Influence of concentration and structure of quaternary ammonium salts on their antifouling efficiency tested against a community of marine bacteria

References

• Adkins , J D , Mera , A E , Roe‐Short , M A , Pawlikovski , G T and Brady , F R J . 1996 . Novel non‐toxic coatings designed to resist marine fouling . Prog Org Coat , 29 : 1 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AFNOR (1988a) Antiseptiques et désinfectants utilisés à l'état liquide, miscible à l'eau et neutralisables ‐ Détermination de l'activité bactéricide en présence de substances interfér‐entes de référence ‐ Méthode par dilution ‐ neutralisation. NF T72–170
   Google Scholar
• AFNOR (1988b) Antiseptiques et désinfectants utilisés à l'état liquide, miscible à l'eau et neutralisables ‐ Détermination de l'activité bactéricide en présence de substances interférentes de référence ‐ Méthode par filtration sur membranes. NF T72–171
   Google Scholar
• AFNOR (1988c) Désinfectants de contact utilisés à l'état de liquide, miscibles à l'eau ‐ Méthode des porte germes ‐Determination de l'activité bactéricide, fongicide et sporicide. NFT72–190
   Google Scholar
• Ahlstrom , B and Edebo , L . 1998 . Hydrolysis of the soft amphiphilic antimicrobial agent tetradecyl betainate is retarted after binding to and killing Salmonella typhimurium . Microbiology , 144 : 2497 – 2504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlstrom , B , Chelminska‐Bertilsson , M , Thompson , R A and Edebo , L . 1995 . Long‐chain alkanoylcholines, a new category of soft antimicrobial agents that are enzymatically degrad‐able . Antimicrob Agents Chemother , 39 : 50 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzieu , C , Thibaud , Y , Héral , M and Boutier , B . 1980 . Influence des peintures antisalissures à base d'organostanniques sur la calcification de la coquille d'huître Crassostrea gigas . Rev Trav Inst Peches Marit , 44 : 101 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Arbazua , S and Jakubovski , S . Antifouling coatings comprising natural antifouling agents . DE Patent 646 . 1997 . 324
   Google Scholar
• Augier , H . 1990 . Peintures antifouling . Cerimer Inf , 1 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Baier , R E and Meyer , A E . 1992 . Surface analysis of foulingresistant marine coatings . Biofouling , 6 : 165 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille , F . 1998 . Contribution à l'étude de nouveaux liants bactéricides pour peintures marines antissalissures , Université d'Aix‐Marseille I . Thése Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Baudrion , F , Périchaud , A and Coen , S . 1998 . Chemical modification of hydroxyl functions: introduction of hydrolysable ester function and bactericidal ammonium groups . J Appl Polym Sci , 70 : 2657 – 2666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benitez , J C and Giudice , C A . 1991 . Influence of binder composition on the behaviour of self‐polishing antifouling paints . Pitture e Vernici Eur , 67 : 9 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Bessems , E . Biological aspects of the assessment of biocides . Microbial Corrosion. Proc Conf Met Soc . 1983 , London. pp. 84 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Best , M , Springthorpe , V S and Sattar , S A . 1994 . Feasibility of a combined carrier test for disinfectants: studies with a mixture of five types of microorganisms . Am J Infect Control , 22 : 152 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi , M , Marty , D , Bertrand , J C , Caumette , P and Gauthier , M . 1989 . Micro‐organismes dans les Écosystèmes Océaniques , Paris : Masson .
   Google Scholar
• Bodor , N , Kaminski , J J and Selk , S . 1980 . Soft drugs. I. Labile quaternary ammonium salts as soft antimicrobials . J Med Chem , 23 : 469 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boethling , R S . 1984 . Environmental fate and toxicity in wastewater treatment of quaternary ammonium surfactant . Water Res , 18 : 1061 – 1076 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin , J . 1995 . Oil industry biocides . Mater Perform , 34 : 65 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , R F , Griffiths , J R , Love , K S and Field , D E . 1987 . Nontoxic alternatives to antifouling paints . J Coat Tech , 59 : 113 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , M R and Tomlinson , E . 1979 . Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa envelope mutants to alkylbenzyldimethylammo‐nium chlorides . J Pharm Sci , 68 : 146 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , M E . 1990 . Ship fouling: problems and solutions . Chem Ind , 5 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Callow , M E and Willingham , G L . 1996 . Degradation of antifouling biocides . Biofouling , 10 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , M E , Pitchers , R A and Santos , R . 1987 . “ Non‐biocidal antifouling coatings ” . In Biodeterioration , Edited by: Houghton , DR , Smith , RN and Eggins , HOW . London, , UK : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Camail , M , Durand , D , Dedoux , B , Margaillan , A and Vernet , J L . 1991 . Copolymérisation du méthacrylate de diméthyl tertiobutylsilyle avec le méthacrylate de méthyle . Eur Polym , 728 : 335 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Cella , J A , Eggenberger , D N , Noel , D R , Harriman , L A and Harwood , H J . 1952 . The relation of structure and critical concentration to the bactericidal activity of quaternary ammonium salts . J Am Chem Soc , 74 : 2061 – 2062 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , P K . 1993 . Practical considerations in selecting and testing of biocides for paints . Paintindia , 3 : 47 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Chantefort , A and Druilles , J . 1984 . Bactericidal activity of a few disinfectants with or without interfering protein substances . Pathol Biol , 32 : 615 – 618 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Characklis , W G . 1991 . Biofilms: ecology and technology . 2nd Int Mar Biotechnol Conf Baltimore . 1991 , USA. pp. 56
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W G and Cooksey , K E . 1983 . Biofilms and microbial fouling . Adv Appl Microbiol , 29 : 93 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , A S , Rittschof , D , Gerhart , D V and Maki , J S . 1992 . Molecular approaches to non toxic antifouling . Invertebr Reprod Dev , 22 : 67 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooksey , K E and Wigglesworth‐Cooksey , B . 1992 . “ The design of antifouling surfaces: background and some approaches ” . In Biofilms: Science and Technology , Edited by: Melo , L F , Bott , T R , Fletcher , M and Capdeville , B . 529 – 549 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Dean‐Raymond , D and Alexander , M . 1977 . Bacterial metabolism of quaternary ammonium compounds . Appl Environ Microbiol , 33 : 1037 – 1041 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Court , F H . 1987 . “ The minimum leaching rate of toxins from antifouling paints required to prevent settlement of fouling organisms ” . In Biodeterioration , Edited by: Houghton , D R , Smith , R N and Eggins , HOW . 305 – 308 . London, , UK : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Del Amo , B , Giudice , C A and Villoria , G . 1990 . Evaluation des peintures antifouling . Eur Coat J , 1 : 8 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Diehl , K H . 1993 . Future aspects of biocide use . Paintindia , 10 : 43 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowson , P H , Bubb , J M and Lester , J N . 1994 . The effectiveness of the 1987 retail ban on TBT based antifouling paints in reducing butyltin concentrations in East Anglia . Chemosphere , 28 : 905 – 910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecamow , B and Siegel , F P . 1963 . Ferguson principle and critical micelle concentration . J Pharm Sci , 52 : 812 – 813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan , B . 1987 . “ Marine microbial adhesion and its consequences ” . In Microbes in the Sea , Edited by: Sleigh , M A . 220 – 232 . Chichester : Ellis Horwood Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , D E . 1991 . New dangerous chemicals in environment: lessons from TBT . Mar Pollut Bull , 22 : 8 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , D E . 1976 . Fluorinated polyepoxy and polyurethane coatings . J Coat Tech , 48 : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleurette , J . 1986 . Antiseptiques . Sem Hop Paris , 62 : 1589 – 1610 .
   Google Scholar
• Franklin , T J and Snow , G A . 1981 . “ Antiseptics, antibiotics and the cell membrane ” . In Biochemistry of Antimicrobial Action , 3rd Edn , Edited by: Franklin , T J and Snow , G A . 58 – 78 . London, , UK : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Fukami , K , Sakami , T , Ishida , Y and Tanaka , N . 1989 . Effect of bacterial film on the growth of the attached diatom, Nitzschia sp . 1st Int Mar Biotechnol Conf Tokyo . 1989 . pp. 54
   Google Scholar
• Gerhart , D J , Rittschof , D and Mayo , S W . 1988 . Chemical ecology and the search for marine antifoulants. Studies of a predator‐prey symbiosis . J Chem Ecol , 14 : 1905 – 1918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillat , J and Wood , B . 1994 . Prevention of organic growth on coatings . Paintindia , 44 : 55 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Giudice , C A and Del Amo , B . 1993 . Binder dissolution in antifoulings . Eur Coat J , 1–2 : 16 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Glaasker , E , Heuberger , E H , Konings , W N and Poolman , B . 1998 . Mechanism of osmotic activation of the quaternary ammonium compound transporter (QacT) of Lactobacillus plantarum . J Bacteriol , 180 : 5540 – 5546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiraud‐Dauriac , H and Cremieux , A . 1984 . Inactivation of disinfectants by proteins and calcium ions as a function of their chemical constitution and bacterial species . Pathol Biol , 32 : 611 – 614 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hampson , J D . 1981 . Industrial preservatives and biocides . Biodeterioration , 10 : 337 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto , Y , Banno , T , Umeno , M , Hamada , M , Kawasaki , J and Yasumara , E . Antifouling coatings with long term effect and low toxicity . JP Patent 239 . 1996 . 601, issued 08, 6
   Google Scholar
• Hattori , T , Adachi , K and Shizuri , Y . 1997 . New agelasine compound from marine sponge Agelas mauritania as an antifouling substance against macroalgae . J Nat Prod (Lloydia) , 60 : 411 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , I J and Gilbert , P D . 1978 . “ The biodegradation of hydrocarbons ” . In The Oil Industry and Microbial Ecosystems , Edited by: Chater , K W A and Somerville , H J . 80 – 117 . London : Heyden and Son Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Hostacka , A , Majtan , V and Hybenova , D . 1995 . Antimicrobial efficacy of quaternary bisammonium salts and the effect of their sub‐MICs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors . Folia Microbiol , 40 : 283 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1993a . Novel polycationic biocides: synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts . J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem , 31 : 335 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1993b . Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. II. Effects of counter anion and molecular weight on antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts . J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem , 31 : 1441 – 1447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1993c . Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. IV. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymers with phosphonium salts in the main chain . J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem , 31 : 3031 – 3038 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1993d . Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. V. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polyesters releasing phosphonium biocides . J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem , 31 : 3003 – 3011 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1994a . Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. IX. Effect of side‐chain length between main chain and active group on antibacterial activity . J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem , 32 : 1997 – 2001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa , A , Ikeda , T and Endo , T . 1994b . Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. VII. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of polymeric phosphonium salts and their model compounds containing long alkyl chain . J Appl Polym Sci , 53 : 1237 – 1244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura , T , Nimura , Y and Hirano , R . 1988 . Effects of bacterial films on diatom attachment in the initial phase of marine fouling . J Oceanogr Soc Jpn , 44 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Kihara , K , Yoshikawa , S , Nishio , Y and Furuka , T . 1997 . Existence of an optimal concentration for bactericidal activity of quaternary ammonium compounds . Biocontrol Sci , 2 : 61 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirchman , D and Mitchell , R . 1981 . A biochemical mechanisms for marine biofouling . Oceans , 9 : 537 – 541 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirchman , D , Graham , S , Reish , D and Mitchell , R . 1981 . Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis Grube (Polychaeta: Spirorbidae) . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 56 : 153 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaer , E B . 1992 . Bioactive materials for antifoiuling coatings . Prog Org Coat , 20 : 339 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber , H‐P , Scim , H , Aurich , H and Strack , E . 1977 . Utilization of trimethylammonium‐compounds by Acinetobacter cakoaceticus . Arch Microbiol , 112 : 201 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostenbauder , H B . 1991 . “ Physical factors influencing the activity of antimicrobial agents ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation , 4th Edn. , Edited by: Block , S S . 59 – 71 . Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Lacko , I , Devinsky , F , Krasnec , L and Mlynarcik , D . 1979 . Antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts of some saturated heterocycloalkyl amines . Z Naturforsch Sect , C 34C : 485 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Lappin‐Scott , H M , Costerton , J W and Marrie , T J . 1992 . “ Biofilms and biofouling ” . In Encyclopedia of Microbiology , Edited by: Lederberg , J . Vol 1 , 277 – 284 . San Diego : Academic Press Incorporated .
   Google Scholar
• Laycock , H H and Mulley , B A . 1970 . Application of the Ferguson principle to the antibacterial activity of mono‐ and multi‐component solutions of quaternary ammonium surface‐active agents . J Pharm Pharmacol , 22 ( suppl. ) : 157S – 162S .
   Google Scholar
• Lindner , E . 1992 . A low surface free energy approach in the control of marine biofouling . Biofouling , 6 : 193 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majtan , V and Majtanova , L . 1995 . Effect of quaternary ammonium salts on energy‐yielding and energy‐requiring processes in Salmonella typhimurium . Arzneimittelforschung , 45 : 1021 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majtan , V and Majtanova , L . 1997 . Antibacterial efficacy of new commercially manufactured disinfectant substances against Salmonella typhimurium . J Basic Microbiol , 37 : 41 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majtan , V , Hostacka , A , Mlynarcik , D and Devinsky , F . 1995 . Suppression of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by subinhibitory concentrations of quaternary ammonium salts . Arzneimittelforschung , 45 : 327 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki , J S , Rittschof , D , Costlow , J D and Mitchell , R . 1988 . Inhibition of attachment of larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite, by bacterial surface films . Mar Biol , 97 : 199 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino , M , Ohta , S and Zenda , H . 1994 . Study on new anti‐rust disinfectants. III. Effect of alkyl chain length of N‐alkyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐phenoxy)propyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonium butyl phosphate on the antibacterial activity . Yakugaku Zasshi , 114 : 73 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , L M S , Mamizuka , E M and Carmona‐Ribero , A M . 1997 . Cationic vesicles as bactericides . Langmuir , 13 : 5583 – 5587 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , A E , Baier , R E and King , R W . 1988 . Initial fouling of nontoxic coatings in fresh, brackish, and sea water . Can J Chem Eng , 66 : 55 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai , K , Ohta , S , Zenda , H , Matsumoto , H and Makino , M . 1996 . Biochemical characterization of a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain isolated from a benzalkonium chloride solution . Biol Pharm Bull , 19 : 873 – 875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurdin , N . 1991 . Synthèse de polymères biocides actifs par contact et évaluation de leurs propriétés biologiques , Vol. III , University Paris . Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Ohki , H , Kawabata , K , Inamoto , Y , Okuda , S , Kamimura , T and Sakane , K . 1997a . Studies on 3'‐quaternary ammonium cephalosporins‐III. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3'‐(3‐aminopyrazolium) cephalosporins . Bioorg Med Chem , 5 : 557 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohki , H , Kawabata , K , Inamoto , Y , Okuda , S , Kamimura , T and Sakane , K . 1997b . Studies on 3'‐quaternary ammonium cephalosporins‐IV. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3'‐(2‐alkyl‐3‐aminopyrazolium) cephalosporins related to FK037 . Bioorg Med Chem , 5 : 1685 – 1694 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okino , T , Yoshimura , E , Fuseya , N and Hirota , H . New sesquiterpenes and their production by extraction of marine sponges and antifouling agents containing them . JP Patent 227 492 . 1997 . issued 09, 6p
   Google Scholar
• Pernak , J and Skrzypczak , A . 1996 . 3‐Alkylthiomethyl‐l‐ethylimi‐dazolium chlorides. Correlation between critical micelle concentrations and minimum inhibitory concentrations . Eur J Med Chem , 31 : 901 – 903 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernak , J , Skrzypczak , A and Bogacki , M B . 1995 . Quantitative relation between surface active properties and antibiotic activity of l‐alkyl‐3‐alkylthiomethylimidazolium chlorides . Chem Pharm Bull , 43 : 2019 – 2020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Relini , G . 1987 . “ The state of the art in the protection of marine structures from biodeterioration ” . In Biodeterioration , Edited by: Houghton , D R , Smith , R N and Eggins , HOW . 292 – 304 . London, , UK : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Rittle , K H , Helmstetter , C E , Meyer , A E and Baier , R E . 1989 . Escherichia coli retention on solid surfaces as functions of substratum surface energy and cell growth phase . Biofouling , 2 : 121 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D , Hooper , I R and Costlow , J D . 1986 . Barnacle settlement inhibitors from sea pansies Renilla reniformis . Bull Mar Sci , 39 : 376 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , D , Rittschof , D , Holm , E and Schmidt , A R . 1991 . Factors influencing initial larval settlement: temporal, spatial and surface molecular components . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 150 : 203 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , A D . 1992 . “ Factors influencing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents ” . In Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation, and Sterilization , 2nd Edn. , Edited by: Russell , A D , Hugo , W B and Ayliffe , G A J . 89 – 113 . Oxford : Blackwell scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Shimp , R J and Young , R L . 1988 . Availability of organic chemicals for biodegradation in settled bottom sediments . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , 15 : 31 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siatra‐Papastaikoudi , T , Papadaki‐Valiraki , A , Tsantili‐Kakoulidou , A , Tzouvelekis , L and Mentis , A . 1994 . Synthesis, lipophilicity studies and antibacterial properties of some novel quaternary ammonium salts . Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) , 42 : 392 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrzypczak , A , Brycki , B , Mirska , I and Pernak , J . 1997 . Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of new quats . Eur J Med Chem , 32 : 661 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , C and De Mora , S J . 1990 . A review of the degradation of tri(n‐butyl)tin in the marine environment . Environ Technol , 11 : 565 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain , G W , Griffith , J R , Bultman , J D and Vincent , H L . 1992 . The use of barnacle adhesion measurements for the field evaluation of non‐toxic foul release surfaces . Biofouling , 6 : 105 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T . Coating materials for ship bottoms and antifouling preservative coating materials for fish nets . JP Patent 124 977 . 1997 . issued 09 8p
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , E , Brown , M R W and Davis , S S . 1977 . Effect of colloidal association on the measured activity of alkylbenzyl‐dimethylammonium chlorides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Med Chem , 20 : 1277 – 1282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuneda , K , Iwase , Y and Nitta , T . Antifouling coating materials . JP Patent 132 736 . 1997 . issued 09 5p
   Google Scholar
• Ventullo , R M and Larson , R J . 1985 . Adaptation of aquatic microbial communities to quaternary ammonium compounds . Appl Environ Microbiol , 51 : 356 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , M . 1989 . Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: Some basic aspects . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 58 : 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , N D , Hart , F and Zografi , G . 1965 . Application of the Ferguson principle to the antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts . J Pharm Pharmacol , 17 : 350 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corresponding author; fax: 33 (0)4 91 04 16 35; e‐mail: [email protected]‐mrs.fr
   Google Scholar