486
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Mapping Exposure to Flooding in Three Coastal Communities on the North Slope of Alaska Using Airborne LiDAR

, , , &

References

  • ASCG Incorporated. 2005. North Slope Borough comprehensive transportation plan. http://www.north-slope.org/assets/images/uploads/TransportationPlan_Final.pdf (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • BAID. 2018. Barrow area information database. http://barrowmapped.org/ (accessed June 15, 2019).
  • Barnhart, K. R., C. R. Miller, I. Overeem, and J. E. Kay. 2016. Mapping the future expansion of Arctic open water. Nature Climate Change 6 (3):280–85. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2848.
  • Berner, J., M. Brubaker, B. Revitch, E. Kreummel, M. Tcheripanoff, and J. Bell. 2016. Adaptation in Arctic circumpolar communities: Food and water security in a changing climate. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 75 (1):33820. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v75.33820.
  • Brady, M. B. 2018. Mapping coastal exposure to climate risks in Alaska’s North Slope: A collaborative, community-based assessment. PhD diss., Rutgers University-School of Graduate Studies.
  • Bronen, R. 2015. Climate-induced community relocations: Using integrated social-ecological assessments to foster adaptation and resilience. Ecology and Society 20 (3):36. doi: 10.5751/ES-07801-200336.
  • Brunner, R. D., and A. H. Lynch. 2010. Barrow as microcosm. In Adaptive governance and climate change, ed. R. Brunner and A. Lynch, 105–185. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.
  • Brunner, R. D., A. H. Lynch, J. C. Pardikes, E. N. Cassano, L. R. Lestak, and J. M. Vogel. 2004. An Arctic disaster and its policy implications. Arctic 57 (4):336–46. doi: 10.14430/arctic512.
  • Caulfield, R. 2002. Food security in Arctic Alaska: A preliminary assessment. In Sustainable food security in the Arctic, ed. G. Duhaime, 75–92. Edmonton, Alberta: CCI Press.
  • Chen, Q. 2007. Airborne lidar data processing and information extraction. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 73:109–12.
  • Church, J. A., P. U. Clark, A. Cazenave, J. M. Gregory, S. Jevrejeva, A. Levermann, G. A. Milne, R. S. Nerem, P. D. Nunn, A. J. Payne, et al. 2013. Sea level change. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cooper, H. M., Q. Chen, C. H. Fletcher, and M. M. Barbee. 2013. Assessing vulnerability due to sea-level rise in Maui, Hawai’i using LiDAR remote sensing and GIS. Climatic Change 116 (3-4):547–63. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0510-9.
  • Cooper, H. M., C. H. Fletcher, Q. Chen, and M. M. Barbee. 2013. Sea-level rise vulnerability mapping for adaptation decisions using LiDAR DEMs. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37 (6):745–66. doi: 10.1177/0309133313496835.
  • Diaz, D. B. 2016. Estimating global damages from sea level rise with the Coastal Impact and Adaptation Model (CIAM). Climatic Change 137 (1-2):143–56. doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1675-4.
  • Dolan, A. H., and I. J. Walker. 2006. Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change related risks. Journal of Coastal Research SI-39:1316–23.
  • Druckenmiller, M. L., H. Eicken, J. C. C. George, and L. Brower. 2013. Trails to the whale: Reflections of change and choice on an Iñupiat icescape at Barrow, Alaska. Polar Geography 36 (1-2):5–29. doi: 10.1080/1088937X.2012.724459.
  • Fang, Z., P. T. Freeman, C. B. Field, and K. J. Mach. 2018. Reduced sea ice protection period increases storm exposure in Kivalina, Alaska. Arctic Science 4 (4):525–37. doi: 10.1139/as-2017-0024.
  • FEMA. 2017. Flood Hazard Products Direct Download. US Federal Emergency Management Agency. https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/105716 (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • Ford, J. D., and B. Smit. 2004. A framework for assessing the vulnerability of communities in the Canadian arctic to risks associated with climate change. Arctic 57 (4):389–400. doi: 10.14430/arctic516.
  • Francis, O. P., G. G. Panteleev, and D. E. Atkinson. 2011. Ocean wave conditions in the Chukchi Sea from satellite and in situ observations. Geophysical Research Letters 38 (24):n/a–5. doi: 10.1029/2011GL049839.
  • Frost, G. V., T. Christopherson, M. T. Jorgenson, A. K. Liljedahl, M. J. Macander, D. A. Walker, and A. F. Wells. 2018. Regional patterns and asynchronous onset of ice-wedge degradation since the Mid-20th Century in Arctic Alaska. Remote Sensing 10 (8):1312. doi: 10.3390/rs10081312.
  • Gesch, D. B. 2009. Analysis of Lidar elevation data for improved identification and delineation of lands vulnerable to sea-level rise. Journal of Coastal Research 25:49–58. doi: 10.2112/SI53-006.1.
  • Gibbs, A., and B. Richmond. 2015. National assessment of shoreline change - historical shoreline change along the North Coast of Alaska, U.S.-Canadian Border to Icy Cape. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Government Accountability Office. 2009. Alaska Native Villages: Limited progress has been made on relocating villages threatened by flooding and erosion. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office.
  • Gustafson, S., A. J. Cadena, C. C. Ngo, A. Kawash, I. Saenghkaew, and P. Hartman. 2018. Merging science into community adaptation planning processes: A cross-site comparison of four distinct areas of the Lower Mekong Basin. Climatic Change 149 (1):91–106. doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1887-7.
  • Hinkel, J., D. P. van Vuuren, R. J. Nicholls, and R. J. T. Klein. 2013. The effects of adaptation and mitigation on coastal flood impacts during the 21st century. An application of the DIVA and IMAGE models. Climatic Change 117 (4):783–94. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0564-8.
  • Hume, J. 1965. Sea-level changes during last 2000 years at Point Barrow Alaska. Science 150 (3700):1165–66. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3700.1165.
  • Hume, J., and M. Schalk. 1967. Shoreline processes near Barrow, Alaska: A comparison of the normal and the catastrophic. Arctic 20 (2):86–103. doi: 10.14430/arctic3285.
  • Irrgang, A. M., H. Lantuit, G. K. Manson, F. Gunther, G. Grosse, and P. P. Overduin. 2018. Variability in rates of coastal change along the Yukon Coast, 1951 to 2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 123 (4):779–800. doi: 10.1002/2017JF004326.
  • Jevrejeva, S., L. P. Jackson, A. Grinsted, D. Lincke, and B. Marzeion. 2018. Flood damage costs under the sea level rise with warming of 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C. Environmental Research Letters 13 (7):074014. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aacc76.
  • Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, and A. Grinsted. 2012. Sea level projections to AD2500 with a new generation of climate change scenarios. Global and Planetary Change 80-81:14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.09.006.
  • Jones, B. M., C. D. Arp, M. T. Jorgenson, K. M. Hinkel, J. A. Schmutz, and P. L. Flint. 2009. Increase in the rate and uniformity of coastline erosion in Arctic Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters 36 (3):n/a–/a. doi: 10.1029/2008GL036205.
  • Jones, B. M., L. M. Farquharson, C. A. Baughman, R. M. Buzard, C. D. Arp, G. Grosse, D. L. Bull, F. Gunther, I. Nitze, F. Urban, et al. 2018. A decade of remotely sensed observations highlight complex processes linked to coastal permafrost bluff erosion in the Arctic. Environmental Research Letters 13 (11):115001. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aae471.
  • Jones, B. M., K. M. Hinkel, C. D. Arp, and W. R. Eisner. 2008. Modern erosion rates and loss of coastal features and sites, Beaufort Sea coastline, Alaska. Arctic 61:361–72. doi: 10.14430/arctic44.
  • Kokelj, S. V., T. C. Lantz, S. Solomon, M. F. J. Pisaric, D. Keith, P. Morse, J. R. Thienpont, J. P. Smol, and D. Esagok. 2012. Using multiple sources of knowledge to investigate northern environmental change: Regional ecological impacts of a storm surge in the Outer Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Arctic 65 (3):257–72. doi: 10.14430/arctic4214.
  • Krolik-Root, C., D. L. Stansbury, and N. G. Burnside. 2015. Effective LiDAR-based modelling and visualisation of managed retreat scenarios for coastal planning: An example from the southern UK. Ocean & Coastal Management 114:164–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.013.
  • Kruse, J. A. 1991. Alaska Inupiat subsistence and wage employment patterns - understanding individual choice. Human Organization 50 (4):317–26. doi: 10.17730/humo.50.4.c288gt2641286g71.
  • Lane, K., K. Charles-Guzman, K. Wheeler, Z. Abid, N. Graber, and T. Matte. 2013. Health effects of coastal storms and flooding in urban areas: A review and vulnerability assessment. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013:1–13. doi: 10.1155/2013/913064.
  • Lantuit, H., and W. H. Pollard. 2008. Fifty years of coastal erosion and retrogressive thaw slump activity on Herschel Island, southern Beaufort Sea, Yukon Territory, Canada. Geomorphology 95 (1-2):84–102. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.040.
  • Lantz, T. C., S. V. Kokelj, and R. H. Fraser. 2015. Ecological recovery in an Arctic delta following widespread saline incursion. Ecological Applications 25 (1):172–85. doi: 10.1890/14-0239.1.
  • Larsen, P. H., S. Goldsmith, O. Smith, M. L. Wilson, K. Strzepek, P. Chinowsky, and B. Saylor. 2008. Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change. Global Environmental Change 18 (3):442–57. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.005.
  • Loring, P. A., and S. C. Gerlach. 2009. Food, culture, and human health in Alaska: An integrative health approach to food security. Environmental Science & Policy 12:466–78. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.006.
  • Lovecraft, A. L., N. Fresco, D. Cost, and B. Blair. 2017. Northern Alaska Scenarios Project Report: Creating Healthy Sustainable Communities in Arctic Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks. https://www.uaf.edu/caps/our-work/nasp.php (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • Lynch, A. H., and R. D. Brunner. 2007. Context and climate change: An integrated assessment for Barrow, Alaska. Climatic Change 82 (1-2):93–111. doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9165-8.
  • Lynch, A. H., J. A. Curry, R. D. Brunner, and J. A. Maslanik. 2004. Toward an integrated assessment of the impacts of extreme wind events on Barrow, Alaska. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85 (2):209–21. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-85-2-209.
  • MacDonald, J. P., A. C. Willox, J. D. Ford, I. Shiwak, M. Wood, I. Teami, and R. I. C. Govt. 2015. Protective factors for mental health and well-being in a changing climate: Perspectives from Inuit youth in Nunatsiavut, Labrador. Social Science & Medicine 141:133–41. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.017.
  • Manson, G. K., and S. M. Solomon. 2007. Past and future forcing of Beaufort sea coastal change. Atmosphere-Ocean 45 (2):107–22. doi: 10.3137/ao.450204.
  • Marfai, M. A., A. B. Sekaranom, and P. Ward. 2015. Community responses and adaptation strategies toward flood hazard in Jakarta, Indonesia. Natural Hazards 75 (2):1127–44. doi: 10.1007/s11069-014-1365-3.
  • Mars, J. C., and D. W. Houseknecht. 2007. Quantitative remote sensing study indicates doubling of coastal erosion rate in past 50 yr along a segment of the Arctic coast of Alaska. Geology 35 (7):583–86. doi: 10.1130/G23672A.1.
  • McCabe, G. J., M. P. Clark, and M. C. Serreze. 2001. Trends in Northern Hemisphere surface cyclone frequency and intensity. Journal of Climate 14 (12):2763–68. doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2763:TINHSC > 2.0.CO;2.
  • Melvin, A. M., P. Larsen, B. Boehlert, J. E. Neumann, P. Chinowsky, X. Espinet, J. Martinich, M. S. Baumann, L. Rennels, A. Bothner, et al. 2017. Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (2):E122–E131. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611056113.
  • Moselle, B. 2015. 2016 national building cost manual. Carlsbad, California: Craftsman Book Company.
  • National Research Council. 2003. Cumulative environmental effects of oil and gas activities on Alaska’s North Slope. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Neumann, J. E., K. Emanuel, S. Ravela, L. Ludwig, P. Kirshen, K. Bosma, and J. Martinich. 2015. Joint effects of storm surge and sea-level rise on US Coasts: New economic estimates of impacts, adaptation, and benefits of mitigation policy. Climatic Change 129 (1-2):337–49. doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1304-z.
  • Newell, S. L., M. L. Dion, and N. C. Doubleday. 2020. Cultural continuity and Inuit health in Arctic Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74 (1):64–70. doi: 10.1136/jech-2018-211856.
  • Nicholls, R. J., N. Marinova, J. A. Lowe, S. Brown, P. Vellinga, D. De Gusmao, J. Hinkel, and R. S. J. Tol. 2011. Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4 degrees C world’ in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369 (1934):161–81. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0291.
  • Nichols, T., F. Berkes, D. Jolly, N. B. Snow, and The Community of Sachs Harbour. 2004. Climate change and sea ice: Local observations from the Canadian Western Arctic. Arctic 57 (1):68–79. doi: 10.14430/arctic484.
  • NOAA. 2018. Coastal Flood Exposure Mapper. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://coast.noaa.gov/floodexposure/#/splash (accessed June 15, 2019).
  • NOAA. 2019. Tide and Current Data. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/map/index.html?type=active&region=Alaska (accessed June 15, 2019).
  • North Slope Borough. 2004a. Soaring to the future: Barrow comprehensive plan 2015-2035. Accessed January 12, 2020. http://www.north-slope.org/assets/images/uploads/Barrow_Comp_Plan_March_2015_FINAL.pdf (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • North Slope Borough. 2004b. Wainwright Comprehensive Plan. Accessed January 12, 2020. http://www.north-slope.org/assets/images/uploads/2014_Wainwright_Comp_Plan_Final.pdf (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • North Slope Borough. 2005. North Slope Borough. Background Report. http://www.north-slope.org/your-government/comprehensive-plan (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • North Slope Borough. 2015. Kaktovik Comprehensive Development Plan. Accessed January 12, 2020. http://www.north-slope.org/assets/images/uploads/APRIL_2015_KAK_Comp_Plan_adopted.pdf (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • O’Brien, K. L., and J. Wolf. 2010. A values-based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1:232–42. doi: 10.1002/wcc.30.
  • Oliver, S. G. 2017. Autumn storm batters northern coastline. Anchorage, Alaska: The Arctic Sounder.
  • Oppenheimer, M., B. C. Glavovic, J. Hinkel, R. V, d Wal, A. K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R. M. DeConto, et al. 2019. Sea level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities. In IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate, ed. H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, and N. M. Weyer. 321–445. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Overeem, I., R. S. Anderson, C. W. Wobus, G. D. Clow, F. E. Urban, and N. Matell. 2011. Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast. Geophysical Research Letters 38 (17):n/a–/a. doi: 10.1029/2011GL048681.
  • Passeri, D. L., S. C. Hagen, S. C. Medeiros, M. V. Bilskie, K. Alizad, and D. B. Wang. 2015. The dynamic effects of sea level rise on low-gradient coastal landscapes: A review. Earth's Future 3 (6):159–81. doi: 10.1002/2015EF000298.
  • Pearce, T. D., J. D. Ford, G. J. Laidler, B. Smit, F. Duerden, M. Allarut, M. Andrachuk, S. Baryluk, A. Dialla, P. Elee, et al. 2009. Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic. Polar Research 28 (1):10–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00094.x.
  • Pugh, D., and P. Woodworth. 2014. Sea-level science: Understanding tides, surges, tsunamis and mean sea-level changes. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Radosavljevic, B., H. Lantuit, W. Pollard, P. Overduin, N. Couture, T. Sachs, V. Helm, and M. Fritz. 2016. Erosion and flooding-threats to coastal infrastructure in the Arctic: A case study from Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. Estuaries and Coasts 39 (4):900–15. doi: 10.1007/s12237-015-0046-0.
  • Rahmstorf, S., M. Perrette, and M. Vermeer. 2012. Testing the robustness of semi-empirical sea level projections. Climate Dynamics 39 (3-4):861–75. doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1226-7.
  • Ramasamy, R., and S. Surendran. 2011. Possible impact of rising sea levels on vector-borne infectious diseases. BMC Infectious Diseases 11 (1):1–14. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-18.
  • Raynolds, M. K., D. A. Walker, K. J. Ambrosius, J. Brown, K. R. Everett, M. Kanevskiy, G. P. Kofinas, V. E. Romanovsky, Y. Shur, and P. J. Webber. 2014. Cumulative geoecological effects of 62 years of infrastructure and climate change in ice-rich permafrost landscapes, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska. Global Change Biology 20 (4):1211–24. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12500.
  • Reimnitz, E., and D. K. Maurer. 1979. Effects of Storm Surges on the Beaufort Sea Coast, Northern Alaska. Arctic 32 (4):329–44. doi: 10.14430/arctic2631.
  • Robards, M. D., H. P. Huntington, M. Druckenmiller, J. Lefevre, S. K. Moses, Z. Stevenson, A. Watson, and M. Williams. 2018. Understanding and adapting to observed changes in the Alaskan Arctic: Actionable knowledge co-production with Alaska Native communities. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 152:203–13. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.02.008.
  • Rygel, L., D. O’sullivan, B. J. M. Yarnal, and A. S. f. G. Change. 2006. A method for constructing a social vulnerability index: An application to hurricane storm surges in a developed country. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11:741–64. doi: 10.1007/s11027-006-0265-6.
  • Sepp, M., and J. Jaagus. 2011. Changes in the activity and tracks of Arctic cyclones. Climatic Change 105 (3-4):577–95. doi: 10.1007/s10584-010-9893-7.
  • Serreze, M. C., and J. Stroeve. 2015. Arctic sea ice trends, variability and implications for seasonal ice forecasting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373 (2045):20140159. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0159.
  • Shepro, C., D. Maas, and D. Callaway. 2015. North Slope Borough 2015 Economic Profile and Census Report. http://www.north-slope.org/your-government/nsb-2015-economic-profile-census-report.
  • Slangen, A. B. A., M. Carson, C. A. Katsman, R. S. W. van de Wal, A. Kohl, L. L. A. Vermeersen, and D. Stammer. 2014. Projecting twenty-first century regional sea-level changes. Climatic Change 124 (1-2):317–32. doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1080-9.
  • Small, C., and R. J. Nicholls. 2003. A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. Journal of Coastal Research 19:584–99. doi: 10.2112/04-0365.1.
  • Smith, D. I. 1994. Flood Damage Estimation - A Review Of Urban Stage-Damage Curves And Loss Functions. Water SA 20:231–38.
  • Streletskiy, D. A., N. I. Shiklomanov, J. D. Little, F. E. Nelson, J. Brown, K. E. Nyland, and A. E. Klene. 2017. Thaw subsidence in undisturbed tundra landscapes, Barrow, Alaska, 1962-2015. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 28 (3):566–72. doi: 10.1002/ppp.1918.
  • Sturtevant, P., L. Lestak, W. Manle, and J. Maslanik. 2004. Coastal erosion along the Chukchi Coast die to and extreme storm event at Barrow, Alaska. In Arctic coastal dynamics, ed. V. Rachold, H. Lantuit, N. Couture, and W. Pollard, 114–118. Montreal, Canada: Report of the 5th International Workshop.
  • Tape, K. D., P. L. Flint, B. W. Meixell, and B. V. Gaglioti. 2013. Inundation, sedimentation, and subsidence creates goose habitat along the Arctic coast of Alaska. Environmental Research Letters 8 (4):045031. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045031.
  • Terenzi, J., M. T. Jorgenson, and C. R. Ely. 2014. Storm-surge flooding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Arctic 67 (3):360–74. doi: 10.14430/arctic4403.
  • Thieken, A. H., M. Muller, H. Kreibich, and B. Merz. 2005. Flood damage and influencing factors: New insights from the August 2002 flood in Germany. Water Resources Research 41 (12):W12430. doi: 10.1029/2005WR004177.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. City and Town Population Totals: 2010–2017. http://www.north-slope.org/your-government/nsb-2015-economic-profile-census-report (accessed January 15, 2020).
  • US Army Corps of Engineers. 2007. Erosion Information Paper - Barrow, Alaska. https://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Portals/34/docs/civilworks/BEA/Barrow_Final%20Report.pdf.
  • Vermaire, J. C., M. F. J. Pisaric, J. R. Thienpont, C. J. C. Mustaphi, S. V. Kokelj, and J. P. Smol. 2013. Arctic climate warming and sea ice declines lead to increased storm surge activity. Geophysical Research Letters 40 (7):1386–90. doi: 10.1002/grl.50191.
  • Webster, T. L., D. L. Forbes, S. Dickie, and R. Shreenan. 2004. Using topographic lidar to map flood risk from storm-surge events for Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 30 (1):64–76. doi: 10.5589/m03-053.
  • Wong, P. P., I. J. Losada, J. P. Gattuso, J. Hinkel, A. Khattabi, K. L. McInnes, Y. Saito, and A. Sallenger. 2014. Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, and L. L. White, 361–409. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zhang, K. Q., J. Dittmar, M. Ross, and C. Bergh. 2011. Assessment of sea level rise impacts on human population and real property in the Florida Keys. Climatic Change 107 (1-2):129–46. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0080-2.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.