Inhibition of anti-viral responses in intestinal epithelial cells by epigenetic modifying drugs is mediated by a reduction in viral pattern recognition receptor expression and activity

References

• Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006;124(4):783–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay NJ, Gangloff M. Structure and function of Toll receptors and their ligands. Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:141–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cario E. Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel diseases: a decade later. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(9):1583–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrugia M, Baron B. The role of Toll-like receptors in autoimmune diseases through failure of the self-recognition mechanism. Int J Inflam. 2017;2017:1.
   Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Dalmaroni MJ, Gerswhin ME, Adamopoulos IE. The critical role of toll-like receptors–From microbial recognition to autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, et al. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature. 2001;413(6857):732–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H, Takahasi K, Fujita T. RIG-I-like receptors: cytoplasmic sensors for non-self RNA . Immunol Rev. 2011;243(1):91–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection. J Virol. 2008;82(21):10349–10358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd BD, Burstein E, Duckett CS, et al. Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine expression. J Virol. 2005;79(6):3350–3357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardarson HS, Baker JS, Yang Z, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 is an essential component of the innate stress response in virus-induced cardiac injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;292(1):H251–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai T, Akira S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat Immunol. 2006;7(2):131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock JW, Bost KL. Infection of intestinal epithelial cells and development of systemic disease following gastric instillation of murine gammaherpesvirus-68. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(2):421–429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qu B, Li X, Gao W, et al. Human intestinal epithelial cells are susceptible to influenza virus subtype H9N2. Virus Res. 2012;163(1):151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramig RF. Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection. J Virol. 2004;78(19):10213–10220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cario E, Podolsky DK. Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease. Infect Immun. 2000;68(12):7010–7017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger SL. Histone modifications in transcriptional regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2002;12(2):142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes J, Bird A. DNA methylation inhibits transcription indirectly via a methyl-CpG binding protein. Cell. 1991;64(6):1123–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterner DE, Berger SL. Acetylation of histones and transcription-related factors. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000;64(2):435–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struhl K. Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Genes Dev. 1998;12(5):599–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(8):597–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishnan S, Van Emburgh BO, Robertson KD. DNA methylation in development and human disease. Mutat Res. 2008;647(1–2):30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin B, Tao Q, Peng J, et al. DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) mutations in ICF syndrome lead to altered epigenetic modifications and aberrant expression of genes regulating development, neurogenesis and immune function. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17(5):690–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin B, Yao B, Li J-L, et al. DNMT1 and DNMT3B modulate distinct polycomb-mediated histone modifications in colon cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(18):7412–7421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell AC, Felsenfeld G. Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene. Nature. 2000;405(6785):482–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier H, Colbert J, Fitzsimmons D, et al. Activation of the early B-cell-specific mb-1 (Ig-alpha) gene by Pax-5 is dependent on an unmethylated Ets binding site. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23(6):1946–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo MH, Allis CD. Roles of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in gene regulation. Bioessays. 1998;20(8):615–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SB, Lee JK. Anti-inflammatory effect of Trichostatin-A on murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Arch Pharm Res. 2009;32(4):613–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song W, Tai Y-T, Tian Z, et al. HDAC inhibition by LBH589 affects the phenotype and function of human myeloid dendritic cells. Leukemia. 2011;25(1):161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy C, McKernan DP. Epigenetics and innate immunity: the 'unTolld' story. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94(7):631–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leoni F, Zaliani A, Bertolini G, et al. The antitumor histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exhibits antiinflammatory properties via suppression of cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(5):2995–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouser CL, Holtz CM, Mullett M, et al. Activity of a novel combined antiretroviral therapy of gemcitabine and decitabine in a mouse model for HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):1942–1948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouser CL, Patterson SE, Mansky LM. Exploiting drug repositioning for discovery of a novel HIV combination therapy. J Virol. 2010;84(18):9301–9309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee I, Bachman KE, Park BH, et al. DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells. Nature. 2002;416(6880):552–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker CR, Hautefort I, Dalton JE, et al. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte-enterocyte crosstalk regulates production of bactericidal angiogenin 4 by Paneth cells upon microbial challenge. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Zhao D, Kirschbaum M, et al. HDAC inhibitor reduces cytokine storm and facilitates induction of chimerism that reverses lupus in anti-CD3 conditioning regimen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105(12):4796–4801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leoni F, Fossati G, Lewis EC, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and systemic inflammation in vivo. Mol Med. 2005;11(1–12):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton AM, Bird A. CpG islands and the regulation of transcription. Genes Dev. 2011;25(10):1010–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragale A, Stellacci E, Ilari R, et al. Critical role of IRF-8 in negative regulation of TLR3 expression by Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 activity in human myeloid dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2011;186(4):1951–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An H, Zhao W, Hou J, et al. SHP-2 phosphatase negatively regulates the TRIF adaptor protein-dependent type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine production. Immunity. 2006;25(6):919–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groschel S, Piggott KD, Vaglio A, et al. TLR-mediated induction of negative regulatory ligands on dendritic cells. J Mol Med (Berl). 2008;86(4):443–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Saberwal G, Horvath E, et al. Leukemia-associated, constitutively active mutants of SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibit NF1 transcriptional activation by the interferon consensus sequence binding protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26(17):6311–6332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Kong HJ, Li H, et al. IRF8/interferon (IFN) consensus-binding protein is involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and contributes to the cross-talk between TLR and IFN-gamme signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(15):10073–10080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taura M, Eguma A, Suico MA, et al. p53 regulates Toll-like receptor 3 expression and function in human epithelial cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 2008;28(21):6557–6567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taura M, Fukuda R, Suico MA, et al. TLR3 induction by anticacer drugs potentiates poly I:C-induced tumor cell apoptosis. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(7):1610–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y-M, Brinkmann MM, Paquet M-E, et al. UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes. Nature. 2008;452(7184):234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BL, Moon JE, Shu JH, et al. UNC93B1 mediates differential trafficking of endosomal TLRs. Elife. 2013;2:e00291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmann MM, Spooner E, Hoebe K, et al. The interaction between the ER membrane protein UNC93B and TLR3, 7, and 9 is crucial for TLR signaling. J Cell Biol. 2007;177(2):265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casrouge A, Zhang S-Y, Eidenschenk C, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science. 2006;314(5797):308–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatematsu M, Funami K, Ishii N, et al. LRRC59 regulates trafficking of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum via association with UNC93B1. JI. 2015;195(10):4933–4942.
   Google Scholar