Mechanisms of vascular damage in systemic sclerosis

References

• Fleming JN, Schwartz SM. The pathology of scleroderma vascular disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34: 41–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiducci S, Giacomelli R, Cerinic MM. Vascular complications of scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6: 520–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley FM. Vascular disease in scleroderma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008, epub ahead of print
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker UA, Tyndall A, Czirják L, Denton CP, Farge-Bancel D, Kowal-Bielecka O, Müller-Ladner U, Bocelli-Tyndall C, Matucci-Cerinic M, EUSTAR co-authors. Clinical risk assessment of organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis—a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) group data base. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 754–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker UA, Tyndall A, Czirják L, Denton CP, Farge-Bancel D, Kowal-Bielecka O, Müller-Ladner U, Matucci-Cerinic M, for EUSTAR. Geographic variation of disease manifestations in systemic sclerosis—a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) group data base. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, epub ahead of print
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipff J, Avouac J, Dieude P, Cabane J, Hachulla E, Granel B, Diot E, Sibilia J, Mouthon L, Meyer O, Kahan A, Boileau C, Allanore Y. Association between hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1A) gene and systemic sclerosis in Caucasian patients cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67(Suppl. II)508
   Google Scholar
• Allanore Y, Wipff J, Kahan A, Boileau C. Genetic basis for systemic sclerosis. Joint Bone Spine 2007; 74: 577–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manetti M, Liakouli V, Fatini C, Cipriani P, Bonino C, Vettori S, Guiducci S, Montecucco C, Abbate R, Valentini G, Matucci-Cerinic M, Giacomelli R, Ibba-Manneschi L. Association between a stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) gene polymorphism and microvascular disease in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 408–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matouk CC, Marsden PA. Epigenetic regulation of vascular endothelial gene expression. Circ Res 2008; 102: 873–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Q, Tan G, Mao Y, Tang H, Zhou C, Zeng F. Predictors of the scleroderma phenotype in fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 2008; 23(2)160–168, epub ahead of print
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Fan P-S, Kahaleh B. Association between enhanced type I collagen expression and epigenetic repression of the FLI1 gene in scleroderma fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2271–2279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmatazad H, Maciejewska H, Pileckyte M, Maurer B, Distler JHW, Gay RE, Michel B, Gay S, Huber LC, Distler O, Jüngel A. HDAC7—a new target for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67(Suppl. II)109
   Google Scholar
• Huber LC, Distler JH, Moritz F, Hemmatazad H, Hauser T, Michel BA, Gay RE, Matucci-Cerinic M, Gay S, Distler O, Jüngel A. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2755–2764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwana M, Okazaki Y, Yasuoka H, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y. Defective vasculogenesis in systemic sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 603–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distler O, Distler JH, Scheid A, Acker T, Hirth A, Rethage J, Michel BA, Gay RE, Müller-Ladner U, Matucci-Cerinic M, Plate KH, Gassmann M, Gay S. Uncontrolled expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors leads to insufficient skin angiogenesis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Circ Res 2004; 95: 109–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distler O, Del Rosso A, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P, Conforti ML, Guiducci S, Gay RE, Michel BA, Brühlmann P, Müller-Ladner U, Gay S, Matucci-Cerinic M. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are a feature of the earliest disease stages and are associated with the absence of fingertip ulcers. Arthritis Res 2002; 4: R11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trojanowska M. Role of PDGF in fibrotic diseases and systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2008; 47(Suppl. 5))v2–v4
   Google Scholar
• Distler JH, Wenger RH, Gassmann M, Kurowska M, Hirth A, Gay S, Distler O. Physiologic responses to hypoxia and implications for hypoxia-inducible factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 10–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dor Y, Djonov V, Abramovitch R, Itin A, Fishman GI, Carmeliet P, Goelman G, Keshet E. Conditional switching of VEGF provides new insights into adult neovascularization and pro-angiogenic therapy. EMBO J 2002; 21: 1939–1947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Alessio S, Fibbi G, Cinelli M, Guiducci S, Del Rosso A, Margheri F, Serratì S, Pucci M, Kahaleh B, Fan P, Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Matucci-Cerinic M, Del Rosso M. Matrix metalloproteinase 12-dependent cleavage of urokinase receptor in systemic sclerosis microvascular endothelial cells results in impaired angiogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 3275–3285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avouac J, Juin F, Wipff J, Couraud PO, Chiocchia G, Kahan A, Boileau C, Uzan G, Allanore Y. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis: Association with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 1455–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi-Wen X, Kennedy L, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, du Bois RM, Black CM, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Endothelin is a downstream mediator of profibrotic responses to transforming growth factor beta in human lung fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 56: 4189–4194
   Google Scholar
• Frommer K, Müller-Ladner U. Expression and function of ETA and ETB receptors in SSc. Rheumatology 2008; 47(Suppl. 5)v27–v28
   Google Scholar
• Chollet P, Malecaze F, Gouzi L, Arne JL, Plouet J. Endothelin 1 is a growth factor for corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res 1993; 57: 595–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilasrusmee C, Ondocin P, Bruch D, Shah G, Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Kittur DS. Amelioration of cyclosporin A effect on microvasculature by endothelin inhibitor. Surgery 2003; 134: 384–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distler JH, Kalden JR, Gray S, Distler O. Vascular changes in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Z Rheumatol 2004; 63: 446–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleicher N, Barad D, Weghofer A. Functional autoantibodies, a new paradigm in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 7: 42–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroni SS, Santillo M, Bevilacqua F, Luchetti M, Spadoni T, Mancini M, Fraticelli P, Sambo P, Funaro A, Kazlauskas A, Avvedimento EV, Gabrielli A. Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor in systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2667–2676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielli A, Svegliati S, Moroncini G, Luchetti M, Tonnini C, Avvedimento EV. Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor: A link to fibrosis in scleroderma and a pathway for novel therqapeutic targets. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 7: 121–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineschi S, Cozzi F, Burger D, Dayer J, Meroni P, Chizzolini C. Anti-fibroblast antibodies (AFA) detected by cell-based ELISA in systemic sclerosis (SSc) sera preferentially induce profibrotic chemokine production in human dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(Suppl. 1)S65
   Google Scholar
• Riemekasten G, Lukitsch I, Müller D, Schmidt K, Nätter M, Widmer R, Heidecke I, Gollasch M, Dragun D. Stimulatory autoantibodies to vascular receptors in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(Suppl. 1)S1215
   Google Scholar
• Scheja A, Akesson A, Geborek P, Wildt M, Wollheim CB, Wollheim FA, Vischer UM. Von Willebrand factor propeptide as a marker of disease activity in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Res 2001; 3: 178–182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McHugh NJ, Distler O, Giacomelli R, Riemekasten G. Non organ based laboratory markers in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21(3 Suppl. 29)S32–S38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bierbrauer A, Barth P, Willert J, Baerwald C, Mennel HD, Schmidt JA. Electron microscopy and capillaroscopically guided nailfold biopsy in connective tissue diseases: Detection of ultrastructural changes of the microcirculatory vessels. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 1272–1278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sgonc R, Gruschwitz MS, Dietrich H, Recheis H, Gershwin ME, Wick G. Endothelial cell apoptosis is a primary pathogenetic event underlying skin lesions in avian and human scleroderma. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 785–792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies CA, Jeziorska M, Freemont AJ, Herrick AL. The differential expression of CEGF, VEGFR-2, and GLUT-1 proteins in disease subtypes of systemic sclerosis. Hum Pathol 2006; 37: 190–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S-L, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Duffield JS. Pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts are the primary source of collagen-producing cells in obstructive fibrosis of the kidney. Am J Pathol 2008; 173: 1617–1627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carulli MT, Ong VH, Ponticos M, Shi-Wen X, Abraham DJ, Black CM, Denton CP. Chemokine receptor CCR2 expression by systemic sclerosis fibroblasts: Evidence for autocrine regulation of myofibroblast differentiation. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 3772–3782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derk CT, Jimenez SA. Statins and the vasculopathy of systemic sclerosis: Potential therapeutic agents?. Autoimmun Rev 2006; 5: 25–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hettema ME, Zhang D, de Leeuw K, Stienstra Y, Smit AJ, Kallenberg CGM, Bootsma H. Early atherosclerosis in systemic sclerosis and its relation to disease or traditional risk factors. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10: R49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szucs G, Tímár O, Szekanecz Z, Dér H, Kerekes G, Szamosi S, Shoenfeld Y, Szegedi G, Soltész P. Endothelial dysfunction precedes atherosclerosis in systemic sclerosis—relevance for prevention of vascular complications. Rheumatology 2007; 46: 759–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agard C, Haloun C, Hamidou MA. Pulmonary arterial hypertension related to systemic sclerosis. J Mal Vasc 2008; 34: 7–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rich S, Hart K, Kieras K, Brundage BH. Thromboxane synthetase inhibition in primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1987; 91: 356–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietra GG, Edwards WD, Kay JM, Rich S, Kernis J, Schloo B, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, Fishman AP, Goldring RM, Groves BM, Levy PS, Reid LM, Vreim CE, Williams GW. Histopathology of primary pulmonary hypertension. A qualitative and quantitative study of pulmonary blood vessels from 58 patients in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Registry. Circulation 1989; 80: 1198–1206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allanore Y, Borderie D, Avouac J, Zerkak D, Meune C, Hachulla E, Mouthon L, Guillevin L, Meyer O, Ekindjian OG, Weber S, Kahan A. High N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide as independent predictors of the occurrence of precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 284–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto K, Houya I, Inoue K, Tanaka M, Suzuki T, Sakamoto Y, Matsuo H. An imbalance in plasma prostanoids in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and pulmonary vasospasm. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 137–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergnon JM, Barthelemy JC, Riffat J, Boissier C, Claudy A, Emonot A. Raynaud's phenomenon of the lung. A reality both in primary and secondary Raynaud syndrome. Chest 1992; 101: 1312–1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuck JW, Oetgen WJ, Tesar JT. Pulmonary vascular response during Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 1985; 78: 221–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukerjee D, Yap LB, Ong V, Denton CP, Howells K, Black CM, Coghlan JG. The myth of pulmonary Raynaud's phenomenon: The contribution of pulmonary arterial vasospasm in patients with systemic sclerosis related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1627–1631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberger F, Mensch O, Enke B, Voswinckel R, Ghofrani HA, Olschewski H, Seeger W. Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary circulation in scleroderma patients. Eur Respir J 2005, 26: S49
   Google Scholar
• Denton CP, Lapadula G, Mouthon L, Müller-Ladner U. Renal complications and scleroderma renal crisis. Rheumatology 2009; 48(Suppl. 3)iii32–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manetti M, Neumann E, Milia AF, Tarner IH, Bechi H, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L, Müller-Ladner U. Severe fibrosis and increased expression of fibrogenic cytokines in the gastric wall of systemic sclerosis patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 3442–3447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manetti M, Neumann E, Müller A, Schmeiser T, Saar P, Milia AF, Endlicher E, Roeb E, Messerini L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Ibba-Manneschi L, Müller-Ladner U. Endothelial/lymphocyte activation leads to a prominent CD4+T cell infiltration in the gastric mucosa of patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 2866–2873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller-Ladner U. Pulmonary hypertension of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with systemic sclerosis: Thoughts on a not (yet) existing disease entity. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008; 133(Suppl. 6)S203–S206
   Google Scholar
• Avouac J, Kowal-Bielecka O, Landewé RBM, Chwiesko S, Miniati I, Czirjak L, Clements PJ, Denton CP, Farge D, Fligelstone K, Foeldvari I, Furst DE, Müller-Ladner U, Seibold J, Silver RM, Takehara K, Toth G, Tyndall A, Valentini G, van den Hoogen F, Wigley F, Zulian F, Matucci-Cerinic M. EULAR scleroderma trial and research group (EUSTAR) recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: Methods of elaboration and results of systematic literature research. Ann Rheum Dis in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiè N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, Torres F, Frost A, Ghofrani HA, Badesch DB, McGoon MD, McLaughlin VV, Roecker EB, Gerber MJ, Dufton C, Wiens BL, Rubin LJ. Ambrisentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy studies (ARIES) group. Circulation 2008; 117: 3010–3019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiè N, Torbicki A, Barst R, Dartevelle P, Haworth S, Higenbottam T, Olschewski H, Peacock A, Pietra G, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G, Priori SG, Garcia MA, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Cowie M, Dean V, Deckers J, Burgos EF, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, McGregor K, Morais J, Oto A, Smiseth OA, Barbera JA, Gibbs S, Hoeper M, Humbert M, Naeije R, Pepke-Zaba J. Task force. Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The task force on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 2243–2278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin LJ. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension due to scleroderma: Challenges for the future. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34: 191–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avouac J, Juin F, Wipff J, Couraud PO, Chiocchia G, Kahan A, Boileau C, Uzan G, Allanore Y. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis: Association with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 1455–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi-Yuyama E, Matsubara H, Murohara T, Ikeda U, Shintani S, Masaki H, Amano K, Kishimoto Y, Yoshimoto K, Akashi H, Shimada K, Iwasaka T, Imaizumi T. Therapeutic Angiogenesis using Cell Transplantation (TACT) Study investigators.Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: A pilot study and a randomised controlled trail. Lancet 2002; 360: 427–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamata Y, Takahashi Y, Iwamoto M, Matsui K, Murakami Y, Muroi K, Ikeda U, Shimada K, Yoshio T, Okazaki H, Minota S. Local implantation of autologous mononuclear cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood for treatment of ischaemic digits in patients with connective tissue diseases. Rheumatology 2007; 46: 882–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniati I, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, Rogai V, Fiori G, Cinelli M, Saccardi R, Guidi S, Bosi A, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 94–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiè N, Torbicki A, Barst R, Dartevelle P, Haworth S, Higenbottam T, Olschewski H, Peacock A, Pietra G, Rubin LJ, Simonneau G, Priori SG, Garcia MA, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Cowie M, Dean V, Deckers J, Burgos EF, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, McGregor K, Morais J, Oto A, Smiseth OA, Barbera JA, Gibbs S, Hoeper M, Humbert M, Naeije R, Pepke-Zaba J. Task Force Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The task force on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 2243–2278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin LJ. Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension due to scleroderma: Challenges for the future. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34: 191–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudman SH, Stevens WM, Sahhar J, Celemajer D. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: The need for early detection and treatment. Intern Med J 2007; 37: 485–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi-Yuyama E, Matsubara H, Murohara T, Ikeda U, Shintani S, Masaki H, Amano K, Kishimoto Y, Yoshimoto K, Akashi H, Shimada K, Iwasaka T, Imaizumi T. Therapeutic Angiogenesis using Cell Transplantation (TACT) Study Investigators. Therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with limb ischaemia by autologous transplantation of bone-marrow cells: A pilot study and a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 427–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamata Y, Takahashi Y, Iwamoto M, Matsui K, Murakami Y, Muroi K, Ikeda U, Shimada K, Yoshio T, Okazaki H, Minota S. Local implantation of autologous mononuclear cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood for treatment of ischaemic digits in patients with connective tissue diseases. Rheumatology 2007; 46: 882–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miniati I, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, Rogai V, Fiori G, Cinelli M, Saccardi R, Guidi S, Bosi A, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 94–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Müller-Ladner U. Future targets in the management of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2009; 48(Suppl. 3)iii49–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar