477
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Radiation-induced lung injury: impact on macrophage dysregulation and lipid alteration – a review

, , &
Pages 370-379 | Received 01 Apr 2018, Accepted 29 Sep 2018, Published online: 16 Nov 2018

References

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225.
  • Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, et al. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:581.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:7.
  • Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Baade PD. The International Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:819.
  • Parki DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74.
  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:277.
  • Gomperts BN, Spira A, Massion PP, et al. Evolving concepts in lung carcinogenesis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:32.
  • Belderbos J, Sonke JJ. State-of-the-art lung cancer radiation therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9:1353.
  • Tomaszek SC, Wigle DA. Surgical management of lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:69.
  • Tyldesley S, Boyd C, Schulze K, et al. Estimating the need for radiotherapy for lung cancer: an evidence-based, epidemiologic approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:973.
  • Van Dyk J, Keane TJ, Kan S, et al. Radiation pneumonitis following large single dose irradiation: a re-evaluation based on absolute dose to lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981;7:461.
  • Liao XZ, Travis EL, Tucker SL. Damage and morbidity from pneumonitis after irradiation of partial volumes of mouse lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;32:1359–1370.
  • Newcomb CH, Van Dyk J, Hill RP. Evaluation of isoeffect formulae for predicting radiation-induced lung damage. Radiother Oncol. 1993;26:51.
  • Marks LB, Yu X, Vujaskovic Z, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2003;13:333.
  • Blom Goldman U, Wennberg B, Svane G, et al. Reduction of radiation pneumonitis by V20-constraints in breast cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:99.
  • Lind PA, Wennberg B, Gagliardi G, et al. ROC curves and evaluation of radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity in breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:765.
  • Magana E, Crowell RE. Radiation pneumonitis successfully treated with inhaled corticosteroids. South Med J. 2003;96:521.
  • Inoue A, Kunitoh H, Sekine I, et al. Radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients: a retrospective study of risk factors and the long-term prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:649.
  • Ohe Y. Treatment-related death from chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy for advanced cancer. Panminerva Med. 2002;44:205.
  • Gross NJ. Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:81.
  • Roswit B, White DC. Severe radiation injuries of the lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1977;129:127.
  • Salinas FV, Winterbauer RH. Radiation pneumonitis: a mimic of infectious pneumonitis. Semin Respir Infect. 1995;10:143.
  • Byhardt RW, Abrams R, Almagro UX. The association of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with thoracic irradiation (RT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;15:1441.
  • Fulkerson WJ, McLendon RE, Prosnitz LR. Adult respiratory distress syndrome after limited thoracic radiotherapy. Cancer. 1986;57:1941.
  • Freedman GS, Lofgren SB, Kligerman MM. Radiation-induced changes in pulmonary perfusion. Radiology. 1974;112:435.
  • Travis EL, Harley RA, Fenn JO, et al. Pathologic changes in the lung following single and multi-fraction irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977;2:475.
  • O'Brien TJ, Letuve S, Haston CK. Radiation-induced strain differences in mouse alveolar inflammatory cell apoptosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;83:117.
  • Novakova-Jiresova A, van Luijk P, van Goor H, et al. Pulmonary radiation injury: identification of risk factors associated with regional hypersensitivity. Cancer Res. 2005;65:3568.
  • Huang Y, Zhang W, Yu F, et al. The cellular and molecular mechanism of radiation-induced lung injury. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:3446.
  • Zhao W, Diz DI, Robbins ME. Oxidative damage pathways in relation to normal tissue injury. BJR. 2007;80:S23.
  • Prasse A, Pechkovsky DV, Toews GB, et al. A vicious circle of alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts perpetuates pulmonary fibrosis via CCL18. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:781.
  • Fries KM, Blieden T, Looney RJ, et al. Evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994;72:283.
  • Knight D. Epithelium-fibroblast interactions in response to airway inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2001;79:160.
  • Selman M, King TE, Pardo A, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:136.
  • Johnston CJ, Williams JP, Elder A, et al. Inflammatory cell recruitment following thoracic irradiation. Exp Lung Res. 2004;30:369.
  • Rubin P, Finkelstein J, Shapiro D. Molecular biology mechanisms in the radiation induction of pulmonary injury syndromes: interrelationship between the alveolar macrophage and the septal fibroblast. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;24:93–101.
  • Murray LA, Chen Q, Kramer MS, et al. TGF-beta driven lung fibrosis is macrophage dependent and blocked by Serum amyloid P. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011;43:154.
  • Nagaoka I, Trapnell BC, Crystal RG. Upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor-A and -B gene expression in alveolar macrophages of individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:2023.
  • Chung SI, Horton JA, Ramalingam TR, et al. IL-13 is a therapeutic target in radiation lung injury. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39714.
  • Yona S, Jung S. Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates and functions. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010;17:53.
  • Zhang X, Mosser DM. Macrophage activation by endogenous danger signals. J Pathol. 2008;214:161.
  • Laskin DL, Sunil VR, Gardner CR, et al. Macrophages and tissue injury: agents of defense or destruction? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:267.
  • Murphy J, Summer R, Wilson AA, et al. The prolonged life-span of alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008;38:380.
  • Vergadi E, Chang MS, Lee C, et al. Early macrophage recruitment and alternative activation are critical for the later development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2011;123:1986.
  • Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:958.
  • Pechkovsky DV, Prasse A, Kollert F, et al. Alternatively activated alveolar macrophages in pulmonary fibrosis-mediator production and intracellular signal transduction. Clin Immunol. 2010;137:89.
  • Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3:23.
  • Mora AL, Torres-Gonzalez E, Rojas M, et al. Activation of alveolar macrophages via the alternative pathway in herpesvirus-induced lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;35:466.
  • Shaykhiev R, Krause A, Salit J, et al. Smoking-dependent reprogramming of alveolar macrophage polarization: implication for pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Immunol. 2009;183:2867.
  • Groves AM, Johnston CJ, Misra RS, et al. Whole-lung irradiation results in pulmonary macrophage alterations that are subpopulation and strain specific. Radiat Res. 2015;184:639.
  • Zhang P, Summer WR, Bagby GJ, et al. Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense. Immunol Rev. 2000;173:39.
  • Twigg HL 3rd. Pulmonary host defenses. J Thorac Imaging. 1998;13:221.
  • Crapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, et al. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126:332.
  • Abdollahi A, Li M, Ping G, et al. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor signaling attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med. 2005;201:925.
  • Day RM, Barshishat-Kupper M, Mog SR, et al. Genistein protects against biomarkers of delayed lung sequelae in mice surviving high-dose total body irradiation. J Radiat Res. 2008;49:361.
  • Johnston CJ, Piedboeuf B, Rubin P, et al. Early and persistent alterations in the expression of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Radiat Res. 1996;145:762.
  • Johnston CJ, Wright TW, Rubin P, et al. Alterations in the expression of chemokine mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and -sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Exp Lung Res. 1998;24:321.
  • Rube CE, Wilfert F, Uthe D, et al. Modulation of radiation-induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in the lung tissue by pentoxifylline. Radiother Oncol. 2002;64:177.
  • Rube CE, Wilfert F, Uthe D, et al. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as a cause of lung toxicity after combined treatment with gemcitabine and thoracic irradiation. Radiother Oncol. 2004;72:231.
  • Rubin P, Johnston CJ, Williams JP, McDonald S, Finkelstein JN. A perpetual cascade of cytokines post-irradiation leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33:99–109.
  • Medeiros AI, Serezani CH, Lee SP, et al. Efferocytosis impairs pulmonary macrophage and lung antibacterial function via PGE2/EP2 signaling. J Exp Med. 2009;206:61.
  • Rigamonti E, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Staels B. Regulation of macrophage functions by PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LXRs in mice and men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1050.
  • Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:165.
  • Russell DG, Cardona PJ, Kim MJ, et al. Foamy macrophages and the progression of the human tuberculosis granuloma. Nat Immunol. 2009;10:943.
  • Gross NJ. Alveolar macrophage number: an index of the effect of radiation on the lungs. Radiat Res. 1977;72:325.
  • Moyer RF, Riley RF. Effect of whole-body and partial-body x-irradiation on the extractable cellular components of the lung with special consideration to the alveolar macrophage. Radiat Res. 1969;39:716.
  • Rube CE, Uthe D, Schmid KW, et al. Dose-dependent induction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the lung tissue of fibrosis-prone mice after thoracic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:1033.
  • Franko AJ, Sharplin J. Development of fibrosis after lung irradiation in relation to inflammation and lung function in a mouse strain prone to fibrosis. Radiat Res. 1994;140:347.
  • Tsoutsou PG, Koukourakis MI. Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis: mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and implications for future research. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;66:1281.
  • Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S, et al. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol. 2004;25:677.
  • Katakura T, Miyazaki M, Kobayashi M, et al. CCL17 and IL-10 as effectors that enable alternatively activated macrophages to inhibit the generation of classically activated macrophages. J Immunol. 2004;172:1407.
  • Maus U, von Grote K, Kuziel WA, et al. The role of CC chemokine receptor 2 in alveolar monocyte and neutrophil immigration in intact mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:268.
  • Chen Y, Rubin P, Williams J, et al. Circulating IL-6 as a predictor of radiation pneumonitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:641.
  • Van der Meeren A, Tourdes F, Gremy O, et al. Activation of alveolar macrophages after plutonium oxide inhalation in rats: involvement in the early inflammatory response. Radiat Res. 2008;170:591.
  • Belperio JA, Dy M, Murray L, et al. The role of the Th2 CC chemokine ligand CCL17 in pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol. 2004;173:4692.
  • Yogo Y, Fujishima S, Inoue T, et al. Macrophage derived chemokine (CCL22), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17), and CCR4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res. 2009;10:80.
  • Le J, Vilcek J. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1: cytokines with multiple overlapping biological activities. Lab Invest. 1987;56:234.
  • Warren JS, Kunkel SL, Cunningham TW, et al. Macrophage-derived cytokines amplify immune complex-triggered O2–. responses by rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Pathol. 1988;130:489.
  • Rennard SI, Hunninghake GW, Bitterman PB, et al. Production of fibronectin by the human alveolar macrophage: mechanism for the recruitment of fibroblasts to sites of tissue injury in interstitial lung diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;78:7147.
  • Rom WN, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, et al. Characterization of the lower respiratory tract inflammation of nonsmoking individuals with interstitial lung disease associated with chronic inhalation of inorganic dusts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:1429.
  • Rom WN. Relationship of inflammatory cell cytokines to disease severity in individuals with occupational inorganic dust exposure. Am J Ind Med. 1991;19:15.
  • Brain JD. Macrophage damage in relation to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 1980;35:21.
  • Johanson WG, Jr, Pierce AK. Effects of elastase, collagenase, and papain on structure and function of rat lungs in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:288.
  • Cardona PJ, Llatjos R, Gordillo S, et al. Evolution of granulomas in lungs of mice infected aerogenically with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol. 2000;52:156.
  • D'Avila H, Melo RC, Parreira GG, et al. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guerin induces TLR2-mediated formation of lipid bodies: intracellular domains for eicosanoid synthesis in vivo. J Immunol. 2006;176:3087.
  • D'Avila H, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid bodies in innate immune response to bacterial and parasite infections. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008;8:1308.
  • Chiang CS, Liu WC, Jung SM, et al. Compartmental responses after thoracic irradiation of mice: strain differences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:862.
  • Wymann MP, Schneiter R. Lipid signalling in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9:162.
  • Maxfield FR, Tabas I. Role of cholesterol and lipid organization in disease. Nature. 2005;438:612.
  • Briaud I, Harmon JS, Kelpe CL, et al. Lipotoxicity of the pancreatic beta-cell is associated with glucose-dependent esterification of fatty acids into neutral lipids. Diabetes. 2001;50:315.
  • Unger RH. Lipid overload and overflow: metabolic trauma and the metabolic syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14:398.
  • Sharma S, Adrogue JV, Golfman L, et al. Intramyocardial lipid accumulation in the failing human heart resembles the lipotoxic rat heart. FASEB J. 2004;18:1692.
  • Levis GM, Efstratiadis AA, Mantzos JD, et al. The effect of ionizing radiation on lipid metabolism in bone marrow cells. Radiat Res. 1975;61:342.
  • Gao F, Liu C, Guo J, Sun W, Xian L, Bai D, et al. Radiation-driven lipid accumulation and dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9613.
  • Feliste R, Dousset N, Carton M, et al. Changes in plasma apolipoproteins following whole-body irradiation in rabbit. Radiat Res. 1981;87:602.
  • Feurgard C, Bayle D, Guezingar F, et al. Effects of ionizing radiation (neutrons/gamma rays) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in rats. Radiat Res. 1998;150:43.
  • Gould RG, Bell VL, Lilly EH. Stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate in rat liver and adrenals by whole body X-irradiation. Am J Physiol. 1959;196:1231.
  • Matloubian M, David A, Engel S, et al. A transmembrane CXC chemokine is a ligand for HIV-coreceptor Bonzo. Nat Immunol. 2000;1:298.
  • Shashkin P, Dragulev B, Ley K. Macrophage differentiation to foam cells. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11:3061–3072.
  • Tabas I. Cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism in macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:164.
  • Garver WS, Heidenreich RA. The Niemann-Pick C proteins and trafficking of cholesterol through the late endosomal/lysosomal system. Curr Mol Med. 2002;2:485.
  • Buhman KF, Accad M, Farese RV. Mammalian acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529:142.
  • Baldan A, Bojanic DD, Edwards PA. The ABCs of sterol transport. J Lipid Res. 2009;50:S80.
  • Acton SL, Scherer PE, Lodish HF, et al. Expression cloning of SR-BI, a CD36-related class B scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:21003.
  • Gargalovic P, Dory L. Caveolins and macrophage lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2003;44:11.
  • de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Lee E, Merriott DJ, et al. ABCG1 regulates pulmonary surfactant metabolism in mice and men. J Lipid Res. 2017;58:941.
  • Baldan A, Gomes AV, Ping P, et al. Loss of ABCG1 results in chronic pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol. 2008;180:3560.
  • Katayama I, Hotokezaka Y, Matsuyama T, et al. Ionizing radiation induces macrophage foam cell formation and aggregation through JNK-dependent activation of CD36 scavenger receptors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:835.
  • Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000;407:233.
  • Ordway D, Henao-Tamayo M, Orme IM, et al. Foamy macrophages within lung granulomas of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis express molecules characteristic of dendritic cells and antiapoptotic markers of the TNF receptor-associated factor family. J Immunol. 2005;175:3873.
  • Kruth HS, Huang W, Ishii I, et al. Macrophage foam cell formation with native low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:34573.
  • Tontonoz P, Mangelsdorf DJ. Liver X receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease. Mol Endocrinol. 2003;17:985.
  • Berger J, Moller DE. The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annu Rev Med. 2002;53:409.
  • Bookout AL, Jeong Y, Downes M, et al. Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network. Cell. 2006;126:789.
  • Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, et al. International union of pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2006;58:726.
  • Chinetti G, Griglio S, Antonucci M, et al. Activation of proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:25573.
  • Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, et al. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science. 2001;294:1866.
  • Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Noonan DJ, et al. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors. Nature. 1992;358:771.
  • Thomassen MJ, Barna BP, Malur AG, et al. ABCG1 is deficient in alveolar macrophages of GM-CSF knockout mice and patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. J Lipid Res. 2007;48:2762.
  • Yvan-Charvet L, Ranalletta M, Wang N, et al. Combined deficiency of ABCA1 and ABCG1 promotes foam cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:3900.
  • Schachtrup C, Scholzen TE, Grau V, et al. L-FABP is exclusively expressed in alveolar macrophages within the myeloid lineage: evidence for a PPARalpha-independent expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36:2042.
  • Robbins ME, Zhao W. Chronic oxidative stress and radiation-induced late normal tissue injury: a review. Int J Radiat Biol. 2004;80:251.
  • Becker J, Delayre-Orthez C, Frossard N, et al. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha expression during lung inflammation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008;21:324.
  • Linard C, Gremy O, Benderitter M. Reduction of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma expression by gamma-irradiation as a mechanism contributing to inflammatory response in rat colon: modulation by the 5-aminosalicylic acid agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;324:911.
  • Zhao W, Iskandar S, Kooshki M, et al. Knocking out peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha inhibits radiation-induced apoptosis in the mouse kidney through activation of NF-kappaB and increased expression of IAPs. Radiat Res. 2007;167:581.
  • Milam JE, Keshamouni VG, Phan SH, et al. PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit profibrotic phenotypes in human lung fibroblasts and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;294:L891.
  • Ramanan S, Kooshki M, Zhao W, et al. PPARalpha ligands inhibit radiation-induced microglial inflammatory responses by negatively regulating NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45:1695.
  • Konger RL, Martel KC, Jernigan D, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma system regulates ultraviolet B-induced prostaglandin E2 production in human epidermal keratinocytes. PPAR Res. 2010;2010:1.
  • Kippenberger S, Loitsch SM, Grundmann-Kollmann M, et al. Activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors protect human skin from ultraviolet-B-light-induced inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1430.
  • Field JF, Born E, Murthy S, et al. Regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins by cholesterol flux in CaCo-2 cells. J Lipid Res. 2001;42:1687.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.