Ecological lever and interface ecology: epibiosis modulates the interactions between host and environment

References

• Araujo-Jorge , T C , Coutinho , C MLM and Aguiar , L EV . 1992 . Sulphate-reducing bacteria associated with biocorrosion – a review . Mem Inst Oswaldo-Cruz , 87 : 329 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , E , Yan , L M , Boyd , K G , Wright , P C and Burgess , J G . 2001 . The symbiotic role of marine microbes on living surfaces . Hydrobiologia , 461 : 37 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atema , J . 1995 . Chemical signals in the marine environment: dispersal, detection, and temporal signal analysis . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 92 : 62 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , K and Wahl , M . 1991 . Influence of substratum surface tension on biofouling of artificial substrata in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic): in situ studies . Biofouling , 4 : 275 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , K , Hormchong , T and Wahl , M . 2000 . Relevance of crustacean carapace wettability for fouling . Hydrobiologia , 426 : 193 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Bers , A V and Wahl , M . 2004 . The influence of natural surface microtopographies on fouling . Biofouling , 20 : 43 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bers , A V , D'Souza , F , Klijnstra , J W , Willemsen , P R and Wahl , M . 2006a . Chemical defence in mussels: antifouling effect of crude extracts of the periostracum of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis . Biofouling , 22 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bers , A V , Prendergast , G S , Zurn , C M , Hansson , L , Head , R M and Thomason , J C . 2006b . A comparative study of the anti-settlement properties of mytilid shells . Biol Lett , 2 : 88 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , K G , Adams , D R and Burgess , J G . 1999 . Antibacterial and repellent activities of marine bacteria associated with algal surfaces . Biofouling , 14 : 227 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , B L , Creed , R P and Dobson , W E . 2002 . Branchiobdellid annelids and their crayfish hosts: are they engaged in a cleaning symbiosis? . Oecologia , 132 : 250 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruno , J F and O'Connor , M I . 2005 . Cascading effects of predator diversity and omnivory in a marine food web . Ecol Lett , 8 : 1048 – 1056 .
   Google Scholar
• Buschmann , A H and Gomez , P . 1993 . Interaction mechanisms between Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) and epiphytes . Hydrobiologia , 261 : 345 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschbaum , C and Reise , K . 1999 . Effects of barnacle epibionts on the periwinkle Littorina littorea (L.) . Helg Mar Res , 53 : 56 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschbaum , C and Saier , B . 2001 . Growth of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. in the Wadden Sea affected by tidal emergence and barnacle epibionts . J Sea Res , 45 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschbaum , C , Buschbaum , G , Schrey , I and Thieltges , D W . 2006 . Shell-boring polychaetes affect gastropod shell strength and crab predation . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 329 : 123 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Carman , K R and Dobbs , F C . 1997 . Epibiotic microorganisms on copepods and other marine crustaceans . Microsc Res Tech , 37 : 116 – 135 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cerrano , C , Puce , S , Chiantore , M , Bavestrello , G and Cattaneo-Vietti , R . 2001 . The influence of the epizoic hydroid Hydractinia angusta on the recruitment of the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki . Polar Biol , 24 : 577 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerrano , C , Calcinai , B , Bertolino , M , Valisano , L and Bavestrello , G . 2006 . Epibionts of the scallop Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica . Chem Ecol , 22 : 235 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , D HL and Chan , B KK . 2005 . Effect of epibiosis on the fitness of the sandy shore snail Batillaria zonalis in Hong Kong . Mar Biol , 146 : 695 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiavelli , D A , Mills , E L and Threlkeld , S T . 1993 . Host preference, seasonality, and community interactions of zooplankton epibionts . Limnol Oceanogr , 38 : 574 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , M R , Graham , M D , Vinebrooke , R D , Findlay , D L , Paterson , M J and Turner , A M . 2006 . Multiple anthropogenic stressors cause ecological surprises in boreal lakes . Global Change Biol , 12 : 2316 – 2322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino , M A and Salmon , M . 2003 . Role of chemical and visual cues in food recognition by leatherback posthatchlings (Dermochelys coriacea L) . Zoology , 106 : 173 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , J A , Chubb , J C and Veltkamp , C J . 1998 . Epibionts of Asellus aquaticus (L.) (Crustacea, Isopoda): an SEM study . Freshwater Biol , 39 : 423 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton , J W , Cheng , K J , Geesey , G G , Ladd , T I , Nickel , J C , Dasgupta , M and Marrie , T J . 1987 . Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease . Annu Rev Microbiol , 41 : 435 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Gama , B AP , Rodrigo , P D , Santos , A and Pereira , R C . 2008 . The effect of epibionts on the susceptibility of the red seaweed Cryptonemia seminervis to herbivory and fouling . Biofouling , 24 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahms , H U , Dobretsov , S and Qian , P Y . 2004 . The effect of bacterial and diatom biofilms on the settlement of the bryozoan Bugula neritina . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 313 : 191 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Antonio , C . 1985 . Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga Rhodomela larix (Turner) C. Agardh: negative effects on the host and food for herbivores? . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 86 : 197 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A R and White , G A . 1994 . Epibiosis in a guild of sessile Invertebrates in South-Eastern Australia – a quantitative survey . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 177 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A R , Targett , N M , Mcconnell , O J and Young , C M . 1989 . “ Epibiosis of marine algae and benthic invertebrates: natural products chemistry and other mechanisms inhibiting settlement and overgrowth ” . In Bioorganic marine chemistry , Edited by: Scheuer , P J . Vol. 3 , 86 – 114 . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Deblois , E M and Leggett , W C . 1991 . Functional-response and potential impact of invertebrate predators on benthic fish eggs – analysis of the Calliopius–Laeviusculus–Capelin (Mallotus-Villosus) predator–prey system . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 69 : 205 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S and Qian , P Y . 2004 . The role of epibiotic bacteria from the surface of the soft coral Dendronephthya sp. in the inhibition of larval settlement . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 299 : 35 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Dahms , H U and Qian , P Y . 2006a . Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms and their metabolites . Biofouling , 22 : 43 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Dahms , H U , Tsoi , M Y and Qian , P Y . 2005 . Chemical control of epibiosis by Hong Kong sponges: the effect of sponge extracts on micro- and macrofouling communities . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 297 : 119 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Dahms , H U , Harder , T and Qian , P Y . 2006b . Allelochemical defense against epibiosis in the macroalga Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 318 : 165 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , D A , Bingham , B L , From , M , Fleisch , A F and Loomis , E S . 2003 . Effects of barnacle encrustation on the swimming behaviour, energetics, morphometry, and drag coefficient of the scallop Chlamys hastata . J Mar Biol Assoc UK , 83 : 813 – 819 .
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty , J R and Russell , M P . 2005 . The association between the coquina clam Donax fossor say and its epibiotic hydroid Lovenella gracilis Clarke . J Shellfish Res , 24 : 35 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , L A , Dobbs , F C and Zimmerman , R C . 2003 . Effects of epiphyte load on optical properties and photosynthetic potential of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig and Zostera marina L . Limnol Oceanogr , 48 : 456 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , A M and Dick , J TA . 1998 . Parasitism and epibiosis in native and non-native gammarids in freshwater in Ireland . Ecography , 21 : 593 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Durante , K M and Chia , F S . 1991 . Epiphytism on Agarum fimbriatum: can herbivore preferences explain distribution of epiphytic bryozoans? . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 77 : 279 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duris , Z , Horka , I and Petrusek , A . 2007 . Invasive zebra mussel colonisation of invasive crayfish: a case study . Hydrobiologia , 590 : 43 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Duris , Z , Horka , I , Kristian , J and Kozak , P . 2006 . Some cases of macro-epibiosis on the invasive crayfish Orconectes limosus in the Czech Republic . Bull Fr Peche Piscic , 380–381 : 1325 – 1337 .
   Google Scholar
• Egan , S , Thomas , T , Holmstrom , C and Kjelleberg , S . 2000 . Phylogenetic relationship and antifouling activity of bacterial epiphytes from the marine alga Ulva lactuca . Environ Microbiol , 2 : 343 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enderlein , P . 2000 . Direkte und indirekte Wechselwirkungen zwischen Konsumenten, Beute und deren Aufwuchs in Mytilus-Gemeinschaften der Westlichen Ostsee PhD Thesis, University Kiel
   Google Scholar
• Enderlein , P , Moorthi , S , Rohrscheidt , H and Wahl , M . 2003 . Optimal foraging versus shared doom effects: interactive influence of mussel size and epibiosis on predator preference . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 292 : 231 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel , S , Jensen , P R and Fenical , W . 2002 . Chemical ecology of marine microbial defense . J Chem Ecol , 28 : 1971 – 1985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , S S , Bazylinski , D A and Fowle , W H . 1998 . Epibiotic bacteria on several ciliates from marine sediments . J Eukaryotic Microbiol , 45 : 64 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Farren , H M and Donovan , D A . 2007 . Effects of sponge and barnacle encrustation on survival of the scallop Chlamys hastata . Hydrobiologia , 592 : 225 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Leborans , G and Gabilondo , R . 2006 . Inter-annual variability of the epibiotic community on Pagurus bernhardus from Scotland . Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci , 66 : 35 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , L , Parapar , J , Gonzalez-Gurriaran , E and Muino , R . 1998 . Epibiosis and ornamental cover patterns of the spider crab Maja squinado on the Galician coast, northwestern Spain: influence of behavioral and ecological characteristics of the host . J Crustacean Biol , 18 : 728 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl , O , Pool , T K and Inglis , G J . 2004 . Positive interactions between nonindigenous species facilitate transport by human vectors . Ecol Appl , 14 : 1724 – 1736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong , P , Smith , T B and Wartian , M J . 2006 . Epiphytic cyanobacteria maintain shifts to macroalgal dominance on coral reefs following ENSO disturbance . Ecology , 87 : 1162 – 1168 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , J , Margaritoulis , D , Muldoon , K , Potter , C W , Rosewater , J and Ruckdeschel , C S . 1985 . Epizoan communities on marine turtles: Part 1. Bivalve and gastropod mollusks . PSZ NI: Mar Ecol , 6 : 127 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilturnes , M S and Fenical , W . 1992 . Embryos of Homarus americanus are protected by epibiotic bacteria . Biol Bull , 182 : 105 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Gribben , P E , Marshall , D J and Steinberg , P D . 2006 . Less inhibited with age? Larval age modifies responses to natural settlement inhibitors . Biofouling , 22 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutt , J and Schickan , T . 1998 . Epibiotic relationships in the Antarctic benthos . Antarctic Sci , 10 : 398 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , T . 2008 . “ Marine epibiosis: concepts, ecological consequences and host defence ” . In Marine and industrial biofouling , Edited by: Flemming , H-C , Murthy , S P and Cooksey , K . Heiderberg, New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Harder , T , Lam , C and Qian , P Y . 2002 . Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by marine biofilms: an investigation of monospecific diatom films as settlement cues . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 229 : 105 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , T , Dobretsov , S and Qian , P Y . 2004a . Waterborne polar macromolecules act as algal antifoulants in the seaweed Ulva reticulata . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 274 : 133 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , T , Lau , S CK , Tarn , W Y and Qian , P Y . 2004b . A bacterial culture-independent method to investigate chemically mediated control of bacterial epibiosis in marine invertebrates by using TRFLP analysis and natural bacterial populations . FEMS Microbiol Ecol , 47 : 93 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder , T , Lau , S CK , Dobretsov , S , Fang , T K and Qian , P Y . 2003 . A distinctive epibiotic bacterial community on the soft coral Dendronephthya sp. and antibacterial activity of coral tissue extracts suggest a chemical mechanism against bacterial epibiosis . FEMS Microbiol Ecol , 43 : 337 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , L G and Jones , A C . 2005 . Temperature, herbivory and epibiont acquisition as factors controlling the distribution and ecological role of an invasive seaweed . Biol Invasions , 7 : 913 – 924 .
   Google Scholar
• Hauxwell , J , Cebrian , J and Valiela , I . 2003 . Eelgrass Zostera marina loss in temperate estuaries: relationship to land-derived nitrogen loads and effect of light limitation imposed by algae . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 247 : 59 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , M E . 1984 . Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs – are previous results typical? . Ecology , 65 : 446 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , M E , Parker , J D , Burkepile , D E , Caudill , C C , Wilson , A E , Hallinan , Z P and Chequer , A D . 2004 . Mutualisms and aquatic community structure: the enemy of my enemy is my friend . Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst , 35 : 175 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom , C and Kjelleberg , S . 1999 . Marine Pseudoalteromonas species are associated with higher organisms and produce biologically active extracellular agents . FEMS Microbiol Ecol , 30 : 285 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , R K . 1986 . Seagrass growth and survivorship under the influence of epiphyte grazers . Aquat Bot , 24 : 287 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Inglis , G J . 1994 . Contrasting effects of habitat structure on the recruitment and mortality of an epibiotic macroalga . Oecologia , 99 : 352 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings , J G and Steinberg , P D . 1997 . Phlorotannins versus other factors affecting epiphyte abundance on the kelp Ecklonia radiata . Oecologia , 109 : 461 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jormalainen , V , Wikstrom , S A and Honkanen , T . 2008 . Fouling mediates grazing: intertwining of resistances to multiple enemies in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus . Oecologia , 155 : 559 – 569 .
   Google Scholar
• Kanagasabhapathy , M , Sasaki , H , Haldar , S , Yamasaki , S and Nagata , S . 2006 . Antibacterial activities of marine epibiotic bacteria isolated from brown algae of Japan . Ann Microbiol , 56 : 167 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karez , R , Engelbert , S and Sommer , U . 2000 . ‘Co-consumption’ and ‘protective coating’: two new proposed effects of epiphytes on their macroalgal hosts in mesograzer-epiphyte–host interactions . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 205 : 85 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , S R , Jensen , P R , Henkel , T P , Fenical , W and Pawlik , J R . 2003 . Effects of Caribbean sponge extracts on bacterial attachment . Aquat Microb Ecol , 31 : 175 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , M M , Jeffries , W B , Voris , H K and Yang , C M . 1996 . Epizoic bryozoans, horseshoe crabs, and other mobile benthic substrates . Bull Mar Sci , 58 : 368 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittelmann , S and Harder , T . 2005 . Species- and site-specific bacterial communities associated with four encrusting bryozoans from the North Sea, Germany . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 327 : 201 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Krug , P . 2006 . “ Defense of benthic invertebrates against surface colonization by larvae: a chemical arms race ” . In Antifouling compounds , Edited by: Fusetani , N and Clare , A S . 1 – 53 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kupper , F C , Muller , D G , Peters , A F , Kloareg , B and Potin , P . 2002 . Oligoalginate recognition and oxidative burst play a key role in natural and induced resistance of sporophytes of Laminariales . J Chem Ecol , 28 : 2057 – 2081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , C , Harder , T and Qian , P Y . 2005 . Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by extracellular polymers of benthic diatoms . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 286 : 145 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMontagne , J M , Jackson , L J and Barclay , R MR . 2003 . Compensatory growth responses of Potamogeton pectinatus to foraging by migrating trumpeter swans in spring stop over areas . Aquat Bot , 76 : 235 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Lau , S CK , Mak , K KW , Chen , F and Qian , P Y . 2002 . Bioactivity of bacterial strains isolated from marine biofilms in Hong Kong waters for the induction of larval settlement in the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 226 : 301 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudien , J and Wahl , M . 1999 . Indirect effects of epibiosis on host mortality: seastar predation on differently fouled mussels . Mar Ecol , 20 : 35 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudien , J and Wahl , M . 2004 . Associational resistance of fouled blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) against starfish (Asterias rubens) predation: relative importance of structural and chemical properties of the epibionts . Helgol Mar Res , 58 : 162 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , O O , Lau , S CK and Qian , P Y . 2006 . Defense against epibiosis in the sponge Mycale adhaerens: modulating the bacterial community associated with its surface . Aquat Microb Ecol , 43 : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , P S , Coyer , J A , Petrik , R and Good , T P . 2002 . Community-wide effects of nonindigenous species on temperate rocky reefs . Ecology , 83 : 3182 – 3193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado , M and Uriz , M J . 1992 . Relationships between sponges and crabs – patterns of epibiosis on Inachus aguiarii (Decapoda, Majidae) . Mar Biol , 113 : 281 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , L M and Lindquist , N . 2003 . Helpful habitant or pernicious passenger: interactions between an infaunal bivalve, an epifaunal hydroid and three potential predators . Oecologia , 134 : 415 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin , A and Belluga , M DL . 2005 . Sponge coating decreases predation on the bivalve Arca noae . J Molluscan Stud , 71 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathieson , A C , Dawes , C J , Harris , L G and Hehre , E J . 2003 . Expansion of the Asiatic green alga Codium fragile subsp tomentosoides in the Gulf of Maine . Rhodora , 105 : 1 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maximilien , R , de Nys , R , Holmstrom , C , Gram , L , Givskov , M , Crass , K , Kjelleberg , S and Steinberg , P D . 1998 . Chemical mediation of bacterial surface colonisation by secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra . Aquat Microb Ecol , 15 : 233 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner , J G , Sultan , S E , Morgan , S G , Padilla , D K and Relyea , R A . 2005 . Ecological consequences of phenotypic plasticity . TREE , 20 : 685 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monniot , C . 1961 . Un connex ecologique: les microcosmus de Banyuls/mer These Doctorat 3e Cycle, University Paris
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , N E , Crowe , T P and McGrath , D . 2006 . Effects of epibiotic algae on the survival, biomass and recruitment of mussels, Mytilus L. (Bivalvia : Mollusca) . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 328 : 265 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil , J S and Anil , A C . 2000 . Epibiotic community of the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas . Mar Biol , 136 : 699 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacor , S D . 2003 . Phenotypic modifications to conspecific density arising from predation risk assessment . Oikos , 100 : 409 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacor , S D and Werner , E E . 2004 . How dependent are species-pair interaction strengths on other species in the food web? . Ecology , 85 : 2754 – 2763 .
   Google Scholar
• Penhale , P A . 1977 . Macrophyte–epiphyte biomass and productivity in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) community . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 26 : 211 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott , R C . 1990 . Sources of predatory mortality in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) – interactions with seagrass and epibiotic coverage . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 144 : 63 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulfrich , A . 1996 . Attachment and settlement of post-larval mussels (Mytilus edulis L) in the Schleswig–Holstein Wadden Sea . J Sea Res , 36 : 239 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , P Y , Lau , S CK , Dahms , H U , Dobretsov , S and Harder , T . 2007 . Marine biofilms as mediators of colonization by marine macroorganisms: implications for antifouling and aquaculture . Mar Biotechnol , 9 : 399 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Railkin , A I . 2004 . Marine biofouling: colonization processes and defenses , 303 Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reiss , H , Knauper , S and Kroncke , I . 2003 . Invertebrate associations with gastropod shells inhabited by Pagurus bernhardus (Paguridae) – secondary hard substrate increasing biodiversity in North Sea soft-bottom communities . Sarsia , 88 : 404 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde , S , Molis , M and Wahl , M . 2004 . Regulation of anti-herbivore defence by Fucus vesiculosus in response to various cues . J Ecol , 92 : 1011 – 1018 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde , S , Hiebenthal , C , Bischof , K , Karez , R and Wahl , M . 2008 . Decreased depth distribution of Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) in the Western Baltic: effects of light deficiency and epibionts on growth and photosynthesis . Eur J Phycol , 43 : 143 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosowski , J R . 1992 . Specificity of bacterial attachment sites on the filamentous diatom Navicula confervacea (Bacillariophyceae) . Can J Microbiol , 38 : 676 – 686 .
   Google Scholar
• Saroyan , J R . 1968 . Marine biology in antifouling paints . J Paint Technol , 41 : 285 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , M and Gnatzy , W . 1987 . “ Contact chemoreceptors on the walking legs of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. In: Roper SD, Atema J, editors ” . In Taste and olfaction 589 – 590 . Ann NY Acad Sci
   Google Scholar
• Short , F T and Neckles , H A . 1999 . The effects of global climate change on seagrasses . Aquat Bot , 63 : 169 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachowicz , J J and Hay , M E . 1999 . Reducing predation through chemically mediated camouflage: indirect effects of plant defenses on herbivores . Ecology , 80 : 495 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , P , De Nys , R and Kjelleberg , S . 2001 . “ Chemical mediation of surface colonization ” . In Marine chemical ecology , Edited by: McClintock , J B and Baker , B J . 355 – 388 . Baton Rouge : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P D and Wilson , M A . 2003 . Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities . Earth-Sci Rev , 62 : 1 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegner , M J , Haaker , P L , Riser , K L and Vilchis , L I . 2001 . Climate variability, kelp forests, and the Southern California red abalone fishery . J Shellfish Res , 20 : 755 – 763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur , N L and Anil , A C . 2000 . Antibacterial activity of the sponge Ircinia ramosa: importance of its surface-associated bacteria . J Chem Ecol , 26 : 57 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thevanathan , R , Nirmala , N , Manoharan , A , Gangadharan , A , Rajarajan , R , Dhamotharan , R and Selvaraj , S . 2000 . On the occurrence of nitrogen fixing bacteria as epibacterial flora of some marine green algae . Seaweed Res Util , 22 : 189 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Thiel , M and Gutow , L . 2005a . The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I. The floating substrata . Ocean Mar Biol: An Annu Rev , 42 : 181 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel , M and Gutow , L . 2005b . The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. II. The rafting organisms and community . Ocean Mar Biol: An Annu Rev , 43 : 279 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieltges , D W . 2005 . Benefit from an invader: American slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata reduces star fish predation on basibiont European mussels . Hydrobiologia , 541 : 241 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Thieltges , D W and Buschbaum , C . 2007a . Mechanism of an epibiont burden: Crepidula fornicata increases byssus thread production by Mytilus edulis . J Molluscan Stud , 73 : 75 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieltges , D W and Buschbaum , C . 2007b . Vicious circle in the intertidal: facilitation between barnacle epibionts, a shell boring polychaete and trematode parasites in the periwinkle Littorina littorea . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 340 : 90 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornber , C . 2007 . Associational resistance mediates predator–prey interactions in a marine subtidal system . Mar Ecol – An Evol Persp , 28 : 480 – 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomba , A M , Keller , T A and Moore , P A . 2001 . Foraging in complex odor landscapes: chemical orientation strategies during stimulation by conflicting chemical cues . J N Am Benthol Soc , 20 : 211 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , M . 1989 . Marine epibiosis. 1. Fouling and antifouling – some basic aspects . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 58 : 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , M . 1997 . “ Living attached: aufwuchs, fouling, epibiosis ” . In Fouling organisms of the Indian Ocean: biology and control technology , Edited by: Nagabhushanam , R and Thompson , M F . 31 – 83 . New Delhi : Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , M . 2008 . Ecological modulation of environmental stress: interactions between UV radiation, epibiotic snail embryos, plants and herbivores . J Animal Ecol , 77 : 549 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , M and Hay , M E . 1995 . Associational resistance and shared doom – effects of epibiosis on herbivory . Oecologia , 102 : 329 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , M and Mark , O . 1999 . The predominantly facultative nature of epibiosis: experimental and observational evidence . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 187 : 59 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , M , Jensen , P R and Fenical , W . 1994 . Chemical control of bacterial epibiosis on ascidians . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 110 : 45 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl , M , Kroger , K and Lenz , M . 1998 . Non-toxic protection against epibiosis . Biofouling , 12 : 205 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieczorek , S K and Todd , C D . 1998 . Inhibition and facilitation of settlement of epifaunal marine invertebrate larvae by microbial biofilm cues . Biofouling , 12 : 81 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigglesworth-Cooksey , B and Cooksey , K E . 2005 . Use of fluorophore-conjugated lectins to study cell–cell interactions in model marine biofilms . Appl Environ Microbiol , 71 : 428 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikstrom , S A and Kautsky , L . 2004 . Invasion of a habitat-forming seaweed: effects on associated biota . Biol Invasions , 6 : 141 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J D and McDermott , J J . 2004 . Hermit crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 305 : 1 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witman , J D and Suchanek , T H . 1984 . Mussels in flow: drag and dislodgement by epizoans . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 16 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , M C , Voigt , R and Moore , P A . 2004 . Spatial arrangement of odor sources modifies the temporal aspects of crayfish search strategies . J Chem Ecol , 30 : 501 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z K and Burns , C W . 1991 . Effects of the epizoic ciliate, Epistylis daphniae, on growth, reproduction and mortality of Boeckella triarticulata (Thomson) (Copepoda, Calanoida) . Hydrobiologia , 209 : 183 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer-Faust , R K , Finelli , C M , Pentcheff , N D and Wethey , D S . 1995 . Odor plumes and animal navigation in turbulent water flow: a field study . Biol Bull , 188 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar