Content Analysis in Computer-Mediated Communication: Analyzing Models for Assessing Critical Thinking Through the Lens of Social Constructivism

REFERENCES

• Anderson , T. , Rourke , L. , Garrison , D. R. and Archer , W. 2001 . Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 5 ( 2 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Aviv , R. , Erlich , Z. , Ravid , G. and Geva , A. 2003 . Network analysis of knowledge construction in asynchronous learning networks . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 7 ( 3 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Bullen , M. 1998 . Participation and critical thinking in online university distance education . Journal of Distance Education , 13 ( 2 ) : 1 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Cazden , C. , Cope , B. , Fairclough , N. , Gee , J. , Kalantzis , M. , Kress , G. , Luke , A. , Luke , C. , Michaels , S. and Nakata , M. 1996 . A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures . Harvard Educational Review , 66 ( 1 ) : 60 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celani , M. A. A. and Collins , H. 2005 . Critical thinking in reflective sessions and in online interactions . AILA Review , 18 ( 1 ) : 41 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• De Wever , B. , Schellens , T. , Valcke , M. and Van Keer , H. 2006 . Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review . Computers and Education , 16 ( 1 ) : 6 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , J. 1933 . How we think , rev , Boston : D.C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Ennis , R. H. 1993 . Critical thinking assessment . Theory into Practice , 32 ( 3 ) : 179 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahy, P. 2002. Assessing critical thinking processes in a computer conference. Unpublished paper http://cde.athabascau.ca/softeval/reports/mag4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fahy, P. J., G. Crawford, and M. Ally. 2001. Patterns of interaction in a computer conference transcript. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 2 (1) http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/36/74
   Google Scholar
• Fauske , J. and Wade , S. E. 2003 . Research to practice online: Conditions that foster democracy, community, and critical thinking in computer-mediated discussions . Journal of Research on Technology in Education , 36 ( 2 ) : 137 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. R. 1992 . Critical thinking and self-directed learning in adult education: An analysis of responsibility and control issues . Adult Education Quarterly , 42 ( 3 ) : 136 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. R. , Anderson , T. and Archer , W. 2000 . Critical thinking in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education . Internet and Higher Education , 2 ( 2–3 ) : 87 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. R. , Anderson , T. and Archer , W. 2001 . Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education . The American Journal of Distance Education , 15 ( 1 ) : 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. R. and Arbaugh , J. B. 2007 . Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions . Internet and Higher Education , 10 : 157 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Gokhale , A. 1995 . Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking . Journal of Technology Education , 7 ( 1 ) : 22 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunawardena , C. , Lowe , C. and Anderson , T. 1997 . Analysis of global online debate and the development of an interaction analysis model for examining social construction of knowledge in computer conferencing . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 17 ( 4 ) : 395 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Hara , N. , Bonk , C. and Angeli , C. 2000 . Content analyses of on-line discussion in an applied educational psychology course . Instructional Science , 28 ( 2 ) : 115 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havard , B. , Du , J. and Olinzock , A. 2005 . Deep learning: The knowledge, methods, and cognition process in instructor-led online discussion . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 6 ( 2 ) : 125 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckman , R. and Annabi , H. . A content analytic comparison of FTF and ALN case-study discussions . Paper presented at the Thirty-sixth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . January , Waikoloa, HI.
   Google Scholar
• Henri , F. 1991 . “ Computer conferencing and content analysis ” . In Collaborative learning through computer conferencing: The Najaden papers , Edited by: Kaye , A. 117 – 136 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Howell-Richardson , C. and Mellar , H. 1996 . A methodology for the analysis of patterns of participation within computer-mediated communication courses . Instructional Science , 24 : 47 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. 2001. Social constructivism. In Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology, ed. M. Orey http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Social_Constructivism
   Google Scholar
• Levin , J. , Kim , H. and Riel , M. 1990 . “ Analyzing instructional interactions on electronic message networks ” . In Online education: Perspectives on a new environment , Edited by: Harasim , L. 185 – 213 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Lipman , M. 2003 . Thinking in education , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marra , R. M. , Moore , J. L. and Klimczak , A. K. 2004 . Content analysis of online discussion forums: A comparative analysis of protocols . Educational Technology Research and Development , 52 ( 2 ) : 23 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , R. 1991 . “ Evaluation methodologies for computer conferencing applications ” . In Collaborative learning through computer conferencing: The Najaden papers , Edited by: Kaye , A. 105 – 116 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• McLoughlin , C. and Luca , J. . Lonely outpourings or reasoned dialogue? . Paper presented at the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE '99) . December , Brisbane, Australia. An analysis of text-based conferencing as a tool to support learning ,
   Google Scholar
• Moore , M. G. 1989 . Editorial: Three types of interaction . The American Journal of Distance Education , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , D. R. , Johnson , C. , Webb , B. and Cochrane , C. 1997 . Evaluating the quality of learning in computer supported co-operative learning . Journal of the American Society for Information Science , 48 ( 6 ) : 484 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , D. R. , Webb , B. and Cochrane , C. 1995 . A content analysis method to measure critical thinking in face-to-face and computer supported group learning . Interpersonal Computing and Technology , 3 ( 2 ) : 56 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , S. P. and Ennis , R. H. 1989 . Evaluating critical thinking , Pacific Grove, CA : Midwest Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pena-Shaff , J. , Martin , W. and Gay , G. 2001 . An epistemological framework for analyzing student interactions in computer-medicated communication environments (Internet/Web/Online Service Information) . Journal of Interactive Learning Research , 12 ( 1 ) : 41 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Pena-Shaff , J. B. and Nicholls , C. 2004 . Analyzing student interactions and meaning construction in computer bulletin board discussions . Computers and Education , 42 ( 3 ) : 243 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rourke , L. , Anderson , T. , Garrison , D. R. and Archer , W. 2000 . Methodological issues in the content analysis of computer conference transcripts . International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , 12 : 8 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. P. 2000 . “ Content analysis and narrative analysis ” . In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Edited by: Reis , H. T. and Judd , C. M. 313 – 335 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1978 . Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. and Morrison , G. . Evaluation of a graduate seminar conducted by listserv . Paper presented at the National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology . February , St. Louis, MO.
   Google Scholar
• Wickersham , L. E. and Dooley , K. E. 2006 . A content analysis of critical thinking skills as an indicator of quality of online discussion in virtual learning communities . Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 7 ( 2 ) : 185 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. C. , Newby , T. J. and Bill , R. L. 2005 . Using Socratic questioning to promote critical thinking skills through asynchronous discussion forums in distance learning environments . The American Journal of Distance Education , 19 ( 3 ) : 163 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , E. . Meaning negotiation, knowledge construction, and mentoring in a distance learning course . Paper presented at the National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology . February , Indianapolis, IN.
   Google Scholar