Publication Cover
Biofouling
The Journal of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Research
Volume 25, 2009 - Issue 3
390
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Role of bacterial adhesion in the microbial ecology of biofilms in cooling tower systems

, , , , &
Pages 241-253 | Received 01 Jul 2008, Accepted 24 Dec 2008, Published online: 28 Jan 2009

References

  • Addiss , D G , Davis , J P , Laventure , M , Wand , P J , Hutchinson , M A and McKinney , R M . 1989 . Community-acquired Legionnaires'-disease associated with a cooling-tower – evidence for longer-distance transport of Legionella pneumophila . Am J Epidemiol , 130 : 557 – 568 .
  • Albert-Weissenberger , C , Cazalet , C and Buchrieser , C . 2007 . Legionella pneumophila – a human pathogen that co-evolved with fresh water protozoa . Cell Mol Life Sci , 64 : 432 – 448 .
  • ASHRAE . 2000 . ASHRAE HVAC Systems & Equipment Handbook 2000 , Atlanta, GA : ASHRAE .
  • Atlas , R M . 1999 . Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control . Environ Microbiol , 1 : 283 – 293 .
  • Benson , D A , Karsch-Mizrachi , I , Lipman , D J , Ostell , J and Wheeler , D L . 2004 . GenBank: update . Nucleic Acids Res , 32 : D23 – D26 .
  • Bentham , R H and Broadbent , C R . 1993 . A model for autumn outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease associated with cooling-towers, linked to system operation and size . Epidemiol Infect , 111 : 287 – 295 .
  • Berk , S G , Ting , R S , Turner , G W and Ashburn , R J . 1998 . Production of respirable vesicles containing live Legionella pneumophila cells by two Acanthamoeba spp . Appl Environ Microbiol , 64 : 279 – 286 .
  • Berk , S G , Gunderson , J H , Newsome , A L , Farone , A L , Hayes , B J , Redding , K S , Uddin , N , Williams , E L , Johnson , R A Farsian , M . 2006 . Occurrence of infected amoebae in cooling towers compared with natural aquatic environments: implications for emerging pathogens . Environ Sci Technol , 40 : 7440 – 7444 .
  • Bhattacharjee , S , Elimelech , M and Borkovec , M . 1998 . DLVO interaction between colloidal particles: beyond Derjaguin's approximation . Croat Chem Acta , 71 : 883 – 903 .
  • Bhopal , R S , Fallon , R J , Buist , E C , Black , R J and Urquhart , J D . 1991 . Proximity of the home to a cooling-tower and risk of non-outbreak Legionnaires' disease . Br Med J , 302 : 378 – 383 .
  • Breiman , R F . 1996 . Impact of technology on the emergence of infectious diseases . Epidemiol Rev , 18 : 4 – 9 .
  • Ceyhan , N and Ozdemir , G . 2008 . Extracellular polysaccharides produced by cooling water tower biofilm bacteria and their possible degradation . Biofouling , 24 : 129 – 135 .
  • Costerton , J W , Lewandowski , Z , Caldwell , D E , Korber , D R and Lappin-Scott , H M . 1995 . Microbial biofilms . Annu Rev Microbiol , 49 : 711 – 745 .
  • Costerton , J W , Cheng , K-J , Geesey , G G , Ladd , T I , Nickel , J C , Dasgupta , M and Marrie , T J . 1987 . Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease . Annu Rev Microbiol , 41 : 435 – 464 .
  • Declerck , P , Behets , J , van Hoef , V and Ollevier , F . 2007 . Detection of Legionella spp. and some of their amoeba hosts in floating biofilms from anthropogenic and natural aquatic environments . Water Res , 41 : 3159 – 3167 .
  • Donlan , R M , Forster , T , Murga , R , Brown , E , Lucas , C , Carpenter , J and Fields , B . 2005 . Legionella pneumophila associated with the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis in a model multi-species biofilm has reduced susceptibility to disinfectants . Biofouling , 21 : 1 – 7 .
  • Fredrickson , J K , Balkwill , D L , Romine , M F and Shi , T . 1999 . Ecology, physiology, and phylogeny of deep subsurface Sphingomonas sp . J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol , 23 : 273 – 283 .
  • Frymier , P D , Ford , R M , Berg , H C and Cummings , P T . 1995 . 3-dimensional tracking of motile bacteria near a solid planar surface . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 92 : 6195 – 6199 .
  • Gaylarde , C C and Morton , L HG . 1999 . Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: a review . Biofouling , 14 : 59 – 74 .
  • Green , P N . 1993 . Efficacy of biocides on laboratory-generated Legionella biofilms . Lett Appl Microbiol , 17 : 158 – 161 .
  • Hall-Stoodley , L , Costerton , J W and Stoodley , P . 2004 . Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases . Nature Rev Microbiol , 2 : 95 – 108 .
  • Halverson , L J , Jones , T M and Firestone , M K . 2000 . Release of intracellular solutes by four soil bacteria exposed to dilution stress . Soil Sci Soc Am J , 64 : 1630 – 1637 .
  • Hilbi , H , Weber , S S , Ragaz , C , Nyfeler , Y and Urwyler , S . 2007 . Environmental predators as models for bacterial pathogenesis . Environ Microbiol , 9 : 563 – 575 .
  • Hunnicutt , D W and McBride , M J . 2000 . Cloning and characterization of the Flavobacterium johnsoniae gliding-motility genes gldB and gldC . J Bacteriol , 182 : 911 – 918 .
  • Hunnicutt , D W , Kempf , M J and McBride , M J . 2002 . Mutations in Flavobacterium johnsoniae gldF and gldG disrupt gliding motility and interfere with membrane localization of GldA . J Bacteriol , 184 : 2370 – 2378 .
  • Jenneman , G E , McInerney , M J and Knapp , R M . 1985 . Microbial penetration through nutrient-saturated Berea sandstone . Appl Environ Microbiol , 50 : 383 – 391 .
  • Keller , D W , Hajjeh , R , DeMaria , A , Fields , B S , Pruckler , J M , Benson , R S , Kludt , P E , Lett , S M , Mermel , L A Giorgio , C . 1996 . Community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: an investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit Legionella species . Clin Infect Dis , 22 : 257 – 261 .
  • Korber , D R , Lawrence , J R and Caldwell , D E . 1994 . Effect of motility on surface colonization and reproductive success of Pseudomonas fluorescens in dual-dilution continuous-culture and batch culture systems . Appl Environ Microbiol , 60 : 1421 – 1429 .
  • Kurtz , J B , Bartlett , C LR , Newton , U A , White , R A and Jones , N L . 1982 . Legionella pneumophila in cooling water-systems – report of a survey of cooling-towers in London and a pilot trial of selected biocides . J Hyg , 88 : 369 – 381 .
  • Kusnetsov , J M , Martikainen , P J , Jousimiessomer , H R , Vaisanen , M L , Tulkki , A I , Ahonen , H E and Nevalainen , A I . 1993 . Physical, chemical and microbiological water characteristics associated with the occurrence of Legionella in cooling-tower systems . Water Res , 27 : 85 – 90 .
  • Lichtinger , T , Reiss , G and Benz , R . 2000 . Biochemical identification and biophysical characterization of a channel-forming protein from Rhodococcus erythropolis . J Bacteriol , 182 : 764 – 770 .
  • Lidstrom , M E and Chistoserdova , L . 2002 . Plants in the pink: cytokinin production by Methylobacterium . J Bacteriol , 184 : 1818
  • Liu , Y and Li , J . 2008 . Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in the initial adhesion, growth and detachment of Escherichia coli in porous media . Environ Sci Technol , 42 : 443 – 449 .
  • Liu , Y , Yang , C H and Li , J . 2007 . Influence of extracellular polymeric substances on Pseudomonas aeruginosa transport and deposition profiles in porous media . Environ Sci Technol , 41 : 198 – 205 .
  • Liu , Y , Yang , C H and Li , J . 2008 . Adhesion and retention of a bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemiin biofilm-coated porous media . Environ Sci Technol , 42 : 159 – 165 .
  • Macedo , A J , Kuhlicke , U , Neu , T R , Timmis , K N and Abraham , W R . 2005 . Three stages of a biofilm community developing at the liquid-liquid interface between polychlorinated biphenyls and water . Appl Environ Microbiol , 71 : 7301 – 7309 .
  • Marchesi , J R , Sato , T , Weightman , A J , Martin , T A , Fry , J C , Hiom , S J and Wade , W G . 1998 . Design and evaluation of useful bacterium-specific PCR primers that amplify genes coding for bacterial 16S rRNA . Appl Environ Microbiol , 64 : 795 – 799 .
  • Meesters , K PH , Van Groenestijn , J W and Gerritse , J . 2003 . Biofouling reduction in recirculating cooling systems through biofiltration of process water . Water Res , 37 : 525 – 532 .
  • Murga , R , Forster , T S , Brown , E , Pruckler , J M , Fields , B S and Donlan , R M . 2001 . Role of biofilms in the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable-water system . Microbiology , 147 : 3121 – 3126 .
  • Newsome , A L , Scott , T M , Benson , R F and Fields , B S . 1998 . Isolation of an amoeba naturally harboring a distinctive Legionella species . Appl Environ Microbiol , 64 : 1688 – 1693 .
  • Nguyen , T MN , Ilef , D , Jarraud , S , Rouil , L , Campese , C , Che , D , Haeghebaert , S , Ganiayre , F O , Marcel , F Etienne , J . 2006 . A community-wide outbreak of Legionnaires' disease linked to industrial cooling towers – how far can contaminated aerosols spread? . J Infect Dis , 193 : 102 – 111 .
  • O'Toole , G A and Kolter , R . 1998 . Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development . Mol Microbiol , 30 : 295 – 304 .
  • Orrison , L H , Cherry , W B , Tyndall , R L , Fliermans , C B , Gough , S B , Lambert , M A , McDougal , L K , Bibb , W F and Brenner , D J . 1983 . Legionella oakridgensis – unusual new species isolated from cooling-tower water . Appl Environ Microbiol , 45 : 536 – 545 .
  • Patrauchan , M A , Florizone , C , Dosanjh , M , Molm , W W , Davies , J and Eltis , L D . 2005 . Catabolism of benzoate and phthalate in Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1: redundancies and convergence . J Bacteriol , 187 : 4050 – 4063 .
  • Razatos , A , Ong , Y L , Sharma , M M and Georgiou , G . 1998 . Molecular determinants of bacterial adhesion monitored by atomic force microscopy . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 95 : 11059 – 11064 .
  • Reimmann , C , Ginet , N , Michel , L , Keel , C , Michaux , P , Krishnapillai , V , Zala , M , Heurlier , K , Triandafillu , K Harms , H . 2002 . Genetically programmed autoinducer destruction reduces virulence gene expression and swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 . Microbiology , 148 : 923 – 932 .
  • Ryu , J H , Kim , H , Frank , J F and Beuchat , L R . 2004 . Attachment and biofilm formation on stainless steel by Escherichia coli O157: H7 as affected by curli production . Lett Appl Microbiol , 39 : 359 – 362 .
  • Sabria , M , Alvarez , J , Dominguez , A , Pedrol , A , Sauca , G , Salleras , L , Lopez , A , Garcia-Nunez , M A , Parron , I and Barrufet , M P . 2006 . A community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: evidence of a cooling tower as the source . Clin Microbiol Infect , 12 : 642 – 647 .
  • Salerno , M B , Logan , B E and Velegol , D . 2004 . Importance of molecular details in predicting bacterial adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces . Langmuir , 20 : 10625 – 10629 .
  • Simoes , L C , Simoes , M , Oliveira , R and Vieira , M J . 2007 . Potential of the adhesion of bacteria isolated from drinking water to materials . J Basic Microbiol , 47 : 174 – 183 .
  • Steinert , M , Hentschel , U and Hacker , J . 2002 . Legionella pneumophila: an aquatic microbe goes astray . FEMS Microbiol Rev , 26 : 149 – 162 .
  • Stewart , P S , Camper , A K , Handran , S D , Huang , C T and Warnecke , M . 1997 . Spatial distribution and coexistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms . Microb Ecol , 33 : 2 – 10 .
  • Stoodley , P , Kathju , S , Hu , F Z , Erdos , G , Levenson , J E , Mehta , N , Dice , B , Johnson , S , Hall-Stoodley , L Nistico , L . 2005 . Molecular and imaging techniques for bacterial biofilms in joint arthroplasty infections . Clin Orthop Relat Res , 437 : 31 – 40 .
  • Sturman , P J , Jones , W L and Characklis , W G . 1994 . Interspecies competition in colonized porous pellets . Water Res , 28 : 831 – 839 .
  • Tufenkji , N and Elimelech , M . 2004 . Deviation from the classical colloid filtration theory in the presence of repulsive DLVO interactions . Langmuir , 20 : 10818 – 10828 .
  • Turetgen , I . 2004 . Comparison of the efficacy of free residual chlorine and monochloramine against biofilms in model and full scale cooling towers . Biofouling , 20 : 81 – 85 .
  • Turetgen , I and Cotuk , A . 2007 . Monitoring of biofilm-associated Legionella pneumophila on different substrata in model cooling tower system . Environ Monit Assess , 125 : 271 – 279 .
  • Vanhaecke , E , Remon , J P , Moors , M , Raes , F , Derudder , D and Vanpeteghem , A . 1990 . Kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to 304 and 316-L stainless steel – role of cell surface hydrophobicity . Appl Environ Microbiol , 56 : 788 – 795 .
  • Vanloosdrecht , M CM , Lyklema , J , Norde , W , Schraa , G and Zehnder , A JB . 1987 . The role of bacterial-cell wall hydrophobicity in adhesion . Appl Environ Microbiol , 53 : 1893 – 1897 .
  • van Merode , A EJ , van der Mei , H C , Busscher , H J and Krom , B P . 2006 . Influence of culture heterogeneity in cell surface charge on adhesion and biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis . J Bacteriol , 188 : 2421 – 2426 .
  • Vigeant , M AS and Ford , R M . 1997 . Interactions between motile Escherichia coli and glass in media with various ionic strengths, as observed with a three-dimensional-tracking microscope . Appl Environ Microbiol , 63 : 3474 – 3479 .
  • WHO . 2003 . Emerging issues in water and infectious disease: World Health Organization
  • Wright , J B , Ruseska , I and Costerton , J W . 1991 . Decreased biocide susceptibility of adherent Legionella pneumophila . J Appl Bacteriol , 71 : 531 – 538 .
  • Yamamoto , H , Sugiura , M , Kusunoki , S , Ezaki , T , Ikedo , M and Yabuuchi , E . 1992 . Factors stimulating propagation of legionellae in cooling-tower water . Appl Environ Microbiol , 58 : 1394 – 1397 .
  • Zoetendal , E G , Heilig , H , Klaassens , E S , Booijink , C , Kleerebezem , M , Smidt , H and de Vos , W M . 2006 . Isolation of DNA from bacterial samples of the human gastrointestinal tract . Nat Protoc , 1 : 870 – 873 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.