Concluding remarks

References

• Marmont AM. New horizons in the treatment of autoimmune diseases: Immunoablation and stem cell transplantation. Annu Rev Med 2000; 51: 115–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Berdan S, Gille D, Weissman IL, Christensen JL. Reversal of autoimmune disease in lupus-prone New Zealand black/New Zealand white mice by nonmyeloablative transplantation of purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2007; 110(4)1370–1378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM. Stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disorders. Coincidental autoimmune disease in patients transplanted for conventional indications. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2004; 17(2)223–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikehara S, Kawamura M, Takao F, et al. Organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases originate from defects in hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87(21)8341–8344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinterberger W, Hinterberger-Fischer M, Marmont A. Clinically demonstrable anti-autoimmunity mediated by allogeneic immune cells favorably affects outcome after stem cell transplantation in human autoimmune diseases. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 30(11)753–759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM. Is there any evidence of a graft-versus-autoimmunity effect in allogeneic transplantation?. Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; Rev(4)11
   Google Scholar
• Kojima R, Kami M, Kim SW, et al. Induction of graft-versus-autoimmune (GVA) disease effect against refractory psoriasis by complete donor-type chimerism and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32(4)439–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wijmeersch B, Sprangers B, Rutgeerts O, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Evidence for a graft-versus-autoimmunity effect. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13(6)627–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith LM, Pavletic SZ, Tyndall A, et al. Feasibility of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease: Position statement from a national institute of allergy and infectious diseases and national cancer institute-sponsored international workshop, Bethesda, MD, March 12 and 13, 2005. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11(11)862–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith LM, Pavletic SZ, Tyndall A, et al. Target populations in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases—a workshop accompanying: Cellular therapy for treatment of autoimmune diseases, basic science and clinical studies, including new developments in hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12(6)688–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban C, Lackner H, Sovinz P, et al. Successful unrelated cord blood transplantation in a 7-year-old boy with Evans syndrome refractory to immunosuppression and double autologous stem cell transplantation. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76(6)526–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenthal RM, Francis H, Gill DS. Twenty-year remission of rheumatoid arthritis in 2 patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. J Rheumatol 2006; 33(4)812–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM, Gualandi F, Piaggio G, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for refractory Behcet's disease with severe CNS involvement. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37(11)1061–1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKendry RJ, Huebsch L, Leclair B. Progression of rheumatoid arthritis following bone marrow transplantation. A case report with a 13-year followup. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39(7)1246–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapprich C, Fenk R, Schneider P, et al. Early recurrence of rheumatoid arthritis after nonmyeloablative allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32(6)629–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seung E, Iwakoshi N, Woda BA, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic chimerism in mice treated with sublethal myeloablation and anti-CD154 antibody: Absence of graft-versus-host disease, induction of skin allograft tolerance, and prevention of recurrent autoimmunity in islet-allografted NOD/Lt mice. Blood 2000; 95(6)2175–2182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolic B, Takeuchi Y, Leykin I, et al. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism allows cure of autoimmune diabetes through allogeneic tolerance and reversal of autoimmunity. Diabetes 2004; 53(2)376–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verda L, Kim DA, Ikehara S, et al. Hematopoietic mixed chimerism derived from allogeneic embryonic stem cells prevents autoimmune diabetes mellitus in NOD mice. Stem Cells 2008; 26(2)381–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti S, Handa SK, Bryon RJ, et al. Will mixed chimerism cure autoimmune diseases after a nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant?. Transplantation 2001; 72(2)340–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt RK, Oyama Y, Verda L, et al. Induction of remission of severe and refractory rheumatoid arthritis by allogeneic mixed chimerism. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(8)2466–2470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorshid O, Hosing C, Bibawi S, et al. Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant in a patient with advanced systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2004; 31(12)2513–2516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM, Gualandi F, Van Lint MT, Bacigalupo A. Refractory Evans' syndrome treated with allogeneic SCT followed by DLI. Demonstration of a graft-versus-autoimmunity effect. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31(5)399–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavletic SZ. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(8)2387–2390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh Y, Oyama Y, Statkute L, et al. Non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis: Graft-versus-autoimmunity without graft-versus-host disease?. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39(7)435–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhasid R, Arush MB, Zaidman I, et al. Safe and efficacious allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for nonmalignant disorders using partial T-cell depletion and no posttransplantation graft-versus-host-disease prophylaxis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13(3)329–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanikar AV, Modi PR, Patel RD, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases: The Ahmedabad experience. Transplant Proc 2007; 39(3)703–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn CM, Kaufman DS. Donor cell leukemia: Insight into cancer stem cells and the stem cell niche. Blood 2007; 109(7)2688–2692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM, Gualandi F, Occhini D, et al. Catastrophic relapse of Evans syndrome five years after allogeneic BMT notwithstanding full donor chimerism. Terminal hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Autoimmunity 2006; 39(6)505–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune diseases: Great expectations but controversial evidence. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38(1)1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall A. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for autoimmune disease—the jury is still out. J Rheumatol 2006; 33(4)644–646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratwohl A, Tyndall A. (eds) Stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disorders Best Pract Res Clin Haematol, 17 2004. p 199–374
   Google Scholar
• Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, et al. Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases. JAMA 2008; 299(8)925–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illei GG. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases: Is the glass half full or half empty?. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54(12)3730–3734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualandi F, Bruno B, Van Lint MT, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for severe autoimmune diseases: A 10-year experience. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110: 455–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancardi GL, Murialdo A, Rossi P, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation as rescue therapy in malignant forms of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005; 11(3)367–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaccio E, Amato MP, Siracusa G, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for very active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Report of two cases. Mult Scler 2007; 13(5)676–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash RA, McSweeney PA, Crofford LJ, et al. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis: Long-term follow-up of the US multicenter pilot study. Blood 2007; 110(4)1388–1396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhasid R, Rowe JM, Berkowitz D, et al. Disappearance of diffuse calcinosis following autologous stem cell transplantation in a child with autoimmune disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33(12)1257–1259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniati I, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM, Burt AD. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus, the antiphospholipid syndrome and bullous skin diseases. Autoimmunity 2008; 41(8), [in press]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraro PA, Douek DC. Renewing the T-cell repertoire to arrest autoimmune aggression. Trends Immunol 2006; 27(2)61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahamsson S, Muraro P. Immune re-education following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2008; 41(8), [in press]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wijk F, Roord S, Vastert B. Regulator T cells in autologous stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2008; 41(8), [in press]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingli D, Michor F. Successful therapy must eradicate cancer stem cells. Stem Cells 2006; 24(12)2603–2610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69(3)89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky R, Jones R. Intensive immunosuppression with high dose cyclophosphamide but without stem cell rescue for severe autoimmunity: Advantages and disadvantages. Autoimmunity 2008; 41(8), [in press]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilhot F. No more transplantation in CML?. Blood 2007; 109(11)4592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hehlmann R, Berger U, Pfirrmann M, et al. Drug treatment is superior to allografting as first-line therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2007; 109(11)4686–4692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svegliati S, Olivieri A, Campelli N, et al. Stimulatory autoantibodies to PDGF receptor in patients with extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2007; 110(1)237–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dazzi F, van Laar JM, Cope A, Tyndall A. Cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9(2)206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Therapy-related myelodysplasia. Leukemia Res 2007; 31: 51–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia S, Francisco L, Carter A, et al. Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: Report from the bone marrow transplant survivor study. Blood 2007; 110(10)3784–3792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage JO. Myelodysplasia and acute leukemia after autologous bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18(5)945–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibere J, Sibley J, Haga M. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of malignancy. Lupus 2001; 10(6)394–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey-Goldman R, Clarke AE. Double trouble: Are lupus and malignancy associated?. Lupus 2001; 10(6)388–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goding J. Advocatus diaboli: What is not known about autoimmune disease. The autoimmune diseases, NR Rose, IR Mackay. Elsevier, Amsterdam/Tokyo 2006
   Google Scholar
• Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE, et al. Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(5 Pt 1)346–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maugendre D, Sonnet E, Derrien C, et al. Combined analysis of long-term anti-beta-cell humoral reactivity in type 1 diabetes with and without thyroid disease. Diabetes Metab 1999; 25(1)28–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosi E, Braghi S, Maffi P, et al. Autoantibody response to islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50(11)2464–2471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer Y, Gorstein A, Fritzler MJ, Shoenfeld Y. Autoantibody explosion in systemic lupus erythematosus: More than 100 different antibodies found in SLE patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004; 34(2)501–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarner IH, Fathman CG. Does our current understanding of the molecular basis of immune tolerance predict new therapies for autoimmune disease?. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2006; 2(9)491–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller SD, Turley DM, Podojil JR. Antigen-specific tolerance strategies for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7(9)665–677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siatskas C, Chan J, Field J, et al. Gene therapy strategies towards immune tolerance to treat the autoimmune diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2006; 6(1)45–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderuccio F, Chan J, Toh B-H. Tweaking the immune system Gene therapy-assisted autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment for autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2008; 41(8), [in press]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont AM. Will hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cure human autoimmune diseases?. J Autoimmun 2008; 30(3)145–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar