Bivalve Shellfish Aquaculture in the National Estuarine Research Reserves: Assessing Current Activities, Relevant Policy, and Engagement Approaches

References

• Antidegradation Policy and Implementation Methods. 2015. 40 C.F.R § 131.12. 2015. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-131/subpart-B/section-131.12
   Google Scholar
• Bricker, S. B., T. L. Getchis, C. B. Chadwick, C. M. Rose, and J. M. Rose. 2016. Integration of ecosystem-based models into an existing interactive web-based tool for improved aquaculture decision making. Aquaculture 453:135–46. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.11.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker, S. B., J. G. Ferreira, C. Zhu, J. M. Rose, E. Galimany, G. Wikfors, C. Saurel, R. L. Miller, J. Wands, P. Trowbridge, et al. 2018. Role of shellfish aquaculture in the reduction of eutrophication in an urban estuary. Environmental Science & Technology 52 (1):173–83. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker, S. B., R. E. Grizzle, P. Trowbridge, J. M. Rose, J. G. Ferreira, K. Wellman, et al. 2020. Bioextractive removal of nitrogen by oysters in Great Bay Piscataqua River estuary, New Hampshire, USA. Estuaries and Coasts 43 (1):23–38. doi: 10.1007/s12237-019-00661-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumbaugh, R. D., L. A. Sorabella, C. Johnson, and W. J. Goldsborough. 2000. Small scale aquaculture as a tool for oyster restoration in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Technology Society Journal 34 (1):79–86. doi: 10.4031/MTSJ.34.1.9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callier, M. D., C. J. Byron, D. A. Bengtson, P. J. Cranford, S. F. Cross, U. Focken, H. M. Jansen, P. Kamermans, A. Kiessling, T. Landry, et al. 2018. Attraction and repulsion of mobile wild organisms to finfish and shellfish aquaculture: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture 10 (4):924–49. doi: 10.1111/raq.12208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dealteris, J. T., B. D. Kilpatrick, and R. B. Rheault. 2004. A comparative evaluation of the habitat value of shellfish aquaculture gear, submerged aquatic vegetation and a non-vegetated seabed. Journal of Shellfish Research 23 (3):867–74. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph-Dealteris/publication/279569781_A_comparative_evaluation_of_the_habitat_value_of_shellfish_aquaculture_gear_submerged_aquatic_vegetation_and_a_non-vegetated_seabed/links/0deec528fb2a65ff1d000000/A-comparative-evaluation-of-the-habitat-value-of-shellfish-aquaculture-gear-submerged-aquatic-vegetation-and-a-non-vegetated-seabed.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dear, M. 1992. Understanding and overcoming the NIMBY syndrome. Journal of the American Planning Association 58 (3):288–300. doi: 10.1080/01944369208975808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duball, C. E., J. A. Amador, L. E. Salisbury, and M. H. Stolt. 2019. Impacts of oyster aquaculture on subaqueous soils and infauna. Journal of Environmental Quality 48 (6):1890–8. doi: 10.2134/jeq2019.03.0099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichenberg, T., and B. Vestal. 1992. Improving the legal framework for marine aquaculture: The role of water quality laws and the public trust doctrine. Territorial Sea Journal 2:339–404. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ttsea2&div=17&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
   Google Scholar
• Flimlin, G. S. Macfarlane, E. Rhodes, and K. Rhodes. 2010. Best management practices for the East Coast Shellfish Aquaculture Industry. East Coast Shellfish Growers Association. (accessed 19 September 20). https://ecsga.org/best-management-practices/
   Google Scholar
• Florida Aquatic Preserves, Intent Florida Administrative Code (FAC),18-20.001. 1997. https://www.flrules.org/gateway/RuleNo.asp?title=FLORIDA%20AQUATIC%20PRESERVES&ID=18-20.001.
   Google Scholar
• Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FL DEP). 2013. Rookery bay national estuarine research reserve management plan. (accessed 22 September 20). https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/management-profiles.html
   Google Scholar
• Forrest, B. M., N. B. Keeley, G. A. Hopkins, S. C. Webb, and D. M. Clement. 2009. Bivalve aquaculture in estuaries: Review and synthesis of oyster cultivation effects. Aquaculture 298 (1–2):1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, H. E., R. R. Gentry, and B. S. Halpern. 2017. Conservation aquaculture: Shifting the narrative and paradigm of aquaculture’s role in resource management. Biological Conservation 215:162–8. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallardi, D. 2014. Effects of bivalve aquaculture on the environment and their possible mitigation: A review. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 05 (03): ISSN 2150-3508. doi: 10.4172/2150-3508.1000105.
   Google Scholar
• Goelz, T. 2020. Does private aquaculture benefit the public? Development of private oyster aquaculture industries in Maryland and Virginia as influenced by different scopes of the public trust doctrine. Sea Grant Law & Policy Journal 10 (2):1–36. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/sglum10&div=15&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
   Google Scholar
• Grabowski, J. H., R. D. Brumbaugh, R. F. Conrad, A. G. Keeler, J. J. Opaluch, C. H. Peterson, M. F. Piehler, S. P. Powers, and A. R. Smyth. 2012. Economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs. Bioscience 62 (10):900–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.10.10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guana, Tolomato, and Matanzas Rivers Oyster and Water Quality Task Force (GTM OWQTF). No Date. Oyster and water quality task force of the Guana, Tolomato and Matanzas Rivers. (accessed September 2020). https://gtmnerr.wixsite.com/owqtf
   Google Scholar
• Hawai’i Office of Planning. 2016. He’eia national estuarine research reserve management plan. December 2016. Prepared for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Honolulu, Hawai’i. (accessed 22 September 20). https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/management-profiles.html
   Google Scholar
• Hilborn, R., J. Banobi, S. J. Hall, T. Pucylowski, and T. E. Walsworth. 2018. The environmental cost of animal source foods. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16 (6):329–35. doi: 10.1002/fee.1822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howes, B. L. R. Samimy, D. Schlezinger, J. Benson, M. Labrie, A. Unruh, and S. Horvet. 2020. water quality improvements associated with Mashpee shellfish aquaculture: Effectiveness in reducing water column nutrient concentrations in popponesset and waquoit bays. Final Technical Report to the Town of Mashpee, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Janasie, C. A. Nichols, R. Porter, E. Andrews, A. King, S. Jones, and L. Schiavinato. 2019a. The effects of the endangered species act on shellfish aquaculture in New Jersey, in overcoming impediments to shellfish aquaculture through legal research and outreach: Case studies. National Sea Grant Law Center, NSGLC-T-19-009. (accessed 22 September 20). https://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Janasie, C. A. Nichols, R. Porter, E. Andrews, A. King, S. Jones, and L. Schiavinato. 2019b. Overcoming impediments to shellfish aquaculture through legal research and outreach: Case studies. National Sea Grant Law Center, NSGLC-T-19-009. (accessed 22 September 20). https://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Karl, H. A., L. E. Susskind, and K. H. Wallace. 2007. A dialogue, not a diatribe: Effective integration of science and policy through Joint Fact Finding. Environment 49 (1):20–34. https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.49.1.20-34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), 15 C.F.R. § 921. 1993. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-IX/subchapter-B/part-921?toc=1
   Google Scholar
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2011. Marine aquaculture policy. (accessed 19 September 20). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/noaa-aquaculture-policies
   Google Scholar
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2019. National Shellfish Initiative. (accessed 19 September 20). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/content/national-shellfish-initiative
   Google Scholar
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2020. Fisheries of the United States, 2018. US Department of commerce, NOAA current fishery statistics No. 2018. (accessed 19 September 20). https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/23716
   Google Scholar
• Native Olympia Oyster Collaborative (NCOC). No Date. Welcome to native olympia oyster collaborative. University of California Davis. (accessed September 2020). https://olympiaoysternet.ucdavis.edu/
   Google Scholar
• The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 2021. Global principles of restorative aquaculture. Arlington, VA. (accessed March 2022). https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/restorative-aquaculture-for-nature-and-communities/
   Google Scholar
• North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries (NC DMF). 2020. Identification of areas under a moratorium for shellfish leasing that could potentially be established as shellfish aquaculture enterprise areas. Department of Environmental Quality. (accessed 1 April 2020). https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/documents/files/DEQ_Shellfish%20Enterprise%20Areas_2020-04-01.pdf (09/04/20)
   Google Scholar
• North Inlet - Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NI-WB NERR). 2011. North inlet - winyah bay national estuarine research reserve: Management plan 2011–2016. (accessed 22 September 20). https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/management-profiles.html
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, T. 2018. Evaluation of US shellfish aquaculture permitting systems: Recommendations to improve permitting efficiencies and industry development. Earth Resource Technology Inc. for the National Marine Fisheries Service. (accessed 19 September 20). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/news/new-report-evaluating-us-shellfish-aquaculture-permitting-systems-now-available
   Google Scholar
• Puckett, B. J., S. J. Theuerkauf, D. B. Eggleston, R. Guajardo, C. Hardy, J. Gao, and R. A. Luettich. 2018. Integrating larval dispersal, permitting, and logistical factors within a validated habitat suitability index for oyster restoration. Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (5):76. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00076.
   Google Scholar
• South Slough Estuary, Oregon revised statutes (ORS) §§ 273.553 - 273.554. 2019. https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_chapter_273.
   Google Scholar
• Surface Water Quality Standards, Florida Administrative Code (FAC), 62–302. 2016. https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ChapterHome.asp?Chapter=62-302.
   Google Scholar
• Public Lands and Properties, Fla. Stat. Title XVIII 253.68. 2019. https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2019/0253.68.
   Google Scholar
• Pacific Shellfish Institute. 2015. West coast shellfish research goals: 2015 priorities. (accessed 19 September 20). http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ridlon, A. D., A. Marks, C. J. Zabin, D. Zacherl, B. Allen, J. Crooks, G. Fleener, E. Grosholz, B. Peabody, J. Toft, et al. 2021a. Conservation of marine foundation species: Learning from native oyster restoration from California to British Columbia. Estuaries and Coasts 44 (7):1723–43. doi: 10.1007/s12237-021-00920-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridlon, A. D., K. Wasson, T. Waters, J. Adams, J. Donatuto, G. Fleener, H. Froehlich, R. Govender, A. Kornbluth, J. Lorda, et al. 2021b. Conservation aquaculture as a tool for imperiled marine species: Evaluation of opportunities and risks for Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida. PLoS One 16 (6):e0252810. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sea Grant Association 2016. 10-Year NOAA sea grant aquaculture vision. MASGP-16-015. (accessed 19 September 20). https://seagrant.noaa.gov/Our-Work/Aquaculture
   Google Scholar
• S.L. 2019-37. 2019. Session S648, General assembly of 2019–2020. NC. https://ncleg.gov/BillLookup/2019/S648
   Google Scholar
• Shumway, S. E., C. Davis, R. Downey, R. Karney, J. Kraeuter, J. Parsons, R. Rheault, and G. Wikfors. 2003. Shellfish aquaculture–in praise of sustainable economies and environments. World Aquaculture 34 (4):8–10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary-Wikfors/publication/237532266_Guest_Editorial_Shellfish_aquaculture_-_In_praise_of_sustainable_economies_and_environments/links/0deec52666f81c29ee000000/Guest-Editorial-Shellfish-aquaculture-In-praise-of-sustainable-economies-and-environments.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, C., J. G. Ferreira, S. B. Bricker, T. A. DelValls, M. L. Martín-Díaz, and E. Yáñez. 2011. Site selection for shellfish aquaculture by means of GIS and farm-scale models, with an emphasis on data-poor environments. Aquaculture 318 (3–4):444–57. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.05.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton-Grier, A. E., K. Wowk, and H. Bamford. 2015. Future of our coasts: The potential for natural and hybrid infrastucture to enhance the resilience of our coastal communities, economies and ecosystems. Environmental Science & Policy 51:137–48. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A, and J. Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, M. M. 1985. The public trust doctrine in Maine’s submerged lands: Public rights, State obligations and the role of the courts, 37 ME. L. REV. 109. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/maine37&div=7&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals.
   Google Scholar
• Theuerkauf, S. J., J. A. Morris Jr, T. J. Waters, L. C. Wickliffe, H. K. Alleway, and R. C. Jones. 2019. A global spatial analysis reveals where marine aquaculture can benefit nature and people. PLoS One, 14 (10):e0222282.
   Google Scholar
• House Bill (TX HB) 1300. 2019. Session 2019–2020, 86th Legislature, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, J. S., M. L. Kellogg, G. M. Massey, and C. T. Friedrichs. 2019. Minimal effects of oyster aquaculture on local water quality: Examples from southern Chesapeake Bay. PLoS One 14 (11):e0224768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Texas Marine Science Institute. 2015. Management plan 2015–2020: Mission Aransas National estuarine research reserve. For the National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (accessed 21 September 20). https://coast.noaa.gov/nerrs/reserves/management-profiles.html
   Google Scholar
• Schatte Olivier, A., L. Jones, L. L. Vay, M. Christie, J. Wilson, and S. K. Malham. 2020. A global review of the ecosystem services provided by bivalve aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 12 (1):3–25. doi: 10.1111/raq.12301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, K. 2010. Informing Olympia oyster restoration: Evaluation of factors that limit populations in a California estuary. Wetlands 30 (3):449–59. doi: 10.1007/s13157-010-0056-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, K. K. Fenn, and J. S. Pearse. 2005. Habitat differences in marine invasions of central California. Biological Invasions 7 (6):935–948. doi: 10.1007/s10530-004-2995-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, K., D. J. Gossard, L. Gardner, P. R. Hain, C. J. Zabin, S. Fork, A. D. Ridlon, J. M. Bible, A. K. Deck, and B. B. Hughes. 2020. A scientific framework for conservation aquaculture: A case study of oyster restoration in central California. Biological Conservation 250:108745. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, K. C. J. Zabin, L. Bedinger, M. C. Diaz, and J. S. Pearse. 2001. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport. Biological Conservation 102 (2):143–153. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00098-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinn, J. A. E. H. Buck, and H. F. Upton. 2007. Marine protected areas: An overview. Congressional information service. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
   Google Scholar