Notes
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- “the era itself witnessed quite limited intervention.” . Crisis and Leviathan , 83 2951119
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- Cochran , Thomas C. 1953 . Railroad Leaders, 1845–1890: The Business Mind in Action , 190 Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
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- Brock . Investigation and Responsibility 86
- Higgs . Crisis and Leviathan 106
- Sklar . Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism 109 – 10 .
- Chandler , Alfred D. Jr. 1990 . Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press . ch. 3
- Brock . Investigation and Responsibility 13 – 19 .
- Hays , Samuel P. 1957 . The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Wiebe . The Search for Order , 213 – 14 .
- Weinstein . The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State , 30 – 35 .
- Isaac Seligman in National Civic Federation . 1908 . Proceedings of the National Conference on Trusts and Combinations, 1907 , 174 – 5 . New York : National Civic Federation .
- Crawford , Peter Hamilton . 1963 . “Business Proposals for Government Regulation of Monopoly, 1887–1914” . 273 Columbia University . unpublished Ph.D. diss.
- National Civic Federation . 1912 . The Trust Problem , 7 New York : National Civic Federation .
- Skowronek , Stephen . 1982 . Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 , 4 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Higgs . Crisis and Leviathan , 55
- Heckscher , Eli F. 1955 . Mercantilism, , rev. ed. , vol. 1 , 43 New York : Macmillan .
- An early version of this paper was initially prepared for a conference on Robert Higgs's Crisis and Leviathan sponsored by the Pacific Institute and the Liberty Fund, October 9–12, 1986. For providing me with fresh insights into the Progressive Era and serving as a guide to the historical literature bearing on the issues discussed, I should like to thank James Livingston, whose recent book Origins of the Federal Reserve System is itself an important contribution to that literature (see n9 below). I must also thank the editor for his careful reading of and suggestions for the essay, and Lee Craig for his help in locating primary sources to help me respond to the editor's suggestions. The comments of three referees were also constructive, although I have not been able to respond to all of their suggestions. The essay is an outgrowth of related work (see n2 below) supported by the National Science Foundation under grant SES 8908272; an essay on big government should not neglect gratefully to acknowledge that assistance.