Appearances deceive: female “resistance” behaviour in a sepsid fly is not a test of male ability to hold on

References

• Alexander , R. D. , Marshall , D. C. and Cooley , J. R. 1997 . “ Evolutionary perspectives on insect mating ” . In The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids , Edited by: Choe , J. C. and Crespi , B. J. 4 – 31 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , G. R. and Simmons , L. W. 1996 . Coercive mating, fluctuating asymmetry and male mating success in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Animal Behaviour , 52 : 737 – 741 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , M. 1994 . Sexual selection , Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arnqvist , G. 1997 . “ The evolution of water strider mating systems: Causes and consequences of sexual conflicts ” . In The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids , Edited by: Choe , J. C. and Crespie , B. J. 146 – 163 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arnqvist , G. and Rowe , L. 2005 . Sexual conflict , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baena , M. L. 2002 . Comportamiento de resistencia de la hembra y efecto de la cópula y el tamaño del macho sobre la oviposición en Archisepsis diversiformis (Diptera: Sepsidae) , Universidad de Costa Rica . M.Sc. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Blanckenhorn , W. U. , Hosken , D. J. , Martin , O. Y. , Rreim , C. , Teuschl , Y. and Ward , P. I. 2002 . The costs of copulating in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Behavioral Ecology , 13 : 353 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanckenhorn , W. U. , Morf , C. , Mühlhäuser , C. and Reusch , T. 1999 . Spatio-temporal variation in selection on body size in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 12 : 563 – 576 .
   Google Scholar
• Blanckenhorn , W. U. , Mühlhäuser , C. , Morf Reusch , T. and Rreuter , M. 2000 . Female choice, female reluctance to mate and sexual selection on body size in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Ethology , 106 : 577 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanckenhorn , W. U. , Reusch , T. and Mühlhäuser , C. 1998 . Fluctuating asymmetry, body size and sexual selection in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea — testing the good genes assumptions and predictions . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 11 : 735 – 753 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloch Qazi , M. C. 2003 . A potential mechanism for cryptic female choice in a flour beetle . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 16 : 170 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , T. , Arnqvist , G. , Bangham , J. and Rowe , L. 2003 . Sexual conflict . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 18 : 41 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover , W. J. and Iman , R. L. 1981 . Rank transformation as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics . American Statistics , 35 : 124 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley , M. J. 2002 . Statistical computing , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Crean , C. S. and Gilburn , A. 1998 . Sexual selection as a side-effect of sexual conflict in the seaweed fly, Coelopa ursina (Diptera: Coelopidae) . Animal Behaviour , 56 : 1405 – 1410 .
   Google Scholar
• Crean , S. , Dunn , D. W. , Day , T. H. and Giburn , A. S. 2000 . Female mate choice for large males in several species of seaweed fly (Diptera: Coelopidae) . Animal Behaviour , 59 : 121 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , A. and Blanckenhorn , W. U. 2002 . The effect of sexual seize dimorphism on mating behavior in two dung flies with contrasting dimorphism . Evolutionary Ecology Research , 4 : 259 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , O. 1925 . Monographie der Sepsiden (Dipt.) I . Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums im Wien , 39 : 1 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , O. 1926 . Monographie der Sepsiden (Dipt.) II . Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums im Wien , 40 : 1 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 1994 . Evidence for widespread courtship during copulation in 131 species of insects and spiders, and implications for cryptic female choice . Evolution , 48 : 711 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 1999 . Mating systems of sepsid flies and sexual behavior away from oviposition sites by Sepsis neocynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae) . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 72 : 129 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2001a . The functional morphology of species-specific clasping structures on the front legs of male Archisepsis and Palaeosepsis flies (Diptera, Sepsidae) . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 133 : 335 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2001b . Multiple origins of a major novelty: moveable abdominal lobes in male sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) and the question of developmental constraints . Evolution and Development , 3 : 206 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2001c . Courtship before and during copulation, and multi-stage transfer of material to the female's wings in Microsepsis armillata (Diptera: Sepsidae) . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 74 : 70 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2002a . Female resistance or screening? Male force vs. selective female cooperation in intromission in sepsid flies and other insects . Revista de Biología Tropical , 50 : 485 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2002b . Fighting and sexual behavior in Palaeosepsis dentatiformis flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , 75 : 317 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2003a . Physical resistance or stimulation? The function(s) of the modified front legs of male Archisepsis diversiformis (Diptera: Sepsidae) . Journal of Insect Behavior , 15 : 831 – 850 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2003b . Sexual behavior of male Themira minor (Diptera, Sepsidae), and movements of the male's sternal lobes and genitalic surstyli . Canadian Entomologist , 135 : 569 – 581 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. 2005 . Sexual morphology of male Sepsis cynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae): lack of support for sexually antagonistic coevolution and lock and key hypotheses . Canadian Entomologist , 137 : 551 – 565 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. and Huber , B. A. 1998 . Copulation and sperm transfer in Archisepsis flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) and the evolution of their intromittent genitalia . Studia Dipterologica , 5 : 217 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. and Pereira , F. 1996 . Functional morphology of male genitalic surstyli in the dungflies Archisepsis diversiformis and A. ecalcarata (Diptera: Sepsidae) . Journal of the Kansas Entomoligical Society (Suppl.) , 69 : 43 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard , W. G. and Ramirez , N. 2004 . Functional morphology of the male genitalia of four species of Drosophila: failure to confirm both lock and key and male-female conflict predictions . Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 97 ( 5 ) : 1007 – 1017 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn , D. J. 1993 . The costs of loading associated with mate-carrying in the water strider Gerris remigis . Behavioral Ecology , 4 : 224 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Holl , B. and Rice , W. R. 1998 . Chase-away selection: antagonistic seduction vs. resistance . Evolution , 52 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Hosken , D. J. , Martin , O. Y. , Born , J. and Huber , F. 2003 . Sexual conflict in Sepsis cynipsea: female reluctance, fertility and mate choice . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 16 : 485 – 490 .
   Google Scholar
• Jormalainen , V. , Merilaita , W. and Hardling , R. 2000 . Dynamics of intersexual conflict over precopulatory mate guarding in two populations of the isopods Idotea baltica . Animal Behaviour , 60 : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraushaar , U. and Blanckenhorn , W. U. 2002 . Population variation in sexual selection and its effects on size allometry in two dung fly species with contrasting sexual size dimorphism . Evolution , 56 : 307 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Linley , J. R. 1975 . Termination of copulation and associated behaviour in Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 65 : 143 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Linley , J. R. and Adams , G. M. 1972 . A study of the mating behaviour of Culicoides melleus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) . Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London , 124 : 81 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Linley , J. R. and Adams , G. M. 1974 . Sexual receptivity in Culicoides melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 64 : 23 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Linley , J. R. and Mook , S. 1975 . Behavioral interaction between sexually experienced Culicoides melleus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) . Behaviour , 54 : 97 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Mühlhäuser , C. and Blanckenhorn , W. U. 2002 . The costs of avoiding matings in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Behavioral Ecology , 13 : 359 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , P. 2002 . Comportamiento e historia natural de la mosca Ptilosphen variolatus (Diptera: Micropezidae) , Universidad de Costa Rica . M.Sci. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Otronen , M. 1989 . Female mating behaviour and multiple matings in the fly Dryomyza anilis . Behaviour , 111 : 77 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , G. A. 1972a . Reproductive behavior of Sepsis cynipsea (L.) (Diptera: Sepsidae) I. A preliminary analysis of the reproductive strategy and its associated behaviour patterns . Behaviour , 41 : 172 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , G. A. 1972b . Reproductive behaviour of Sepsis cynipsea (L.) (Diptera: Sepsidae) II. The significance of the precopulatory phase and emigration . Behaviour , 41 : 242 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , G. A. 1974 . Courtship persistence and female-guarding as male time investment strategies . Behaviour , 8 : 157 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Peretti , V. 2001 . Patrones de resistencia femenina y respuesta del macho durante el apareamiento en escorpiones Bothriuridae y Buthidae: qué hipótesis puede explicarlos mejor? . Revista de Etologia , 3 : 25 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizzari , T. and Snook , R. 2003 . Perspective: sexual conflict and sexual selection: chasing away paradigm shifts . Evolution , 57 : 1223 – 1236 .
   Google Scholar
• Pont , A. C. 1979 . “ Sepsidae. Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptrata ” . In Handbook for the identification of British insects, Vol. 10, Part 5 , Edited by: Fitton , M. G. 1 – 35 . London : Royal Entomological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez , N. 2004 . Comportamiento de cortejo durante la cópula de los machos de algunas especies de Drosophila (Drosophilidae) y su efecto en la elección críptica por la hembra , Universidad de Costa Rica . M.Sci. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , R. L. 1998 . Possible female choice during copulation in Ozophora baranowskii (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae): female behavior, multiple copulations, and sperm transfer . Journal of Insect Behavior , 11 : 725 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , L. 1992 . Convenience polyandry in a water strider: foraging conflicts and female control of copulation frequency and guarding duration . Animal Behaviour , 44 : 189 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , L. 1994 . The costs of mating and mate choice in water striders . Animal Behaviour , 48 : 1049 – 1056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , L. , Arnqvist , G. , Sih , A. and Krupa , J. J. 1994 . Sexual conflict and the evolutionary ecology of mating patterns: water striders as a model system . Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 9 : 289 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutowski , R. L. 1997 . “ Sexual dimorphism, mating systems and ecology in butterflies ” . In The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids , Edited by: Choe , J. C. and Crespi , B. J. 257 – 272 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz , K. 1999 . The evolution of mating systems in black scavenger flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) , Tucson : University of Arizona . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , T. C. , Keough , D. P. and Osburn , H. 2002 . Female resistance and mating outcomes in a stream-dwelling isopod: effects of male energy reserves and mating history . Behaviour , 139 : 875 – 895 .
   Google Scholar
• Steyskal , G. C. 1987 . “ Sepsidae ” . In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 2 , Research Branch Agriculture Canada Monograph 28 Edited by: McAlpine , J. F. 945 – 950 . Ottawa, , Canada
   Google Scholar
• Thornhill , R. and Alcock , J. 1983 . The evolution of insect mating systems , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thornhill , R. and Sauer , K. P. 1991 . The notal organ of the scorpionfly (Panorpa vulgaris): an adaptation to coerce mating duration . Behavioral Ecology , 2 : 156 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. 1983 . The effects of size on the mating behaviur of the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 13 : 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , I. , Hemmli , J. and Rröösli , T. 1992 . Sexual conflict in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea . Functional Ecology , 6 : 649 – 653 .
   Google Scholar
• Wcislo , W. 1990 . Parasitic and courtship behavior of Phalacrotophora halictorum (Diptera: Phoridae) at a nesting site of Lasioglossum figueresi (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) . Revista de Biología Tropical , 38 : 205 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigensberg , I. and Fairbairn , D. 1994 . Conflicts of interest between the sexes: A study of mating interactions in a semiaquatic bug . Animal Behaviour , 48 : 893 – 901 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuk , M. 2003 . Sexual selections , Berkeley, California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar