The influence of biofilms on skin friction drag

References

• Benson , J M , Ebert , J W and Beery , T D . 1938 . Investigation in the NACA tank of the effect of immersion in salt water on the resistance of plates coated with different shipbottom paints , NACA Memorandum Report C&R C‐S19–1(3)
   Google Scholar
• Berman , N S . 1978 . Drag reduction by polymers . Annu Rev Fluid Mech , 10 : 47 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , P . 1976 . “ Introduction ” . In Turbulence , Edited by: Bradshaw , P . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , B E and Characklis , W G . 1990 . “ Physical and chemical properties of biofilms ” . In Biofilms , Edited by: Characklis , W G and Marshall , K C . 93 – 130 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Colebrook , C F . 1939 . Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between smooth and rough pipe laws . J Civil Eng , 11 : 133 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Colebrook , C F and White , C M . 1937 . Experiments with fluid resistance in roughened pipes . Proc R Soc , 161A : 376 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Coles , D . Computation of Turbulent Boundary Layers . 1968 AFOSR‐IFP Stanford Conference 2 . The young person's guide to the data , Edited by: Coles , D E and Hirst , E A . pp. 1 – 45 . Thermosciences Division, Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Denny , M E . 1951 . B.S.R.A. resistance experiments on the “Lucy Ashton”: Part I full ‐ scale measurements . Trans RINA , 93 : 40 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Gad‐el‐Hak , M . Compliant surfaces: the simpler alternative . Proc ONR Int Symp Seawater Drag Reduction . Newport . pp. 197 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Gillmer , T C and Johnson , B . 1982 . Introduction to Naval Architecture , Annapolis : Naval Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Granville , P S . 1987 . Three indirect methods for the drag characterization of arbitrarily rough surfaces on flat plates . J Ship Res , 31 : 70 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigson , C W B . Velocity loss functions of rough surfaces in intermediate flow . Proc 2nd Int SSPA Symp Ship Viscous Resistance . Goteborg . Vol. 18 , pp. 1 – 18 . 25
   Google Scholar
• Grigson , C W B . 1992 . Drag losses of new ships caused by hull finish . J Ship Res , 36 : 182 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hama , F R . 1954 . Boundary‐layer characteristics for rough and smooth surfaces . Trans SNAME , 62 : 333 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , K J and Tiederman , W G . 1991 . Drag reduction and turbulent structure in two‐dimensional channel flows . Philos Trans R Soc Land , 336 : 19 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Haslbeck , E G and Bohlander , G . Microbial biofilm effects on drag‐lab and field . Proc 1992 SNAME Ship Production Symp .
   Google Scholar
• Lewkowicz , A K and Das , D K . 1986 . Turbulent boundary layers on rough surfaces with and without a pliable overlayer: a simulation of marine fouling . Int Shipbuilding Prog , 33 : 174 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewthwaite , J C , Molland , A F and Thomas , K W . 1985 . An investigation into the variation of ship skin frictional resistance with fouling . Trans RINA , 127 : 269 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Ligrani , P M . 1989 . “ Structure of turbulent boundary layers ” . In Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics , Edited by: Cheremisinoff , N P . 112 – 189 . Gulf Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Loeb , G I , Laster , D and Gracik , T . 1984 . “ The influence of microbial fouling films on hydrodynamic drag of rotating discs ” . In Marine Biodeterioration: an Interdisciplinary Study , Edited by: Costlow , J D and Tipper , R . 88 – 94 . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• McEntee , W . 1915 . Variation of frictional resistance of ships with condition of wetted surface . Trans Soc Nav Arch Mar Eng , 24 : 37 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , A E , Schofield , W H and Joubert , P N . 1969 . Rough‐wall turbulent boundary layers . J Fluid Mech , 17 : 193 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Picologlou , B F , Zelver , N and Characklis , W G . 1980 . Biofilm growth and hydraulic performance . ASCE J Hydraulics Div , HY5 : 733 – 746 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlichting , H . 1979 . Boundary‐Layer Theory , 7th Edition , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , M P . 1998 . The effect of biofilms on turbulent boundary layer structure , Melbourne , FL : Florida Institute of Technology . PhD Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , M P and Swain , G W . 1999 . The effect of biofilms on turbulent boundary layers . ASME J Fluids Eng , 121 : 733 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal , R R and Rohfl , F J . 1981 . Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research , San Francisco : W H Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Townsin , R L and Dey , S K . The correlation of roughness drag with surface characteristics . Proc RINA Int Workshop Marine Roughness Drag .
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe , S , Nagamatsu , N , Yokoo , K and Kawakami , Y . 1969 . The augmentation in frictional resistance due to slime . J Kansai Soc Nav Arch , 131 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA; fax: (410)293–3041; email: [email protected]
   Google Scholar