Role of oxidative stress in pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis: insights into NRF2-KEAP1 signalling

References

• Crowley T, O’Neil JD, Adams H, et al. Priming in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines is a feature of adult synovial but not dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Croia C, Bursi R, Sutera D, et al. One year in review 2019: pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37(3):347–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabresi E, Petrelli F, Bonifacio AF, et al. One year in review 2018: pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36(2):175–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranjo A, Sokka T, Descalzo MA, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):R30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myasoedova E, Davis JM, 3rd, Crowson CS, et al. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and mortality. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010;12(5):379–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Woude D, van der Helm-van Mil AHM. Update on the epidemiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(2):174–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derksen VFAM, Huizinga TWJ, van der Woude D. The role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(4):437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri S, Sandor C, Stahl EA, et al. Five amino acids in three HLA proteins explain most of the association between MHC and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 2012;44(3):291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messemaker TC, Huizinga TW, Kurreeman F. Immunogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis: Understanding functional implications. J Autoimmun. 2015;64:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karami J, Aslani S, Jamshidi A, et al. Genetic implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis; an updated review. Gene. 2019;702:8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein K, Gay S. Epigenetics in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27(1):76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson EW, Deane K. Environmental and gene-environment interactions and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2012;38(2):405–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Kelmenson LB, et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(1):3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgley LA, Anderson AE, Pratt AG. What are the dominant cytokines in early rheumatoid arthritis? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018;30(2):207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Wang Q, Ke Y, et al. Neutrophil function in an inflammatory milieu of rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:8549329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestein GS, McInnes IB. Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunity. 2017;46(2):183–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015;30(1):11–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(3):909–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Khalek MA, El-Barbary AM, Essa SA, et al. Serum hepcidin: a direct link between anemia of inflammation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(10):2153–2159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood MJ, Nissim A, Knight AR, et al. Oxidative stress in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;125:3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki H, Tominaga M, Shigenaga A, et al. Importance of tryptophan nitration of carbonic anhydrase III for the morbidity of atopic dermatitis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;73:75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Cha YN, Surh YJ. A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders. Mutat Res. 2010;690(1–2):12–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcaraz MJ, Ferrándiz ML. Relevance of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 in articular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;157:83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agidigbi TS, Kim C. Reactive oxygen species in osteoclast differentiation and possible pharmaceutical targets of ROS- mediated osteoclast diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(14):3576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsdal MA, Henriksen K, Leeming DJ, et al. Novel combinations of post-translational modification (PTM) neo-epitopes provide tissue-specific biochemical markers – are they the cause or the consequence of the disease? Clin Biochem. 2010;43(10–11):793–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WU, Cho ML, Jung YO, et al. Type II collagen autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med Sci. 2004;327(4):202–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah D, Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A. Interaction between oxidative stress and chemokines: possible pathogenic role in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunobiology. 2011;216(9):1010–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniecka M, Fox E, Gao W, et al. Hypoxia induces mitochondrial mutagenesis and dysfunction in inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(8):2172–2182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim EK, Kwon JE, Lee SY, et al. IL-17-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction impairs apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts through activation of autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(1):e2565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiñonez-Flores CM, González-Chávez SA, Del Río Nájera D, et al. Oxidative stress relevance in the pathogenesis of the rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6097417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Fonseca LJS, Nunes-Souza V, Goulart MOF, et al. Oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis: what the future might hold regarding novel biomarkers and add-on therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:7536805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abimannan T, Peroumal D, Parida JR, et al. Oxidative stress modulates the cytokine response of differentiated Th17 and Th1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;99:352–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalpakcioglu B, Senel K. The interrelation of glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(2):141–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabuyama Y, Kitamura T, Yamaki J, et al. Involvement of thioredoxin reductase 1 in the regulation of redox balance and viability of rheumatoid synovial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;367(2):491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DH, Lee DH, Jo MR, et al. Exacerbation of collagen antibody-induced arthritis in transgenic mice overexpressing peroxiredoxin 6. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(11):3058–3069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippin LI, Vercelino R, Marroni NP. Redox signalling and the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2008;152(3):415–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niture SK, Khatri R, Jaiswal AK. Regulation of Nrf2 – an update. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;66:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motohashi H, O’Connor T, Katsuoka F, et al. Integration and diversity of the regulatory network composed of maf and CNC families of transcription factors. Gene. 2002;294(1–2):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Ru X, Wen T. NRF2, a transcription factor for stress response and beyond. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(13):4777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellezza I, Giambanco I, Minelli A, et al. Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2018;1865(5):721–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadha S, Behl T, Kumar A, et al. Role of Nrf2 in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Res Transl Med. 2020;68(4):171–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fão L, Mota SI, Rego AC. Shaping the Nrf2-ARE-related pathways in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Ageing Res Rev. 2019;54:100942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu MC, Ji JA, Jiang ZY, et al. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway as a potential preventive and therapeutic target: an update. Med Res Rev. 2016;36(5):924–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan HK, Olayanju A, Goldring CE, et al. The Nrf2 cell defence pathway: Keap1-dependent and -independent mechanisms of regulation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(6):705–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davudian S, Mansoori B, Shajari N, et al. BACH1, the master regulator gene: a novel candidate target for cancer therapy. Gene. 2016;588(1):30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis KN, Mele J, Hayes JD, et al. Nrf2, a guardian of healthspan and gatekeeper of species longevity. Integr Comp Biol. 2010;50(5):829–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pall ML, Levine S. Nrf2, a master regulator of detoxification and also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other cytoprotective mechanisms, is raised by health promoting factors. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 2015;67(1):1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar RR, Narasimhan M, Shanmugam G, et al. Abrogation of Nrf2 impairs antioxidant signaling and promotes atrial hypertrophy in response to high-intensity exercise stress. J Transl Med. 2016;14:86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wruck CJ, Fragoulis A, Gurzynski A, et al. Role of oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis: insights from the Nrf2-knockout mice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(5):844–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Wang Q, Tian N, et al. Knockdown of nrf2 exacerbates TNF-α-induced proliferation and invasion of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes through activating JNK pathway. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:6670464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi EH, Suzuki T, Funayama R, et al. Nrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv X, Huang J, Wang H. MiR-30a-3p ameliorates oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Immunol Lett. 2021;232:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrándiz ML, Nacher-Juan J, Alcaraz MJ. Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;152:338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisook K, Kim C, Cha YN. Molecular mechanisms involved in enhancing HO-1 expression: de-repression by heme and activation by Nrf2, the “one-two” punch. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005; 7(11–12):1674–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XL, Dodd G, Thomas S, et al. Activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway protects endothelial cells from oxidant injury and inhibits inflammatory gene expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290(5):H1862–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maicas N, Ferrándiz ML, Brines R, et al. Deficiency of Nrf2 accelerates the effector phase of arthritis and aggravates joint disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011;15(4):889–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzaki H, Shinohara F, Kajiya M, et al. The Keap1/Nrf2 protein axis plays a role in osteoclast differentiation by regulating intracellular reactive oxygen species signaling. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(32):23009–23020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy ZR, Lee NH, Gao X, et al. Divergent responses of chondrocytes and endothelial cells to shear stress: cross-talk among COX-2, the phase 2 response, and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(39):14010–14015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narimiya T, Kanzaki H, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Nrf2 activation in osteoblasts suppresses osteoclastogenesis via inhibiting IL-6 expression. Bone Rep. 2019;11:100228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buelna-Chontal M, Zazueta C. Redox activation of Nrf2 & NF-κB: a double end sword? Cell Signal. 2013;25(12):2548–2557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Fu R, Wang S, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;194(2):231–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Zhang X, Ding Y, et al. Nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-induced NLRP3 priming. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017;26(1):28–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryoo IG, Ha H, Kwak MK. Inhibitory role of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway in TGFβ1-stimulated renal epithelial transition to fibroblastic cells: a modulatory effect on SMAD signaling. PLOS One. 2014;9(4):e93265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi T. Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(35):6375–6381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couto D, Ribeiro D, Freitas M, et al. Scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by the prodrug sulfasalazine and its metabolites 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine. Redox Rep. 2010;15(6):259–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Kim HY, Song SY, et al. Synergistic oxygen generation and reactive oxygen species scavenging by manganese ferrite/ceria Co-decorated nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. ACS Nano. 2019;13(3):3206–3217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Lemarechal H, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, et al. Superoxide production and NADPH oxidase expression in human rheumatoid synovial cells: regulation by interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Inflamm Res. 2006;55(11):483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoyama T, Paik YH, Watanabe S, et al. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in experimental liver fibrosis: GKT137831 as a novel potential therapeutic agent. Hepatology. 2012;56(6):2316–2327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Calleja N, Manukyan D, Canisius A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits proinflammatory signalling pathways by targeting endosomal NADPH oxidase. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(5):891–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Berja A, et al. Short-term effect of anti-TNF-α therapy on nitric oxide production in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27(3):452–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao B, Doan A, Hybertson BM. The clinical potential of influencing Nrf2 signaling in degenerative and immunological disorders. Clin Pharmacol. 2014;6:19–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karatas A, Dagli AF, Orhan C, et al. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate attenuates arthritis by regulating Nrf2, HO-1, and cytokine levels in an experimental arthritis model. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2020;67(3):317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morinobu A, Biao W, Tanaka S, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate suppresses osteoclast differentiation and ameliorates experimental arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(7):2012–2018.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang G, Wang T, et al. Nrf2-Keap1 pathway-mediated effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress and apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide-treated rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1457(1):166–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Xie X, Yuan L, et al. Resveratrol ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via activation of SIRT1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Biofactors. 2020;46(3):441–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park C, Moon DO, Choi IW, et al. Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Med. 2007;20(3):365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Ye C, Sun S, et al. Curcumin attenuates collagen-induced rat arthritis via anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;72:292–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asteriou E, Gkoutzourelas A, Mavropoulos A, et al. Curcumin for the management of periodontitis and early ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis: killing two birds with one stone. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu J, Wang X, Bi H, et al. Dihydromyricetin relieves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the activation of Nrf2 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;59:174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Fan KJ, Wang QS, et al. DMY protects the knee joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis by inhibition of NF-κB signaling and osteoclastic bone resorption. Food Funct. 2020;11(7):6251–6264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De S, Kundu S, Chatterjee U, et al. Allylpyrocatechol attenuates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in a collagen-induced model of arthritis. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(6):698–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De S, Manna A, Kundu S, et al. Allylpyrocatechol attenuates collagen-induced arthritis via attenuation of oxidative stress secondary to modulation of the MAPK, JAK/STAT, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;360(2):249–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su X, Huang Q, Chen J, et al. Calycosin suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the activation of p62/Nrf2-linked heme oxygenase 1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Pharmacol Res. 2016;113(Pt A):695–704.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):645–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RJ, Katz J. A Meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain. 2007;129(1–2):210–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carregaro V, Napimoga MH, Peres RS, et al. Therapeutic treatment of arthritic mice with 15-deoxy δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) ameliorates disease through the suppression of Th17 cells and the induction of CD4 + CD25-FOXP3+ cells . Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:9626427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TH, Tang CH, Wu K, et al. 15-Deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin-J2 and ciglitazone inhibit TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase 13 production via the antagonism of NF-κB activation in human synovial fibroblasts . J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(12):3242–3250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hounoki H, Sugiyama E, Mohamed SG, et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation in human peripheral monocytes in part via suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression . Bone. 2008;42(4):765–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerhan JR, Saag KG, Merlino LA, et al. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(4):345–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Kang SY, Shin HH, et al. Sulforaphane inhibits osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB. Mol Cells. 2005;20(3):364–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyeon S, Lee H, Yang Y, et al. Nrf2 deficiency induces oxidative stress and promotes RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;65:789–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong JS, Yoo SA, Kim HS, et al. Inhibition of synovial hyperplasia, rheumatoid T cell activation, and experimental arthritis in mice by sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YJ, Lee WS, Lee EG, et al. Sulforaphane inhibits IL-1β-induced proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and the production of MMPs, COX-2, and PGE2. Inflammation. 2014;37(5):1496–1503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi Y, Kanzaki H, Katsumata Y, et al. Dimethyl fumarate inhibits osteoclasts via attenuation of reactive oxygen species signalling by augmented antioxidation. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(2):1138–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataoka K, Handa H, Nishizawa M. Induction of cellular antioxidative stress genes through heterodimeric transcription factor Nrf2/small maf by antirheumatic gold(I) compounds. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(36):34074–34081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey PK, Maheshwari R, Raval N, et al. Nanogold-core multifunctional dendrimer for pulsatile chemo-, photothermal- and photodynamic- therapy of rheumatoid arthritis . J Colloid Interface Sci. 2019;544:61–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzaki H, Shinohara F, Kajiya M, et al. Nuclear Nrf2 induction by protein transduction attenuates osteoclastogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;77:239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte D, Zeng W, Hus JC, et al. Small molecules inhibit the interaction of Nrf2 and the Keap1 kelch domain through a non-covalent mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013;21(14):4011–4019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar