Detection and immunochemical characterization of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diabetes mellitus

References

• Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1183–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, Mackay IR. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 1993; 42: 359–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagopian WA, Karlsen AE, Gottsater A, Landin-Olsson M, Grubin CE, Sundkvist G, Petersen JS, Boel E, Dyrberg T, Lernmark A. Quantitative assay using recombinant human islet glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) shows that 64K autoantibody positivity at onset predicts diabetes type 1. J Clin Investig 1993; 91: 368–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneja R, Palmer JP. Type 1 1/2 diabetes: Myth or reality?. Autoimmunity 1999; 29: 65–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet P, Turner R, McCarty D, Rowley M, Mackay I. Crucial points at diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes or slow type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22(Suppl 2)B59–B64
   Google Scholar
• Groop L, Miettinen A, Groop PH, Meri S, Koskimies S, Bottazzo GF. Organ-specific autoimmunity and HLA-DR antigens as markers for beta-cell destruction in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes 1988; 37: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavala AV, Fabiano de Bruno LE, Cardoso AI, Mota AH, Capucchio M, Poskus E, Fainboim L, Basabe JC. Cellular and humoural autoimmunity markers in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with secondary drug failure. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 1159–1164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatziagelaki E, Jaeger C, Maeser E, Bretzel RG, Federlin K. GAD 65 antibody but not ICA positivity in adult-onset diabetic patients is associated with early progression to clinical insulin dependency. Acta Diabetologica 1996; 33: 291–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui M, Nakano K, Shigeta H, Yoshimori K, Fujii M, Kitagawa Y, Mori H, Kajiyama S, Nakamura N, Abe N, Obayashi H, Fukui I, Ohta K, Ohta M, Kondo M. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in Japanese diabetic patients with secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic therapy. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc 1997; 14: 148–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christgau S, Schierbeck H, Aanstoot HJ, Aagaard L, Begley K, Kofod H, Hejnaes K, Baekkeskov S. Pancreatic beta cells express two autoantigenic forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, a 65-kDa hydrophilic form and a 64-kDa amphiphilic form which can be both membrane-bound and soluble. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 21257–21264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christgau S, Aanstoot HJ, Schierbeck H, Begley K, Tullin S, Hejnaes K, Baekkeskov S. Membrane anchoring of the autoantigen GAD65 to microvesicles in pancreatic beta-cells by palmitoylation in the NH2-terminal domain. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 309–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solimena M, Aggujaro D, Muntzel C, Dirkx R, Butler M, De Camilli P, Hayday A. Association of GAD-65, but not of GAD-67, with the Golgi complex of transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells mediated by the N-terminal region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 30737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin BJ, Wood JG, Saito K, Roberts E, Wu JY. The fine structural localization of glutamate decarboxylase in developing axonal processes and presynaptic terminals of rodent cerebellum. Brain Res 1975; 85: 355–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reetz A, Solimena M, Matteoli M, Folli F, Takei K, De Camilli P. GABA and pancreatic beta-cells: Colocalization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA with synaptic-like microvesicles suggests their role in GABA storage and secretion. EMBO J 1991; 10: 1275–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maycox PR, Hell JW, Jahn R. Amino acid neurotransmission: Spotlight on synaptic vesicles. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 83–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas-Reetz A, Hell JW, During MJ, Walch-Solimena C, Jahn R, De Camilli P. A gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter driven by a proton pump is present in synaptic-like microvesicles of pancreatic beta cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5317–5321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solimena M, Dirkx RJ, Radzynski M, Mundigl O, De Camilli P. A signal located within amino acids 1-27 of GAD65 is required for its targeting to the Golgi complex region. J Cell Biol 1994; 126: 331–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Veit B, Baekkeskov S. Amino acid residues 24-31 but not palmitoylation of cysteines 30 and 45 are required for membrane anchoring of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD65. J Cell Biol 1994; 124: 927–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekkeskov S, Nielsen JH, Marner B, Bilde T, Ludvigsson J, Lernmark A. Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature 1982; 298: 167–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, DeCamilli P, Camilli PD. Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 1990; 347: 151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomi T, Rowley MJ, Knowles WJ, Chen QY, McAnally T, Zimmet PZ, Mackay IR. Autoantigenic properties of native and denatured glutamic acid decarboxylase: Evidence for a conformational epitope. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 71: 53–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papouchado ML, Ermacora MR, Poskus E. Detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using CHO cells expressing recombinant human GAD65. J Autoimmun 1996; 9: 689–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK. Islet cell autoantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Investig 1993; 92: 1608–1616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubin CE, Daniels T, Toivola B, Landin-Olsson M, Hagopian WA, Li L, Karlsen AE, Boel E, Michelsen B, Lernmark A. A novel radioligand binding assay to determine diagnostic accuracy of isoform-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in childhood IDDM. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 344–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman PG, Nayak RC, Campbell IL, Eisenbarth GS. Binding of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies is blocked by human pancreatic glycolipid extracts. Diabetes 1988; 37: 645–652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese S, Bonifacio E, McNally JM, Dean BM, Wagner R, Bosi E, Gale EA, Bottazzo GF. Distinct cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies with different risks for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 385–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall MO, Hoyer PE, Petersen JS, Hejnaes KR, Genovese S, Dyrberg T, Bottazzo GF. Contribution of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies to the reactivity of islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies. J Autoimmun 1994; 7: 497–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YC, Gottlieb DI. Characterization of the proteins purified with monoclonal antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 2123–2130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb DI, Chang YC, Schwob JE. Monoclonal antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8808–8812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papouchado ML, Valdez SN, Ermacora MR, Ganan S, Poskus E. Highly-sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for GAD65 autoantibodies using a thioredoxin-GAD65 fusion antigen. J Immunol Methods 1997; 207: 169–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sica MP, Primo ME, Ermacora MR, Poskus E. High-yield expression of properly folded insulinoma-associated protein intracellular domain (IA-2ic) in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2003; 37: 301–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez SN, Iacono RF, Villalba A, Cardoso-Landaburu A, Ermacora MR, Poskus E. A radioligand-binding assay for detecting antibodies specific for proinsulin and insulin using 35S-proinsulin. J Immunol Methods 2003; 279: 173–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos J, Anton EA, Buslje CM, Valdez SN, Villanueva AL, Sica M, Iacono R, Maffia P, Poskus E, Ermacora MR. Replacement of methionine-161 with threonine eliminates a major by-product of human glutamate decarboxylase 65-kDa variant expression in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2000; 31(Pt 3)205–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brorson SH. Improved immunogold labeling of epoxy sections by the use of propylene oxide as additional agent in dehydration, infiltration and embedding. Micron 1996; 27: 345–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brorson SH, Roos N, Skjorten F. Antibody penetration into LR-white sections. Micron 1994; 25: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie MR, Pipeleers DG, Lernmark A, Baekkeskov S. Cellular and subcellular localization of an Mr 64,000 protein autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 376–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verge CF, Howard NJ, Rowley MJ, Mackay IR, Zimmet PZ, Egan M, Hulinska H, Hulinsky I, Silvestrini RA, Kamath S. Anti-glutamate decarboxylase and other antibodies at the onset of childhood IDDM: A population-based study. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 1113–1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifacio E, Genovese S, Braghi S, Bazzigaluppi E, Lampasona V, Bingley PJ, Rogge L, Pastore MR, Bognetti E, Bottazzo GF. Islet autoantibody markers in IDDM: Risk assessment strategies yielding high sensitivity. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 816–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falorni A, Ortqvist E, Persson B, Lernmark A. Radioimmunoassays for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and GAD65 autoantibodies using 35S or 3H recombinant human ligands. J Immunol Methods 1995; 186: 89–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzofsky JA, Schechter AN. The concepts of crossreactivity and specificity in immunology. Molecular Immunol 1981; 18: 751–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodoyez-Goffaux F, Koch M, Dozio N, Brandenburg D, Sodoyez JC. Advantages and pitfalls of radioimmune and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays of insulin antibodies. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 694–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumpo RR, Llera AS, Cardoso AI, Poskus E. Solid versus liquid phase assays in detection of insulin antibodies. Influence of iodination site on labelled insulin binding. J Immunol Methods 1994; 169: 241–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie MR, Vohra G, Champagne P, Daneman D, Delovitch TL. Distinct antibody specificities to a 64-kD islet cell antigen in type 1 diabetes as revealed by trypsin treatment. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 789–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar