Infection and vaccination in chronic fatigue syndrome: Myth or reality?

References

• Steele L, Dobbins JG, Fukuda K, Reyes M, Randall B, Koppel man M, Reeves WC. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue in San Francisco. Am J Med 1998; 105: 83S–90S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus SE. The chronic mononucleosis syndrome. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 405–412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda K, Straus S, Hickie I, Sharpe M, Dobbins J, Komaroff A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 953–959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe M, Archard LC, Banatvala JE. A report chronic fatigue syndrome: Guidelines for research. J R Soc Med 1991; 84: 118–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poteliakhoff A. Adrenocortical activity and some clinical findings in chronic fatigue. J Psychosom Res 1981; 25: 91–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorkens G, Berwaerts J, Wynants H, Abs R. Characterization of pituitary function with emphasis on GH secretion in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53: 99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleare AJ, Blair D, Chambers S, Wessely S. Urinary free cortisol in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 641–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleare AJ, Miell J, Heap E, Sookdeo S, Young L, Malhi GS, O'Keane V. Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis function in chronic fatigue syndrome, and the effects of low-dose hydrocortisone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3545–3554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleare AJ, Heap E, Malhi GS, Wessely S, O'Keane V, Miell J. Low-dose hydrocortisonee in chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomised crossover trial. Lancet 1999; 353(6)455–458
   Google Scholar
• Scott LV, Svec F, Dinan T. A preliminary study of dehydroepiandrosterone response to low-dose ACTH in chronic fatigue syndrome and in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Res 2000; 97: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratsune H, Yamaguti K, Sawada M, Kodate S, Machii T, Kanakura Y, Kitani T. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate deficiency in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Mol Med 1998; 1: 143–146
   Google Scholar
• Moorkens G, Wynants H, Abs R. Effect of growth hormone treatment in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: A preliminary study. Growth Horm IGF Res 1998; 8: 131–133
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy G, Spence V, Underwood C, Belch JJ. Increased neutrophil apoptosis in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 891–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patarca R. Cytokines and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 933: 185–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrity TR, Bates J, Bell DS, Chrousos G, Furst G, Hedrick T, Hurwitz B, Kula RW, Levine SM, Moore RC, Schondorf R. Chronic fatigue syndrome: What role does the autonomic nervous system play in the pathophysiology of this complex illness?. Neuroimmunomodulation 2002/2003; 10: 134–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naschitz JE, Yeshurun D, Rosner I. Dysautonomia in chronic fatigue syndrome: Facts, hypotheses, implications. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62: 203–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachrisson O, Colque-Navarro P, Gottfries CG, Regland B, Mollby R. Immune modulation with a staphylococcal preparation in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: Relation between antibody levels and clinical improvement. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23: 98–105, Epub 2004 January 20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins JB, Bleijenberg G, Bazelmans E, Elving LD, de Boo TM, Severens JL, van der Wilt GJ, Spinhoven P, van der Meer JW. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 357(9259)841–847, 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold D, Bowden R, Sixbey J, Riggs R, Katon WJ, Ashley R, Obrigewitch R, Corey L. Chronic fatigue: A prospective clinical and virologic study. JAMA 1990; 264: 48–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natelson BH, Haghighi MH, Ponzio NM. A review of the evidence on the presence of immune dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 747–752
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerner AM, Dworkin HJ, Sayyed T, Chang CH, Fitzgerald JT, Beqaj S, Deeter RG, Goldstein J, Gottipolu P, O'Neill W. Prevalence of abnormal cardiac wall motion in the cardiomyopathy associated with incomplete multiplication of Epstein-barr virus and/or cytomegalovirus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. In Vivo 2004; 18: 417–424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablashi DV, Eastman HB, Owen CB, Roman MM, Friedman J, Zabriskie JB, Peterson DL, Pearson GR, Whitman JE. Frequent HHV-6 reactivation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. J Clin Virol 2000; 16: 179–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto NE, Straus SE. Chronic fatigue syndrome and herpesviruses: The fading evidence. Herpes 2000; 7: 46–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lane RJ, Soteriou BA, Zhang H, Archard LC. Enterovirus related metabolic myopathy: A postviral fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1382–1386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbraith DN, Nairn C, Clements GB. Evidence for enteroviral persistence in humans. J Gen Virol 1997; 78: 307–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus SE. Chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 1996; 313(5)831–832
   Google Scholar
• Swanink CM, Melchers WJ, van der Meer JW, Vercoulen JH, Bleijenberg G, Fennis JF, Galama JM. Enteroviruses and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 860–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr JR, Bracewell J, Laing I, Mattey DL, Bernstein RM, Bruce IN, Tyrrell DA. Chronic fatigue syndrome and arthralgia following parvovirus B19 infection. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 595–602
   Google Scholar
• McGhee SA, Kaska B, Liebhaber M, Stiehm ER. Persistent parvovirus-associated chronic fatigue treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 272–274
   Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Nicolson GL, De Becker P, Coomans D, De Meirleir K. High prevalence of Mycoplasma infections among European chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 34(15)209–214
   Google Scholar
• Endresen GK. Mycoplasma blood infection in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes. Rheumatol Int 2003; 23: 211–215, Epub 2003 July 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT, LeDell KH, White KE, Schenck CH, Chao CC, Persing DH, Johnson RC, Barker JM, Peterson PK. A case-control study to assess possible triggers and cofactors in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 1996; 100: 548–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutzer SE, Natelson BH. Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific immune complexes in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurology 1999; 53(6)1340–1341, October 12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustaw K. Chronic fatigue syndrome following tick-borne diseases. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2003; 37: 1211–1221, November–December
   Google Scholar
• Grayston JT, Grayston JT. Infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15(5)757–761, November
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia JK, Chia LY. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: A treatable cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 452–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J. Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpes virus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: Association with signs and symptoms. APMIS 2003; 111: 557–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaroff AL, Wang SP, Lee J, Grayston JT. No association of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottem M, Shoenfeld Y. Vaccination and allergy. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 12: 223–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molina V, Shoenfeld Y. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 235–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines. Vaccine 2005; 23(10)3876–3886
   Google Scholar
• Haley R, Kurt T. Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in Gulf war. JAMA 1997; 277: 231–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rook G, Zumla A. Gulf war syndrome: Is it due to a systemic shift in the cytokine balance towards a Th 2profile?. Lancet 1997; 349: 1831–1833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopf M, David A, Hull L, Ismail K, Unwin C, Wessely S. Role of vaccinations as risk factor for ill health in veterans of the Gulf war: Cross sectional study. BMJ 2000, 320: 1363–1367
   Google Scholar
• Gherardi RK, Authier FJ. Aluminum inclusion macrophagic myofasciitis: A recently identified condition. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23: 699–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleged link between hepatitis B vaccine and chronic fatigue syndrome CMAJ, 1461 1992. p 1145.
   Google Scholar
• Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2003; 2: 225–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuckerman JN. Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines. J Med Virol 2006; 78: 169–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleigh KM, Marra FH, Stiver HG. Influenza vaccination: Is it appropriate in chronic fatigue syndrome?. Am J Respir Med 2002; 1: 3–9
   Google Scholar