An experimental investigation of flame length of alcohol and N-heptane pool fires under air cross condition

References

• L. B. Craig, Fire Hazard Calculations for Large, Open Hydrocarbon Fires: The SFPE Hand Book of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd ed., NFPA, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 3268–3314, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• V. I. Blinov and G. N. Khudiakov, Diffusion Burning of Liquids, U. S. Army Translation. NTIS No. AD296762, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• M. Muñoz, J. Arnaldos, J. Casal, and E. Planas, Analysis of the Geometric and Radiative Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires, Combust. Flame, vol. 139, pp. 263–277, 2004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Ferrero, M. Muñoz, and J. Arnaldos, Effects of Thin-Layer Boilover on Flame Geometry and Dynamics in Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires, Fuel Process. Technol., vol. 88, pp. 227–235, 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Chen, S. X. Lu, and C. H. Li, Unsteady Burning of Thin-Layer Pool Fires, J. Fire Sci., vol. 30, pp. 3–15, 2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. H. Gao, J. Ji, H. X. Wan, K. Y. Li, and J. H. Sun, An Investigation of the Detailed Flame Shape and Flame Length Under the Ceiling of a Channel, P. Combust. Inst., vol. 35, pp. 2657–2664, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Ji, X. Y. Yuan, K. Y. Li, and J. H. Sun, Influence of the External Wind on Flame Shapes of n-heptane Pool Fires in Long Passage Connected to a Shaft. Combust. Flame, vol. 162, pp. 2098–2107, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. X. Wan, J. Ji, K. Y. Li, X. Y. Huang, J. H. Sun, and Y. M. Zhang, Effect of Air Entrainment on the Height of Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion flames for Two Fires in Open Space, Proc. Combust. Inst., 2016. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Karlsson and J. Quintiere, Enclosure Fire Dynamics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2002 (Chapter 4).
   Google Scholar
• E. Zukoski, B. Cetegen, and T. Kubota, Visible structure of buoyant diffusion flames, Symp. Combust. Proc., vol. 20, pp. 361–366, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• P. H. Thomas, On the Heights of Buoyant Flames, Fire Res. Note, vol. 489, pp. 1–15, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• P. H. Thomas, The Size of Flames from Natural Fires, Sym Combust, vol. 9, pp. 844–859, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• P. H. Thomas, The Size of Flames from Natural Fires, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Combustion, New York, Academic Press, 844–859, pp. 1963.
   Google Scholar
• X. K. Xiao, B. H. Cong, X. S. Wang, K. Q. Kuang, Richard K. K. Yuen, and G.X. Liao, On the Behavior of Flame Expansion in Pool Fire Extinguishment with Steam Jet, J. Fire Sci., vol. 29, pp. 339–360, 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. E. Zukoski, Fluid Dynamic Aspects of Room Fires, Int. Assoc. Fire Safety Sci., pp. 1–30, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• L. H. Hu, S. Liu, Y. Xu, and D. Li, A Wind Tunnel Experimental Study on Burning Rate Enhancement Behavior of Gasoline Pool Fires by Cross Air Flow, Combust. Flame, vol. 158, pp. 586–591, 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. H. Hu, L. Wu, and S. Liu, Flame Length Elongation Behavior of Medium Hydrocarbon Pool Fires in Cross Air Flow, Fuel, vol. 111, pp. 613–620, 2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Woods, B. Fleck, and L. Kostiuk, Effects of Transverse Air Flow on Burning Rates of Rectangular Methanol Pool Fires, Combust. Flame, vol. 146, pp. 379–390, 2006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. H. Hu, S. Liu, J. L. deRis, and L. Wu. A New Mathematical Quantification of Wind-Blown Flame Tilt Angle of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires with a New Global Correlation Model, Fuel, vol. 106, pp. 730–736, 2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. H. Hu, S. Liu, and L. Wu, Flame Radiation Feedback to Fuel Surface in Medium Ethanol and Heptane Pool Fires with Cross Air Flow, Combust. Flame, vol. 160, pp. 295–306, 2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Oka, O. Sugawa, T. Imamura, et al., Effect of cross winds to apparent flame height and tilt angle from several kinds of fire source, Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium of Fire Safety Science, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, pp. 915–926, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• O. A. Pipkin, and C. M. Sliepcevich, The Effect of Wind on Buoyant Diffusion Flames, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 3, pp. 147–154, 1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Hitoshi, O. Yasushi, S. Hiroomi, and S. Osami. Fire Properties in Near Field of Square Fire Source with Longitudinal Ventilation in Tunnels, Fire Safety J., vol. 38, pp. 319–340, 2003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Y. Wang and P. Joulain, Numerical Simulation of Wind-Aided Flame Propagation over Horizontal Surface of Liquid Fuel in a Model Tunnel, J. Loss Prevent. Proc., vol. 20, pp. 541–550, 2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.H. Hu, S. Liu, W. Peng, and R. Huo, Experimental Study on Burning Rates of Square/Rectangular Gasoline and Methanol Pool Fires under Longitudinal Air Flow in a Wind Tunnel, J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 169, pp. 972–979, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. F. Tao, Y. P. He, Y. Li, and X. S. Wang, Effects of Oblique Air Flow on Burning Rates of Square Ethanol Pool Fires, J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 260, pp. 552–562, 2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. F. Tao, X. S. Wang, and X. N. Zhang. Effects of Transverse Air Flow on Mass Loss Rate of Alcohol Pool Fires in an Inclined Wind Tunnel, J. Civ. Eng. Manag., vol. 21, pp. 798–803, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Heskestad, A Reduced-Scale Mass Fire Experiment, Combust. Flame, vol. 83, pp. 293–301, 1991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar