54
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Review
Does the “Hygiene Hypothesis” Provide an Explanation for the High Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Sardinia?

, , , &
Pages 257-260 | Received 25 Mar 2003, Accepted 17 Apr 2003, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Von Ehrenstein,.S., Von Mutius, E., Eli, S., Baumann, L., Bohm, 0. and von Kries, R. (2000) "Reduced risk of hay fever and asthma among children of farmers", Clin. Exp. Allergy 30, 187–193.
  • Strachan, D.P. (1989) "Hay fever, hygiene and household size", Br. Med. J. 299, 1259–1260.
  • Yazdanbakhsh, M., Kremsner, PG. and van Ree, R. (2002) "Allergy, parasites and the hygiene hypothesis", Science 296, 490–494.
  • Braun-Fahrlander, C., Riedler, J., Herz, U., et al. (2002) "Environmental exposure to endotoxin and ist relation to asthma in school-age children", N. EngL J. Med. 347, 869–877.
  • Ristori, G., Buzzi, M.G., Sabatini, U., et al. (1999) "Use of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis", Neurology 53, 1588–1589.
  • Matricardi, P.M., Rosmini, F., Riondino, S., et al. (2000) "Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study", Br. Med. J. 320, 412–417.
  • Pedotti, R., DeVoss, J.J., Youssef, S., et al. (2003) "Multiple elements of the allergic arm of the immune response modulate autoimmune demyelination", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, epub ahead of print.
  • Sewell, DL., Reinke, E.K., Hogan, L.H., Sandor, M. and Fabry, Z. (2002) "Immunoregulation of CNS autoimmunity by hehninth and mycobacterial infections", ImmunoL Lett. 82, 101–110.
  • Pugliatti, M., Sotgiu, S., Solinas, G., et al. (2001) "Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in Sardinia: evidence for a true increasing risk", Acta Neurol. Scand. 103, 20–26.
  • Muntoni, S., Stabilini, L., Stabilini, M., Mancosu, G. and Muntoni, S. (1995) "Steadily high IDDM incidence over 4 years in Sardinia", Diabetes Care 18, 1600–1601.
  • Marrosu, M.G., Cocco, E., Lai, M., Spinicci, G., Pischedda, M.P. and Contu, P. (2002) "Patients with multiple sclerosis and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Sardinia, Italy: a cohort study", Lancet 359, 1461–1465.
  • Rosati, G., Aiello, I., Granieri, E., et al. (1986) "Incidence of multiple sclerosis in Macomer, Sardinia, 1912-1981: onset of disease after 1950", Neurology 36, 14–19.
  • Sotgiu, S., Pugliatti, M., Sanna, A., et al. (2002) "Multiple sclerosis complexity in selected populations: the challenge of Sardinia, insular Italy", Eur. J. NeuroL 9, 329–341.
  • Pugliatti, M., Solinas, G., Sotgiu, S., Castiglia, P. and Rosati, G. (2002) "Multiple sclerosis distribution in northern Sardinia: spatial cluster analysis of prevalence", Neurology 58, 277–282.
  • Weiss, S.T. (2002) "Eat dirt. The hygiene hypothesis and allergic diseases", N. EngL J. Med. 347, 930–931.
  • Eaton, S.B., Strassman, B.I., Nesse, R.M., et al. (2002) "Evolutionary health promotion", Prey. Med. 34, 109–118.
  • Eggleston, PA., Buckley, T.J., Breysse, RN., Wills-Karp, M., Kleeberger, S.R. and Jaakkola, J.J. (1999) "The environment and asthma in U.S. inner cities", Environ. Health Perspect. 107, 439–450.
  • Aaby, R, Shaheen, SO., Heyes, C.B., et al. (2000) "Early BCG vaccination and reduction in atopy in Guinea-Bissau", Clin. Exp. Allergy 30, 644–650.
  • Alm, J.S., Lilja, G., Pershagen, G. and Scheynius, A. (1997) "Early BCG vaccination and development of atopy", Lancet 350, 400–403.
  • Liblau, R., Fontaine, B., Baron-Van Evercooren, A., Wekerle, H. and Lassmann, H. (2001) "Demyelinating diseases: from pathogenesis to repair strategies", Trends Neurosci. 24, 134–135.
  • Link, H. (1998) "The cytokine storm in multiple sclerosis", Mult. Scler. 4, 12–15.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.