T cell targeted immunotherapy for autoimmune disease

References

• Abramowicz D, Schandene L, Goldman M, Crusiaux A, Vereerstraeten P, De Pauw L, Wybran J, Kinnaert P, Dupont E, Toussaint C. Release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon in serum after injection of OKT3 monoclonal antibody in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1989; 47: 606–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy-Berard N, Revillard JP. Mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by antithymocyte globulins and OKT3. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: 435–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatenoud L, Ferran C, Reuter A, Legendre C, Gevaert Y, Kreis H, Franchimont P, Bach JF. Systemic reaction to the anti-T-cell monoclonal antibody OKT3 in relation to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma [corrected]. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1420–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatenoud L, Ferran C, Legendre C, Thouard I, Merite S, Reuter A, Gevaert Y, Kreis H, Franchimont P, Bach JF. In vivo cell activation following OKT3 administration. Systemic cytokine release and modulation by corticosteroids. Transplantation 1990; 49: 697–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman DJ, Shield CF, 3rd, Henell KR, Kimball J, Barry JM, Bennett WM, Leone M. Effectiveness of a second course of OKT3 monoclonal anti-T cell antibody for treatment of renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 1988; 46: 523–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protein Design Labs [Internet]. Nuvion®(visilizumab, anti-CD3) [cited 2005 July 24]. Available: http://www.pdl.com/index.cfm?navId=101
   Google Scholar
• Cole MS, Stellrecht KE, Shi JD, Homola M, Hsu DH, Anasetti C, Vasquez M, Tso JY. HuM291, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody, is immunosuppressive to T cells while exhibiting reduced mitogenicity in vitro. Transplantation 1999; 68: 563–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu DH, Shi JD, Homola M, Rowell TJ, Moran J, Levitt D, Druilhet B, Chinn J, Bullock C, Klingbeil C. A humanized anti-CD3 antibody, HuM291, with low mitogenic activity, mediates complete and reversible T-cell depletion in chimpanzees. Transplantation 1999; 68: 545–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman DJ, Vincenti F, de Mattos AM, Barry JM, Levitt DJ, Wedel NI, Maia M, Light SE. Phase I trial of HuM291, a humanized anti-CD3 antibody, in patients receiving renal allografts from living donors. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1707–1712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau LA, Tso JY, Melrose J, Madrenas J. HuM291(Nuvion), a humanized Fc receptor-nonbinding antibody against CD3, anergizes peripheral blood T cells as partial agonist of the T cell receptor. Transplantation 2001; 71: 941–950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouneaud C, Kourilsky P, Bousso P. Impact of negative selection on the T cell repertoire reactive to a self-peptide: A large fraction of T cell clones escapes clonal deletion. Immunity 2000; 13: 829–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman R, Hariharan K, Reff M, Anderson DR, Braslawsky G, Santoro D, Hanna N, Bugelski PJ, Brigham-Burke M, Crysler C, Gagnon RC, Dal Monte P, Doyle ML, Hensley PC, Reddy MP, Sweet RW, Truneh A. Modification of the Fc region of a primatized IgG antibody to human CD4 retains its ability to modulate CD4 receptors but does not deplete CD4(+) T cells in chimpanzees. Clin Immunol 2001; 98: 164–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy MP, Kinney CA, Chaikin MA, Payne A, Fishman-Lobell J, Tsui P, Dal Monte PR, Doyle ML, Brigham-Burke MR, Anderson D, Reff M, Newman R, Hanna N, Sweet RW, Truneh A. Elimination of Fc receptor-dependent effector functions of a modified IgG4 monoclonal antibody to human CD4. J Immunol 2000; 164: 1925–1933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Davis CB, Tobia LA, Kwok DC, Tucci MG, Gore ER, Herzyk DJ, Hart TK. Comparative pharmacodynamics of keliximab and clenoliximab in transgenic mice bearing human CD4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 293: 33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby CR, Morris PJ, Wood KJ. Evidence that long-term cardiac allograft survival induced by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody does not require depletion of CD4+ T cells. Transplantation 1992; 54: 483–490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Lubbe PA, Dijkmans BA, Markusse HM, Nassander U, Breedveld FC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1097–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field EH, Rouse TM, Fleming AL, Jamali I, Cowdery JS. Altered IFN-gamma and IL-4 pattern lymphokine secretion in mice partially depleted of CD4 T cells by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 1992; 149: 1131–1137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason U, Aldrich J, Breedveld F, Davis CB, Elliott M, Jackson M, Jorgensen C, Keystone E, Levy R, Tesser J, Totoritis M, Truneh A, Weisman M, Wiesenhutter C, Yocum D, Zhu J. CD4 coating, but not CD4 depletion, is a predictor of efficacy with primatized monoclonal anti-CD4 treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 220–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachelez H, Flageul B, Dubertret L, Fraitag S, Grossman R, Brousse N, Poisson D, Knowles RW, Wacholtz MC, Haverty TP, Chatenoud L, Bach JF. Treatment of recalcitrant plaque psoriasis with a humanized non-depleting antibody to CD4. J Autoimmun 1998; 11: 53–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Lebwohl M, Shirin S, Sherr A, Gilleaudeau P, Singer G, Solodkina G, Grossman R, Gisoldi E, Phillips S, Neisler HM, Krueger JG. Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: Results of a pilot, multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 595–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenschow DJ, Ho SC, Sattar H, Rhee L, Gray G, Nabavi N, Herold KC, Bluestone JA. Differential effects of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 monoclonal antibody treatment on the development of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 1145–1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Lenschow DJ, Pope JG, Karandikar NJ, Dal Canto MC, Bluestone JA. Blockade of CD28/B7-1 interaction prevents epitope spreading and clinical relapses of murine EAE. Immunity 1995; 3: 739–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saegusa K, Ishimaru N, Yanagi K, Haneji N, Nishino M, Azuma M, Saito I, Hayashi Y. Treatment with anti-CD86 costimulatory molecule prevents the autoimmune lesions in murine Sjogren's syndrome (SS) through up-regulated Th2 response. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119: 354–360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schopf RE. Idec-114 (Idec). Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 2: 635–638
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottlieb ABKS, Linden KG, Lebwohl M, Menter A, Abdulghani AA, Goldfarb M, Chieffo N, Totoritis MC. Evaluation of safety and clinical activity of multiple doses of the anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody, galiximab, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Clin Immunol 2004; 111: 28–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb AB, Lebwohl M, Totoritis MC, Abdulghani AA, Shuey SR, Romano P, Chaudhari U, Allen RS, Lizambri RG. Clinical and histologic response to single-dose treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with an anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47: 692–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet JF, Denizot F, Luciani MF, Roux-Dosseto M, Suzan M, Mattei MG, Golstein P. A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily—CTLA-4. Nature 1987; 328: 267–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsley PS, Greene JL, Brady W, Bajorath J, Ledbetter JA, Peach R. Human B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors. Immunity 1994; 1: 793–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner MC, Chambers CA, Chan FK, Hanke J, Winoto A, Allison JP. CTLA-4-Mediated inhibition of early events of T cell proliferation. J Immunol 1999; 162: 5813–5820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walunas TL, Bakker CY, Bluestone JA. CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2541–2550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krummel MF, Allison JP. CTLA-4 engagement inhibits IL-2 accumulation and cell cycle progression upon activation of resting T cells. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 2533–2540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen CP, Ritchie SC, Pearson TC, Linsley PS, Lowry RP. Functional expression of the costimulatory molecule, B7/BB1, on murine dendritic cell populations. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1215–1220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finck BK, Linsley PS, Wofsy D. Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig. Science 1994; 265: 1225–1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams JR, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Goldfarb MT, Goffe BS, Menter A, Lowe NJ, Krueger G, Brown MJ, Weiner RS, Birkhofer MJ, Warner GL, Berry KK, Linsley PS, Krueger JG, Ochs HD, Kelley SL, Kang S. CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 1243–1252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams JR, Kelley SL, Hayes E, Kikuchi T, Brown MJ, Kang S, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Linsley PS, Krueger JG. Blockade of T lymphocyte costimulation with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) reverses the cellular pathology of psoriatic plaques, including the activation of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192: 681–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Westhovens R, Leon M, Di Giorgio E, Alten R, Steinfeld S, Russell A, Dougados M, Emery P, Nuamah IF, Williams GR, Becker JC, Hagerty DT, Moreland LW. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1907–1915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders ME, Makgoba MW, Sharrow SO, Stephany D, Springer TA, Young HA, Shaw S. Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 1988; 140: 1401–1407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace DL, Beverley PC. Phenotypic changes associated with activation of CD45RA+ and CD45RO+T cells. Immunology 1990; 69: 460–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller GT, Hochman PS, Meier W, Tizard R, Bixler SA, Rosa MD, Wallner BP. Specific interaction of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 with CD2 can inhibit T cell responses. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 211–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majeau GR, Meier W, Jimmo B, Kioussis D, Hochman PS. Mechanism of lymphocyte function-associated molecule 3-Ig fusion proteins inhibition of T cell responses. Structure/function analysis in vitro and in human CD2 transgenic mice. J Immunol 1994; 152: 2753–2767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva AJ, Brickelmaier M, Majeau GR, Li Z, Su L, Hsu YM, Hochman PS. Alefacept, an immunomodulatory recombinant LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein, induces CD16 signaling and CD2/CD16-dependent apoptosis of CD2(+) cells. J Immunol 2002; 168: 4462–4471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebwohl M, Christophers E, Langley R, Ortonne JP, Roberts J, Griffiths CE. An international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of intramuscular alefacept in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 719–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger GG. Selective targeting of T cell subsets: Focus on alefacept–a remittive therapy for psoriasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2: 431–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis CN, Krueger GG. Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis by selective targeting of memory effector T lymphocytes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 248–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon KB, Vaishnaw AK, O'Gorman J, Haney J, Menter A. Treatment of psoriasis with alefacept: Correlation of clinical improvement with reductions of memory T-cell counts. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 1563–1570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biogen IDEC [Internet]., Amevive® (Alefacept) appears to improve patients' psoriatic arthritis in phase II study.[cited 2005 July 25] Available: http://www.biogenidec.com/news/BiogenIDECPR_068.htm
   Google Scholar
• Werther WA, Gonzalez TN, O'Connor SJ, McCabe S, Chan B, Hotaling T, Champe M, Fox JA, Jardieu PM, Berman PW, Presta LG. Humanization of an anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 monoclonal antibody and reengineering of the humanized antibody for binding to rhesus LFA-1. J Immunol 1996; 157: 4986–4995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cather JC, Abramovits W. Investigational therapies for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: S133–S138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb A, Krueger JG, Bright R, Ling M, Lebwohl M, Kang S, Feldman S, Spellman M, Wittkowski K, Ochs HD, Jardieu P, Bauer R, White M, Dedrick R, Garovoy M. Effects of administration of a single dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD11a on the immunobiology and clinical activity of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 428–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon KB, Papp KA, Hamilton TK, Walicke PA, Dummer W, Li N, Bresnahan BW, Menter A. Efalizumab for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 3073–3080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Bissonnette R, Krueger JG, Carey W, Gratton D, Gulliver WP, Lui H, Lynde CW, Magee A, Minier D, Ouellet JP, Patel P, Shapiro J, Shear NH, Kramer S, Walicke P, Bauer R, Dedrick RL, Kim SS, White M, Garovoy MR. The treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with a new anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: 665–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genetech and Xoma [Internet]. Raptiva.[cited 2005 July 24] http://www.raptiva.com/safety/index.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Elices MJ. Natalizumab. Elan/Biogen. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 4: 1354–1362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumpfel T, Heydari N, Hohlfeld R. Antegren (natalizumab). A promising new approach to therapy of multiple sclerosis. Nervenarzt 2002; 73: 552–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH, Malchow HA, Rask-Madsen J, Rutgeerts P, Vyhnalek P, Zadorova Z, Palmer T, Donoghue S. Natalizumab for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 24–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Antiadhesion molecule therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002; 8: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg JM, Saini R, Tutrone WD. Biologic therapy for psoriasis—the first wave: Infliximab, etanercept, efalizumab, and alefacept. J Drugs Dermatol 2002; 1: 303–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, Teoh LA, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: The ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 35–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini R, Clair EW, St, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M, Smolen J, Emery P, Harriman G, Feldmann M, Lipsky P. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: A randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 1999; 354: 1932–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoni C, Krueger GG, de Vlam K, Birbara C, Beutler A, Guzzo C, Zhou B, Dooley LT, Kavanaugh A. Infliximab improves signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis: Results of the IMPACT 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2005
   Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ. New concepts in anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2005; 5: 10–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choy EH, Hazleman B, Smith M, Moss K, Lisi L, Scott DG, Patel J, Sopwith M, Isenberg DA. Efficacy of a novel PEGylated humanized anti-TNF fragment (CDP870) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A phase II double-blinded, randomized, dose-escalating trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 1133–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy EH, Rankin EC, Kassimos D, Vetterlein O, Garyfallos A, Ravirajan CT, Sopwith M, Eastell R, Kingsley GH, Isenberg DA, Panayi GS. The engineered human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody CDP571 inhibits inflammatory pathways but not T cell activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2310–2317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JD, Griffiths CE. Cytokine blocking agents in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 585–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi CL, Powers JL, Matheson RT, Goffe BS, Zitnik R, Wang A, Gottlieb AB. Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2014–2022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 253–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, Weaver AL, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Mease PJ, Ruderman EM, Horwitz DA, Arkfeld DG, Garrison L, Burge DJ, Blosch CM, Lange ML, McDonnell ND, Weinblatt ME. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 478–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoreschi K, Thomas P, Breit S, Dugas M, Mailhammer R, van Eden W, van der Zee R, Biedermann T, Prinz J, Mack M, Mrowietz U, Christophers E, Schlondorff D, Plewig G, Sander CA, Rocken M. Interleukin-4 therapy of psoriasis induces Th2 responses and improves human autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2003; 9: 40–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoreschi KRM. Immune deviation strategies in the therapy of psoriasis. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2004; 3: 193–198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrenstein MREJ, Singh A, Moore S, Warnes G, Isenberg DA, Mauri C. Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFalpha therapy. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 277–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breshnihan B. Anakinra as a new therapeutic option in rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical results and perspectives. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20(5 Suppl 27)S32–S34
   Google Scholar
• Bresnihan B. The safety and efficacy of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001; 30: 17–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresnihan B, Newmark R, Robbins S, Genant HK. Effects of anakinra monotherapy on joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Extension of a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 1103–1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, Cobby M, Bresnihan B, Aitchison R, McCabe D. A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1001–1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann TA. The multi-subunit interleukin-2 receptor. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 875–911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen CM, Harrison PV. Successful treatment of severe psoriasis with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000; 25: 195–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Zhu K, Christophers E. Treatment of severe psoriasis with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 675–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim A, Emerson RM, Dalziel KL. Successful treatment of severe generalized pustular psoriasis with basiliximab (interleukin-2 receptor blocker). Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 1121–1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche G, Dalle I, Noman M, Aerden I, Swijsen C, Asnong K, Maes B, Ceuppens J, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. A pilot study on the use of the humanized anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody daclizumab in active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 369–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protein Designs Labs [Internet]. Daclizumab (anti-CD25).[cited 2005 July 24] http://www.pdl.com/index.cfm?navId=99
   Google Scholar
• Asadullah K, Sterry W, Trefzer U. Cytokines: Interleukin and interferon therapy in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 578–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepicchio WL, Ozawa M, Walters IB, Kikuchi T, Gilleaudeau P, Bliss JL, Schwertschlag U, Dorner AJ, Krueger JG. Interleukin-11 therapy selectively downregulates type I cytokine proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis lesions. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 1527–1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Christophers E, Altmeyer P. Treatment of severe psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: Scientific background and guidelines for therapeutic use. The German Fumaric Acid Ester Consensus Conference. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 424–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Asadullah K. Dimethylfumarate for psoriasis: More than a dietary curiosity. Trends Mol Med 2005; 11: 43–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormerod AD, Mrowietz U. Fumaric acid esters, their place in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 630–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biogen Idec [Internet]. Product Pipeline.[cited 2005 July 24] Available: http://www.biogen.com/site/025.html
   Google Scholar
• Leung BP, Sattar N, Crilly A, Prach M, McCarey DW, Payne H, Madhok R, Campbell C, Gracie JA, Liew FY, McInnes IB. A novel anti-inflammatory role for simvastatin in inflammatory arthritis. J Immunol 2003; 170: 1524–1530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuve O, Youssef S, Steinman L, Zamvil SS. Statins as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammatory disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2003; 16: 393–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaszynski KM, Liu H, Loo KK, Voskuhl RR. Estriol treatment ameliorates disease in males with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Implications for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 149: 84–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu HB, Loo KK, Palaszynski K, Ashouri J, Lubahn DB, Voskuhl RR. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates estrogen's immune protection in autoimmune disease. J Immunol 2003; 171: 6936–6940
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srinivasan SK, Iversen P. Review of in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicology of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. J Clin Lab Anal 1995; 9: 129–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacyshyn BR, Chey WY, Goff J, Salzberg B, Baerg R, Buchman AL, Tami J, Yu R, Gibiansky E, Shanahan WR. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of the remission inducing and steroid sparing properties of an ICAM-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, alicaforsen (ISIS 2302), in active steroid dependent Crohn's disease. Gut 2002; 51: 30–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Malchow H, Kruis W, Lochs H, Raedler A, Hahn EG, Krummenerl T, Steinmann G. Absence of efficacy of subcutaneous antisense ICAM-1 treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1339–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacyshyn BR, Barish C, Goff J, Dalke D, Gaspari M, Yu R, Tami J, Dorr FA, Sewell KL. Dose ranging pharmacokinetic trial of high-dose alicaforsen (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide) (ISIS 2302) in active Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1761–1770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewirtz AT, Sitaraman SA. Isis Pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 2: 1401–1406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennewell P. Technology evaluation: ISIS-104838, OraSense. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2003; 5: 76–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machen J, Harnaha J, Lakomy R, Styche A, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Antisense oligonucleotides down-regulating costimulation confer diabetes-preventive properties to nonobese diabetic mouse dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004; 173: 4331–4341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zon G. Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides: Introductory concepts and possible molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 419–424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Nun A, Wekerle H, Cohen IR. Vaccination against autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T-lymphocyte line cells reactive against myelin basic protein. Nature 1981; 292: 60–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holoshitz J, Frenkel A, Ben-Nun A, Cohen IR. Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mediated or prevented by T lymphocyte lines directed against diverse antigenic determinants of myelin basic protein. Vaccination is determinant specific. J Immunol 1983; 131: 2810–2813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lider O, Shinitzky M, Cohen IR. Vaccination against experimental autoimmune diseases using T lymphocytes treated with hydrostatic pressure. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 475: 267–273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lider O, Karin N, Shinitzky M, Cohen IR. Therapeutic vaccination against adjuvant arthritis using autoimmune T cells treated with hydrostatic pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 4577–4580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron R, Zerubavel R, Friedman A, Cohen IR. T lymphocyte line specific for thyroglobulin produces or vaccinates against autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. J Immunol 1983; 131: 2316–2322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakimoto K, Katsuki M, Hirofuji T, Iwata H, Koga T. Isolation of T cell line capable of protecting mice against collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 1988; 140: 78–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beraud E, Kotake S, Caspi RR, Oddo SM, Chan CC, Gery I, Nussenblatt RB. Control of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by low dose T cell vaccination. Cell Immunol 1992; 140: 112–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Yehuda A, Bar-Tana R, Livoff A, Ron N, Cohen IR, Naparstek Y. Lymph node cell vaccination against the lupus syndrome of MRL/lpr/lpr mice. Lupus 1996; 5: 232–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elias D, Reshef T, Birk OS, van der Zee R, Walker MD, Cohen IR. Vaccination against autoimmune mouse diabetes with a T-cell epitope of the human 65-kDa heat shock protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3088–3091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correale J, Lund B, McMillan M, Ko DY, McCarthy K, Weiner LP. T cell vaccination in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 107: 130–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JI. Toward understanding the molecular basis for attenuation of picornaviruses. Adv Virus Res 1989; 36: 153–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lider O, Reshef T, Beraud E, Ben-Nun A, Cohen IR. Anti-idiotypic network induced by T cell vaccination against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1988; 239: 181–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achiron A, Lavie G, Kishner I, Stern Y, Sarova-Pinhas I, Ben-Aharon T, Barak Y, Raz H, Lavie M, Barliya T, Faibel M, Cohen IR, Mandel M. T cell vaccination in multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting nonresponders patients. Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 155–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JZ, Rivera VM, Tejada-Simon MV, Yang D, Hong J, Li S, Haykal H, Killian J, Zang YC. T cell vaccination in multiple sclerosis: Results of a preliminary study. J Neurol 2002; 249: 212–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Raus J. Clonal depletion of human myelin basic protein-reactive T-cells by T-cell vaccination. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 756: 323–326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medaer R, Stinissen P, Truyen L, Raus J, Zhang J. Depletion of myelin-basic-protein autoreactive T cells by T-cell vaccination: Pilot trial in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1995; 346: 807–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acha-Orbea H, Mitchell DJ, Timmermann L, Wraith DC, Tausch GS, Waldor MK, Zamvil SS, McDevitt HO, Steinman L. Limited heterogeneity of T cell receptors from lymphocytes mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis allows specific immune intervention. Cell 1988; 54: 263–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson T, Edenius C, Ferm M, Samuelson P, Torrang A, Wallstrom E, Khademi M, Andersson M, Arfors L. Depletion of Vbeta5.2/5.3 T cells with a humanized antibody in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 153–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourdette DN, Whitham RH, Chou YK, Morrison WJ, Atherton J, Kenny C, Liefeld D, Hashim GA, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. Immunity to TCR peptides in multiple sclerosis. I. Successful immunization of patients with synthetic V beta 5.2 and V beta 6.1 CDR2 peptides. J Immunol 1994; 152: 2510–2519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai K, Zamvil SS, Mitchell DJ, Lim M, Rothbard JB, Steinman L. Characterization of a major encephalitogenic T cell epitope in SJL/J mice with synthetic oligopeptides of myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 1988; 19: 21–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell MD, Winters ST, Olee T, Powell HC, Carlo DJ, Brostoff SW. Vaccination against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with T cell receptor peptides. Science 1989; 246: 668–670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbark AA, Hashim G, Offner H. Immunization with a synthetic T-cell receptor V-region peptide protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nature 1989; 341: 541–544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DB, Golding AB, Smith RA, Dafashy T, Nelson J, Smith L, Carlo DJ, Brostoff SW, Gold DP. Results of a phase I clinical trial of a T-cell receptor peptide vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis. I. Analysis of T-cell receptor utilization in CSF cell populations. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76: 15–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan EE, Nardo CJ, Diveley JP, Kunin J, Bartholomew RM, Moss RB, Carlo DJ. Vaccination with a CDR2 BV6S2/6S5 peptide in adjuvant induces peptide-specific T-cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64: 298–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbark AA, Morgan E, Bartholomew R, Bourdette D, Whitham R, Carlo D, Gold D, Hashim G, Offner H. TCR peptide therapy in human autoimmune diseases. Neurochem Res 2001; 26: 713–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, Heck LW, Jr, Koopman WJ, Saway PA, Adamson TC, Fronek Z, O'Connor RD, Morgan EE, Diveley JP, Richieri SP, Carlo DJ, Brostoff SW. V beta 17 T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of phase I dose escalation study. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1353–1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, Morgan EE, Adamson TC, 3rd, Fronek Z, Calabrese LH, Cash JM, Markenson JA, Matsumoto AK, Bathon J, Matteson EL, Uramoto KM, Weyand CM, Koopman WJ, Heck LW, Strand V, Diveley JP, Carlo DJ, Nardo CJ, Richieri SP, Brostoff SW. T cell receptor peptide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis: A placebo-controlled trial using a combination of Vbeta3, Vbeta14, and Vbeta17 peptides. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1919–1929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitta T, Oksenberg JR, Rao NA, Steinman L. Predominant expression of T cell receptor V alpha 7 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of uveal melanoma. Science 1990; 249: 672–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksenberg JR, Sherritt M, Begovich AB, Erlich HA, Bernard CC, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L. T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 988–992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Maglione J, Thatte J, Pederson B, Sercarz E, Ward ES. Induction of a type 1 regulatory CD4 T cell response following V beta 8.2 DNA vaccination results in immune deviation and protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunol 2001; 13: 835–841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhrober A, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Vaccination with T cell receptor peptides primes anti-receptor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and anergizes T cells specifically recognized by these CTL. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 1172–1180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Offner H, Vainiene M, Celnik B, Weinberg AD, Buenafe A, Vandenbark AA. Coculture of TCR peptide-specific T cells with basic protein-specific T cells inhibits proliferation, IL-3 mRNA, and transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1994; 153: 4988–4996
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar V, Sercarz E. Self-determinant selection and selective regulation. Chem Immunol 1995; 60: 1–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margalit H, Spouge JL, Cornette JL, Cease KB, Delisi C, Berzofsky JA. Prediction of immunodominant helper T cell antigenic sites from the primary sequence. J Immunol 1987; 138: 2213–2229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbard JB, Taylor WR. A sequence pattern common to T cell epitopes. EMBO J 1988; 7: 93–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broeren CP, Lucassen MA, van Stipdonk MJ, van der Zee R, Boog CJ, Kusters JG, van Eden W. CDR1 T-cell receptor beta-chain peptide induces major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T-T cell interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 5997–6001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainiene M, Celnik B, Vandenbark AA, Hashim GA, Offner H. Natural immunodominant and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-protective determinants within the Lewis rat V beta 8.2 sequence include CDR2 and framework 3 idiotopes. J Neurosci Res 1996; 43: 137–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Offner H, Vainiene M, Gold DP, Celnik B, Wang R, Hashim GA, Vandenbark AA. Characterization of the immune response to a secondary encephalitogenic epitope of basic protein in Lewis rats. I. T cell receptor peptide regulation of T cell clones expressing cross-reactive V beta genes. J Immunol 1992; 148: 1706–1711
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anthony DD, Heeger PS, Haqqi TM. Immunization with TCR Vbeta10 peptide reduces the frequency of type-II collagen-specific Th1 type T cells in BUB/BnJ (H-2q) mice. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 385–394
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waisman A, Ruiz PJ, Hirschberg DL, Gelman A, Oksenberg JR, Brocke S, Mor F, Cohen IR, Steinman L. Suppressive vaccination with DNA encoding a variable region gene of the T-cell receptor prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis and activates Th2 immunity. Nat Med 1996; 2: 899–905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakoshi A, Yoon WK, Jee Y, Matsumoto Y. Characterization of the antigen specificity and TCR repertoire, and TCR-based DNA vaccine therapy in myelin basic protein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. J Immunol 2003; 170: 6371–6378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haga M, Tsuchida M, Hirahara H, Watanabe T, Hayashi JI, Watanabe H, Matsumoto Y, Abo T, Eguchi S. Synergistic effect of anti-T cell receptor monoclonal antibody and 15-deoxyspergualin on cardiac xenograft survival in a mouse-to-rat model. Transplantation 2000; 69: 2613–2621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciernik IF, Berzofsky JA, Carbone DP. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antitumor immunity with DNA vaccines expressing single T cell epitopes. J Immunol 1996; 156: 2369–2375
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu D, Spellerberg MB, Thompsett A, King CA, Hamblin TJ, Stevenson FK. DNA vaccination as cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25: 743–747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrengelas AD, Chen TT, Levy R. DNA immunization induces protective immunity against B-cell lymphoma. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1038–1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim I, Levy S, Levy R. A nine-amino acid peptide from IL-1beta augments antitumor immune responses induced by protein and DNA vaccines. J Immunol 1996; 157: 5503–5511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu S, Arthos J, Montefiori DC, Yasutomi Y, Manson K, Mustafa F, Johnson E, Santoro JC, Wissink J, Mullins JI, Haynes JR, Letvin NL, Wyand M, Robinson HL. Simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine trial in macaques. J Virol 1996; 70: 3978–3991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry MA, Lai WC, Johnston SA. Protection against mycoplasma infection using expression-library immunization. Nature 1995; 377: 632–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertmer TM, Roberts TR, Haynes JR. Influenza virus nucleoprotein-specific immunoglobulin G subclass and cytokine responses elicited by DNA vaccination are dependent on the route of vector DNA delivery. J Virol 1996; 70: 6119–6125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz E, Tighe H, Sato Y, Corr M, Dudler JA, Roman M, Swain SL, Spiegelberg HL, Carson DA. Preferential induction of a Th1 immune response and inhibition of specific IgE antibody formation by plasmid DNA immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 5141–5145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltquate DM, Heaney S, Webster RG, Robinson HL. Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunization. J Immunol 1997; 158: 2278–2284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon B, An LL, Whitton JL, von Herrath MG. DNA immunization to prevent autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 189–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasa B, Boehm BO, Fortnagel A, Karges W, Van Gunst K, Jung N, Camacho SA, Webb SR, Sarvetnick N. Vaccination with glutamic acid decarboxylase plasmid DNA protects mice from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes and B7/CD28 costimulation circumvents that protection. Clin Immunol 2001; 99: 241–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbanek-Ruiz I, Ruiz PJ, Steinman L, Fathman CG. Immunomodulatory vaccination in autoimmune disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31: 441–456, viii-ix
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by a DNA vaccine encoding human heat shock protein 60. J Immunol 2002; 169: 3422–3428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evavold BD, Sloan-Lancaster J, Allen PM. Tickling the TCR: Selective T-cell functions stimulated by altered peptide ligands. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 602–609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bielekova B, Martin R. Antigen-specific immunomodulation via altered peptide ligands. J Mol Med 2001; 79: 552–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan-Lancaster J, Shaw AS, Rothbard JB, Allen PM. Partial T cell signaling: Altered phospho-zeta and lack of zap70 recruitment in APL-induced T cell anergy. Cell 1994; 79: 913–922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe PD, Qin Y, Conlon PJ, Antel JP. NBI-5788, an altered MBP83-99 peptide, induces a T-helper 2-like immune response in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 2000; 48: 758–765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderton SM. Peptide-based immunotherapy of autoimmunity: A path of puzzles, paradoxes and possibilities. Immunology 2001; 104: 367–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashiro H, Hozumi N, Nakano N. Development of CD25(+) T cells secreting transforming growth factor-beta1 by altered peptide ligands expressed as self-antigens. Int Immunol 2002; 14: 857–865
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paas-Rozner M, Sela M, Mozes E. A dual altered peptide ligand down-regulates myasthenogenic T cell responses by up-regulating CD25- and CTLA-4-expressing CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 6676–6681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDevitt H. Specific antigen vaccination to treat autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(Suppl 2)14627–14630
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniel D, Wegmann DR. Intranasal administration of insulin peptide B: 9-23 protects NOD mice from diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 778: 371–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel D, Wegmann DR. Protection of nonobese diabetic mice from diabetes by intranasal or subcutaneous administration of insulin peptide B-(9-23). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 956–960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abulafia-Lapid R, Elias D, Raz I, Keren-Zur Y, Atlan H, Cohen IR. T cell proliferative responses of type 1 diabetes patients and healthy individuals to human hsp60 and its peptides. J Autoimmun 1999; 12: 121–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZJ, Davidson L, Eisenbarth G, Weiner HL. Suppression of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by oral administration of porcine insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10252–10256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK, Luchetta R. Insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice reduced by prophylactic insulin therapy. Diabetes 1990; 39: 933–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir A, Peck A, Clare-Salzler M, Song YH, Cornelius J, Luchetta R, Krischer J, Maclaren N. Insulin immunization of nonobese diabetic mice induces a protective insulitis characterized by diminished intraislet interferon-gamma transcription. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 628–634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz I, Elias D, Avron A, Tamir M, Metzger M, Cohen IR. Beta-cell function in new-onset type 1 diabetes and immunomodulation with a heat-shock protein peptide (DiaPep277): A randomised, double-blind, phase II trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 1749–1753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedotti R, Sanna M, Tsai M, DeVoss J, Steinman L, McDevitt H, Galli SJ. Severe anaphylactic reactions to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) self peptides in NOD mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. BMC Immunol 2003; 4: 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han B, Serra P, Amrani A, Yamanouchi J, Maree AF, Edelstein-Keshet L, Santamaria P. Prevention of diabetes by manipulation of anti-IGRP autoimmunity: High efficiency of a low-affinity peptide. Nat Med 2005; 11: 645–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisman E, Katz-Levy Y, Dayan M, Kirshner SL, Paas-Rozner M, Karni A, Abramsky O, Brautbar C, Fridkin M, Sela M, Mozes E. Peptide analogs to pathogenic epitopes of the human acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit as potential modulators of myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 4492–4497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dayan M, Sthoeger Z, Neiman A, Abarbanel J, Sela M, Mozes E. Immunomodulation by a dual altered peptide ligand of autoreactive responses to the acetylcholine receptor of peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with myasthenia gravis. Hum Immunol 2004; 65: 571–577
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kappos L, Comi G, Panitch H, Oger J, Antel J, Conlon P, Steinman L. Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial. The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1176–1182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R. Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83–99) in multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1167–1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Ford CC, Goodman A, Guarnaccia J, Lisak RP, Myers LW, Panitch HS, Pruitt A, Rose JW, Kachuck N, Wolinsky JS. Sustained clinical benefits of glatiramer acetate in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients observed for 6 years. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Mult Scler 2000; 6: 255–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldman C, Hohne A, Dieckmann D, Schuler G, Hertl M. Type I regulatory T cells specific for desmoglein 3 are more frequently detected in healthy individuals than in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Immunol 2004; 172: 6468–6475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglietta V, Baecher-Allan C, Weiner HL, Hafler DA. Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 971–979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machen J, Harnaha J, Lakomy R, Styche A, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Antisense oligonucleotides down-regulating costimulation confer diabetes-preventive properties to nonobese diabetic mouse dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004; 173: 4331–4341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filaci G, Bacilieri S, Fravega M, Monetti M, Contini P, Ghio M, Setti M, Puppo F, Indiveri F. Impairment of CD8+ T suppressor cell function in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6452–6457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balashov KE, Khoury SJ, Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Inhibition of T cell responses by activated human CD8+ T cells is mediated by interferon-gamma and is defective in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2711–2719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faunce DE, Terajewicz A, Stein-Streilein J. Cutting edge: In vitro-generated tolerogenic APC induce CD8+ T regulatory cells that can suppress ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2004; 172: 1991–1995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molteni M, Rossetti C, Scrofani S, Bonara P, Scorza R, Kohn LD. Regulatory CD8+ T cells control thyrotropin receptor-specific CD4+ clones in healthy subjects. Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27: 167–174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee E, Rizzo C, Dionisio R, Nguyen D, Chow S, Spizuoco A, Sinha AA. Autoantigen specific CD8+CD28-IFN-g+ T cells are associated with remittent disease in pemphigus vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124: A15
   Google Scholar
• Bluestone JA, Tang Q. Therapeutic vaccination using CD4+CD25+ antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(Suppl 2)14622–14626
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang Q, Henriksen KJ, Bi M, Finger EB, Szot G, Ye J, Masteller EL, McDevitt H, Bonyhadi M, Bluestone JA. In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 1455–1465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Dudley ME. Cancer regression in patients with metastatic melanoma after the transfer of autologous antitumor lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(Suppl 2)14639–14645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US National Institutes of Health and National Library of Medicine [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov.[cited 2005 July 24]. Available: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct.
   Google Scholar
• Utset TO, Auger JA, Peace D, Zivin RA, Xu D, Jolliffe L, Alegre ML, Bluestone JA, Clark MR. Modified anti-CD3 therapy in psoriatic arthritis: A phase I/II clinical trial. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1907–1913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisikirska BC, Herold KC. Use of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody to induce immune regulation in type 1 diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1037: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kon OM, Sihra BS, Compton CH, Leonard TB, Kay AB, Barnes NC. Randomised, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study of chimeric antibody to CD4 (keliximab) in chronic severe asthma. Lancet 1998; 352: 1109–1113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepburn TW, Totoritis MC, Davis CB. Antibody-mediated stripping of CD4 from lymphocyte cell surface in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 54–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mould DR, Davis CB, Minthorn EA, Kwok DC, Elliott MJ, Luggen ME, Totoritis MC. A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of single doses of clenoliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 246–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Haverty TP, Wacholtz MC, Lipsky PE. Reduction of Th1 cell activity in the peripheral circulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with a non-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2065–2076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skov L, Kragballe K, Zachariae C, Obitz ER, Holm EA, Jemec GB, Solvsten H, Ibsen HH, Knudsen L, Jensen P, Petersen JH, Menne T, Baadsgaard O. HuMax-CD4: A fully human monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 1433–1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhlouf L, Grey ST, Dong V, Csizmadia E, Arvelo MB, Auchincloss H, Jr, Ferran C, Sayegh MH. Depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody cures new-onset diabetes, prevents recurrent autoimmune diabetes, and delays allograft rejection in nonobese diabetic mice. Transplantation 2004; 77: 990–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AntisenseLimited [Internet]. ATL-1102[cited 2005 July 24]. Available: http://www.antisense.com.au/currdev.asp?sid=8&pid=2
   Google Scholar
• Maksymowych WP, Blackburn WD, Jr, Tami JA, Shanahan WR, Jr. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 447–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Baker JP, Cominelli F, Sutherland LR, Elson CO, Salzberg BA, Archambault A, Bernstein CN, Lichtenstein GR, Heath PK, Cameron S, Hanauer SB. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of CDP571, a humanized monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with corticosteroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 373–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller DM, Osman G, Kanagawa O, Hood L. Prevention and treatment of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with T cell receptor V beta-specific antibodies. J Exp Med 1990; 171: 1943–1955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung S, Kramer S, Schluesener HJ, Hunig T, Toyka K, Hartung HP. Prevention and therapy of experimental autoimmune neuritis by an antibody against T cell receptors-alpha/beta. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3768–3775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stienekemeier M, Weishaupt A, Gold R. Depletion of Vbeta4 TCR does not induce resistance to EAN—further evidence for diversity of TCR usage. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 101: 34–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pozzilli P, Pitocco D, Visalli N, Cavallo MG, Buzzetti R, Crino A, Spera S, Suraci C, Multari G, Cervoni M, Manca Bitti ML, Matteoli MC, Marietti G, Ferrazzoli F, Cassone Faldetta MR, Giordano C, Sbriglia M, Sarugeri E, Ghirlanda G. No effect of oral insulin on residual beta-cell function in recent-onset type I diabetes (the IMDIAB VII). IMDIAB Group. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 1000–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Group DPTTDS. Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1685–1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKown KM, Carbone LD, Kaplan SB, Aelion JA, Lohr KM, Cremer MA, Bustillo J, Gonzalez M, Kaeley G, Steere EL, Somes GW, Myers LK, Seyer JM, Kang AH, Postlethwaite AE. Lack of efficacy of oral bovine type II collagen added to existing therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1204–1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar