463
Views
110
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pyrithiones as antifoulants: Environmental chemistry and preliminary risk assessment

, &
Pages 175-182 | Received 02 Jul 1999, Accepted 29 Oct 1999, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

References

  • ASTM D5108–90 . 1991 . Standard Test Method for Organotin Release Rates of Antifouling Coating Systems in Sea Water , American Society for Testing and Materials . 6.02
  • ASTM D1141–90 . 1992 . Standard Specification for Substitute Ocean Water , American Society for Testing and Materials . 11.02
  • Burns , L A . 1996 . “ Draft of exposure analysis modeling system ” . In User's Guide for EXAMSII Versions 2.97 , Athens , GA : U S Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Calkins , J . 1975 . “ Measurements of the penetration of solar UV‐B into various natural waters ” . In Climatic Assessment Program, 1975 , Monograph 5 Washington, DC : US Department of Transportation .
  • De Mora , S . 1996 . Tributyltin: a Case Study of an Environmental Contaminant , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Fischer , H B , List , E J , Koh , R C Y , Imberger , J and Brooks , N H . 1979 . Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters , San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Hall , L W and Anderson , R D . 1999 . A deterministic ecological risk assessment for copper in European saltwater environments . Mar Pollut Bull , 38 : 207 – 218 .
  • Hamaker , J W and Goring , C A I . 1976 . “ Turnover of pesticide residues in soil ” . In Bound and Conjugated Pesticide Residues , ACS Symposium Series 29 Edited by: Kaufman , D D , Still , G G and Paulson , G D . 219 – 243 . Washington DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Hill , B D and Schaalje , G B . 1985 . A two‐compartment model for the dissipation of Deltamethrin on soil . J Agric Food Chem , 33 : 1001 – 1006 .
  • Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) . 1998 . Forty second session, November 1998 , London : International Maritime Organization . http://www.imo.org/imo/meetings/mepc/42/mepc42.htm
  • Neely , W B and Blau , G E . 1985 . Environmental Exposure from Chemicals , 185 – 186 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press Incorporated .
  • Neihof , R A , Bailey , C A , Patouillet , C and Hannan , P J . 1979 . Photodegradation of mercaptopyridine‐N‐oxide biocides . Arch Environm Contam Toxicol , 8 : 355 – 368 .
  • Readman , J W , Kwong , L L W , Grondlin , D , Bartocci , J , Villeneueve , J and Mee , L D . 1993 . Coastal water contamination from a triazine herbicide used in antifouling paints . Environ Sci Technol , 27 : 1940 – 1942 .
  • Revsbech , N P and Blackburn , T H . 1980 . Oxygen in the sea bottom measured with a microelectrode . Science , 207 : 1355 – 1356 .
  • Revsbech , N P , Sorensen , J , Blackburn , T H and Lomholt , J P . 1980 . Distribution of oxygen in marine sediments measured with microelectrodes . Limnol Oceanogr , 28 : 899 – 912 .
  • Smith , K C . 1976 . Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews , Volume 1 , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Sun , P , Fernando , Q and Freiser , H . 1964 . Formation constants of transition metal complexes of 2‐hydroxypyridine‐l‐oxide and 2‐mercaptopyridine‐1‐oxide . Anal Chem , 36 : 2485 – 2488 .
  • Thomas , K V . 1999 . Determination of the antif ouling agent zinc pyrithione in water samples by copper chelate formation and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry . J Chromatogr , 833 : 105 – 109 .
  • Yai , J Z , Liang , H Q and Liao , S X . 1994 . Studies on the active constituents of Polyalthia nemoralis . Acta Pharm Sin , 29 : 845 – 650 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.