineralogy , 42 (1) : 1 – 106 .
  • Neri , C. and Pasini , M. 1985 . A mized fauna at the Permian‐Triassic boundary, Tesero Section, Western Dolomites (Italy) . Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana , 23 (1) : 113 – 117 .
  • Neri , C. , Pasini , M. and Posenato , R. The Permian/Triassic boundary and the Early Scythian sequence ‐ Tesero section, Dolomites . Field Guide Book, Brescia Field Conference . pp. 111 – 116 .
  • Noe , S. 1987 . Facies and palaeogeography of the marine Upper Permian and of the Permian‐Triassic boundary in the southern Alps (Bellerophon Formation, Tesero Horizon) . Facies , 16 : 89 – 142 .
  • Noe , S. and Buggisch , W. 1994 . Sequence stratigraphy in Late Permian and Lowest Triassic of the Southern Alps (Dolomites; northern Italy) with special regard to the Permian/Triassic boundary . Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt , 137 : 297 – 318 .
  • Oberhansli , H. , Hsu , K.J. , Piasecki , S. and Weissert , H. 1989 . Permian‐Triassic carbon isotope anomaly in Greenland and in the southern Alps . Historical Biology , 2 : 37 – 49 .
  • Ogg , J.G. and Steiner , M.B. 1991 . Early Triassic magnetic polarity time scale ‐ integration of magnetostratigraphy, ammonite zonation and sequence stratigraphy from stratotype sections (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 107 : 69 – 89 .
  • Orchard , M.J. 1994 . Conodonts from Otoceras Beds: are they Permian? . Permophiles , 24 : 49 – 51 .
  • Orchard , M.J. , Nassichuk , W.W. and Rui , Le. 1994 . Conodonts from the Lower Griesbachian Otoceras latilobatum bed of Selong, Tibet and the position of the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology, Memoir , 17 : 823 – 843 .
  • Ouyang , S. and Utting , J. 1990 . Palynology of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic rocks, Meishan, Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 66 : 65 – 103 .
  • Pakistani‐Japanese Research Group . 1985 . “ Permian and Triassic systems in the Salt Range and Surghar Range, Pakistan ” . In The Tethys: her paleogeography and paleobiogeography from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. , Edited by: Nakazawa , K. and Dickins , J.M. 221 – 312 . Tokai University Press .
  • Paull , R.K. and Paull , R.A. 1986 . Epilogue for the Permian‐ a retrospective view from the Triassic in western Cordillera . University of Wyoming, Contributions to Geology , 24 : 243 – 252 .
  • Paull , R.K. and Paull , R.A. 1994 . Hindeodus parvus ‐ proposed index fossil for the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Lethaia , 27 : 271 – 272 .
  • Peri , M.C. 1991 . Conodont biostratigraphy of the Werfen Formation (Lower Triassic), Southern Alps, Italy. . Bolletino della Societa Paleontologia Italiana , 30 : 23 – 46 .
  • Perri , M.C. and Andraghetti , M. 1987 . Permian‐Triassic boundary and Early Triassic conodonts from the Southern Alps, Italy. . Rivista Italiana Paleontologia Stratigraphia , 93 : 291 – 328 .
  • Sheng , J. , Chen , G , Wang , Y. , Fui , L. , Liao , Z. , Bando , Y. , Ishi , K. , Nakazawa , K. and Nakamura , K. 1984 . Permian‐Triassic boundary in middle and eastern Tethys . Journal of the Faculty of Science of Hokkaido University , 21 : 133 – 181 . series IV
  • Spath , L.F. 1935 . Additions to the Eo‐Triassic invertebrate fauna of east Greenland . Meddelser om Gronland , 98 (2)
  • Staesche , U. 1964 . Conodonten aus dem Skyth von Siidtirol . Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologies und Palaontologies , 119 : 247 – 306 .
  • Stampfli , G. , Marcoux , J. and Baud , A. 1991 . Tethyan margins in space and time . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 87 : 373 – 409 .
  • Surlyk , F. , Hurst , J.M. , Piasecki , S. , Rolle , F. , Scholle , P..A. , Stemkmerik , L. and Thomsen , E. 1986 . “ The Permian of the western margin of the Greenland Sea ‐ a future exploration target ” . In Future petroleum provinces of the world , Edited by: Halbout , M.T. Vol. 40 , 629 – 659 . AAPG Memoir .
  • Sweet , W.C. 1970 . Uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic conodonts of the Salt Range and Trans‐Indus Ranges, West Pakistan . Special Publications of the Department of Geology, University of Kansas , 4 : 207 – 275 .
  • Sweet , W.C. 1976 . Conodonts from the Permian‐Triassic boundary beds of Kap Stosch area, east Greenland . Meddelser om Gronland , 197 : 51 – 54 .
  • Sweet , W.C. 1977 . “ Genus Hindeodus, genus Isarcicella. ” . In Catalogue of conodonts. , Edited by: Ziegler , W. Vol. 3 , 203 – 230 . Stuttgart : Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung .
  • Sweet , W.C. 1979 . Graphic correlation of Permo‐Triassic rocks in Kashmir, Pakistan and Iran . Geologica et Palaeontologica , 13 : 239 – 248 .
  • Sweet , W.C. 1992 . “ A conodont‐based high‐resolution biostratigraphy for the Permo‐Triassic boundary interval ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 120 – 133 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Sweet , W.C. , Yang , Z. , Dickins , J.M. and Yin , H. 1992 . “ Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys‐ an overview ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 1 – 8 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Teichert , C. 1990 . “ The Permian‐Triassic boundary revisited ” . In Extinction events in Earth history , Edited by: Kauffman , E.G. and Walliser , O.H. 199 – 238 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Teichert , C. and Kummel , B. 1976 . Permian‐Triassic boundary in the Kap Stosch area, East Greenland . Meddelser om Gronland , 197 : 1 – 49 .
  • Tozer , E.T. 1965 . Lower Triassic Stages and ammonoid zones of Arctic Canada . Geological Survey of Canada Paper , 65–12 : 1 – 14 .
  • Tozer , E.T. 1967 . A standard for Triassic time . Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada , 156 : 103
  • Tozer , E.T. 1979 . The significance of the ammonoids Paratirolites and Otoceras in correlating the Permian‐Triassic boundary beds of Iran and the People's Republic of China . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 16 : 1524 – 1532 .
  • Tozer , E.T. 1988a . Definition of the Permian‐Triassic (P/T) boundary: the question of the age of the Otoceras Beds . Memoire della Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 291 – 301 .
  • Tozer , E.T. 1988b . Towards a definition of the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Episodes , 11 : 251 – 255 .
  • Trümpy , R. 1961 . “ Triassic of East Greenland ” . In Geology of the Arctic , Edited by: Raasch , G.O. 248 – 258 . Toronto University Press .
  • Triimpy , R. 1969 . Lower Triassic ammonites from Jameson Land (East Greenland) . Meddelser om Gronland , 168 : 77 – 116 .
  • Visscher , H. and Brugman , W.A. 1988 . The Permian‐Triassic boundary in the southern Alps: a palynological approach . Memoire de la Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 121 – 128 .
  • Wang , C. 1994 . A conodont‐based high‐resolution eventostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for the Permian‐Triassic boundaries in South China . Palaeoworld , 4 : 234 – 248 .
  • Wang , Y. 1984 . Earliest Triassic ammonoid fauna from Jiangsu and Zhejiang and its bearing on the definition of the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Acta Palaeontologica Sinica , 23 : 257 – 270 . [in Chinese with English summary]
  • Wang , K. , Geldsetzer , H.H.J. and Krouse , H.R. 1994 . Permian‐Triassic extinction: organic 5"3C evidence from British Columbia, Canada . Geology , 22 : 580 – 594 .
  • Wignall , P.B. and Hallman , A. 1992 . Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology , 93 : 21 – 46 .
  • Wignall , P.B. and Hallam , A. 1993 . Griesbachian (Earliest Triassic) palaeoenvironmental changes in the Salt Range, Pakistan and southeast China and their bearing on the Permo‐Triassic mass extinction . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology , 102 : 215 – 237 .
  • Wolbach , W.S. , Roegge , D.R. and Gilmour , I. The Permian‐Triassic of the Gartnerkofel‐1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): organic carbon isotope variation . GSA meeting . Houston. pp. 133 – 134 . New developments regarding the KIT event and other catastrophes in Earth history. . Abstract volume
  • Wu , S. 1993 . “ Regression and transgression by terminal Changxingian ” . In Permo‐Triassic events of South China , Edited by: Yang , Z. 15 – 20 . Beijing : Geological Publishing House .
  • Wu , S , Liu , J. and Zhu , Q. 1993 . “ The beginning, climax and amplitude of the transgression ” . In Permo‐Triassic events of South China , Edited by: Yang , Z. 9 – 15 . Beijing : Geological Publishing House .
  • Xu , G. and Grant , R.G. 1992 . “ Permo‐Triassic brachiopod succession and events in South China ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 98 – 108 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Yang , Z. 1988 . Advances of research on the Permian‐Triassic boundary in China . Memoire delta Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 269 – 276 .
  • Yang , Z. and Li , Z. 1992 . “ Permo‐Triassic boundary relations in South China ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 9 – 20 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Yao , J. and Li , Z. 1987 . Permian‐Triassic conodont faunas and the Permian‐Triassic boundary at the Selong section in Nylam County, Xizang, China. . Kexue Tongbau , 32 : 1555 – 1560 .
  • Yin , H. 1983 . Bivalves near the Permian‐Triassic boundary in South China . Geological Review , 29 : 303 – 320 .
  • Yin , H. 1985 . On the transitional bed and the Permian‐Triassic boundary in South China . Newsletters in Stratigraphy , 15 : 13 – 27 .
  • Yin , H. 1993 . Candidates for global stratotype sections of the Permian‐Triassic boundary . Albertiana , 12 : 45 – 49 .
  • Yin , H. , Yang , F. , Zhang , K. and Yang , W. 1988 . A proposal to the biostratigraphic criterion of Permian/Triassic boundary . Memoire della Societa de Geologia Italiana , 34 : 329 – 344 .
  • Yin , H. , Huang , S. , Zhang , K. , Hansen , H.J. , Yang , F. , Ding , M. and ie , X. 1992 . “ The effects of volcanism on the Permo‐Triassic mass extinction in South China ” . In Permo‐Triassic events in the eastern Tethys , Edited by: Sweet , W.C. 146 – 157 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Yin , H. , Wu , S. , Ding , M. , Zhang , K. , Tong , J. and Yang , F. 1994 . The Meishan section candidate of the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian‐Triassic boundary (PTB) . Albertiana , 14 : 15 – 31 .
  • Zhang , K. 1987 . The Permo‐Triassic conodont fauna in Changxing area, Zhejiang Province and its stratigraphic significance . Earth Science Journal of Wuhan College of Geology , 12 : 193 – 200 .
  • Zhao , J. , Sheng , J. , Yao , Z. , Liang , X. , Chen , C. , Rui , L. and Liao , Z. 1981 . “ The Changhsingian and Permian‐Triassic boundary of South China ” . In Bulletin of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology , 1 – 112 . Academia Sinica .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.